Abstract
Age estimation of unknown human cadavers is important in setting a crime investigation, such as homicide, suicide or in mass disaster because it can guide forensic investigators to the correct identity among a large number of possible matches. More and more the courts ask for medico-legal age estimations of unknown human cadavers by forensic dentistry. This research project in establishing the applicability of radiographic and morphological parameter's used in forensic dentistry in a Portuguese adult population. The main goal is to compare the chronological age with the dental age estimation by radiographic and morphological parameters. To achieve this objective, thirty-five single-rooted teeth were analysed. Radiographic analysis was made through the program of digital radiology software Kodak RVG intra-oral 2200 with exposure factors 60-70 KVp and 7mA. The morphological parameter, translucent dentin was assessed in intact and sectioned tooth. The relationship between the coefficients was calculated between the age and the ratios with the level of inclusion, p< 0.05. There was no statistically significant difference between the chronological age and the age estimation by each method. The coefficient of Pearson for the direct measurements of the translucent dentin methodology for sectioned teeth gives the better correlation with the age estimate (r=0.86).
Applicability of the Ricketts' posteroanterior cephalometry for sex determina...Iván E Pérez
Background: The Ricketts’ posteroanterior (PA) cephalometry seems to be the most widely used and it has not been tested by multivariate statistics for sex determination. Objective: The objective was to determine the applicability of Ricketts’ PA cephalometry for sex determination using the logistic regression analysis.
Materials and Methods: The logistic models were estimated at distinct age cutoffs (all ages, 11 years, 13 years, and 15 years) in a database from 1,296 Hispano American Peruvians between 5 years and 44 years of age. Results: The logistic models were composed by six cephalometric measurements; the accuracy achieved by resubstitution varied between 60% and 70% and all the variables, with one exception, exhibited a direct relationship with the probability of being classified as male; the nasal width exhibited an indirect relationship.
Conclusion: The maxillary and facial widths were present in all models and may represent a sexual dimorphism indicator. The accuracy found was lower than the literature and the Ricketts’ PA cephalometry may not be adequate for sex determination. The indirect relationship of the nasal width in models with data from patients of 12 years of age or less may be a trait related to age or a characteristic in the studied population, which could be better studied and confirmed.
Applicability of the Ricketts' posteroanterior cephalometry for sex determina...Iván E Pérez
Background: The Ricketts’ posteroanterior (PA) cephalometry seems to be the most widely used and it has not been tested by multivariate statistics for sex determination. Objective: The objective was to determine the applicability of Ricketts’ PA cephalometry for sex determination using the logistic regression analysis.
Materials and Methods: The logistic models were estimated at distinct age cutoffs (all ages, 11 years, 13 years, and 15 years) in a database from 1,296 Hispano American Peruvians between 5 years and 44 years of age. Results: The logistic models were composed by six cephalometric measurements; the accuracy achieved by resubstitution varied between 60% and 70% and all the variables, with one exception, exhibited a direct relationship with the probability of being classified as male; the nasal width exhibited an indirect relationship.
Conclusion: The maxillary and facial widths were present in all models and may represent a sexual dimorphism indicator. The accuracy found was lower than the literature and the Ricketts’ PA cephalometry may not be adequate for sex determination. The indirect relationship of the nasal width in models with data from patients of 12 years of age or less may be a trait related to age or a characteristic in the studied population, which could be better studied and confirmed.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Background: There is a global resolve among Clinicians towards adoption of imaging modalities in the evaluation of appendicitis because clinical algorithms have been disappointing. We sought to determine the authenticity of interobserver variability in ultrasound scan interpretation in a resourceconstrained mission hospital settings, northwestern region of Cameroon. Methods: In this study, we reviewed the standardized diagnostic approach in acute appendicitis and also performed prospective cross observational qualitative testing using sensitivity, specifi city, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy to determine the interobserver variability of ultrasonography using the medical database of the two Mission Hospitals, northwestern region of Cameroon from January 2012 to December 2016. A sequential non-randomized convenient sampling was used and data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22.
Tobacco smoking and radiographic periapical statusHiba Hamid
Tobacco smoking and effects of the smoking on periapical status and radiolucency.
Detailed retrospective study and epidemiologic results and consequences.
JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE & ANIMAL HUSBANDRYAnnex Publishers
Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (JVSAH) is a scientific journal which has topics associated with fundamental and aspects of veterinary science and animal husbandry. JVSAH has a special feature of publishing special issues in experimental clinical research, veterinary medicine and current research. At Annex Publishers, we tend to publish quality articles and try our best to provide the most effective analysis journal to the scientific community.
An interesting-coexistence-of-a-classical-nodular-and-an-adenoid-ulcerous-bas...Annex Publishers
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma is the most frequent malignant tumor of the skin, and the most common carcinoma found in some countries. The main clinical subtypes of BCC are nodular, superficial, pigmented and morpheaform. The majority of the lesions appear on the head and neck, with a particular predilection on the upper central part of the face. Here we report a 62 year-old woman with two different morphological types of BCC which developed in the same area. The tumors have developed two months apart on the right paranasal region in close proximity. With the clinical examination and histopathological examination of punch biopsy specimens, the diagnoses of the lesions were confirmed as a nodular and an adenoid BCC. The tumors were totally removed with surgical excision. Neither recurrence nor new lesion was observed on the lesional or near areas in a 24-month follow-up period. To the best of our knowledge the presence of the two different morphological types of BCC in the same anatomical location has not been reported previously.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Background: There is a global resolve among Clinicians towards adoption of imaging modalities in the evaluation of appendicitis because clinical algorithms have been disappointing. We sought to determine the authenticity of interobserver variability in ultrasound scan interpretation in a resourceconstrained mission hospital settings, northwestern region of Cameroon. Methods: In this study, we reviewed the standardized diagnostic approach in acute appendicitis and also performed prospective cross observational qualitative testing using sensitivity, specifi city, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy to determine the interobserver variability of ultrasonography using the medical database of the two Mission Hospitals, northwestern region of Cameroon from January 2012 to December 2016. A sequential non-randomized convenient sampling was used and data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22.
Tobacco smoking and radiographic periapical statusHiba Hamid
Tobacco smoking and effects of the smoking on periapical status and radiolucency.
Detailed retrospective study and epidemiologic results and consequences.
JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE & ANIMAL HUSBANDRYAnnex Publishers
Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (JVSAH) is a scientific journal which has topics associated with fundamental and aspects of veterinary science and animal husbandry. JVSAH has a special feature of publishing special issues in experimental clinical research, veterinary medicine and current research. At Annex Publishers, we tend to publish quality articles and try our best to provide the most effective analysis journal to the scientific community.
An interesting-coexistence-of-a-classical-nodular-and-an-adenoid-ulcerous-bas...Annex Publishers
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma is the most frequent malignant tumor of the skin, and the most common carcinoma found in some countries. The main clinical subtypes of BCC are nodular, superficial, pigmented and morpheaform. The majority of the lesions appear on the head and neck, with a particular predilection on the upper central part of the face. Here we report a 62 year-old woman with two different morphological types of BCC which developed in the same area. The tumors have developed two months apart on the right paranasal region in close proximity. With the clinical examination and histopathological examination of punch biopsy specimens, the diagnoses of the lesions were confirmed as a nodular and an adenoid BCC. The tumors were totally removed with surgical excision. Neither recurrence nor new lesion was observed on the lesional or near areas in a 24-month follow-up period. To the best of our knowledge the presence of the two different morphological types of BCC in the same anatomical location has not been reported previously.
Abstract
A new method for improvement of 1,2-indandione-treated latent fingermarks on thermal paper will be described in this paper. Treatment with conventional techniques like ninhydrin in petroleum ether or DFO solution produces a black color on the thermosensitive side of thermal paper. The new method using 5,6-dimethoxy-1,2-indandione with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) can reduce this dark staining without removing the thermosensitive layer and parts of the developed fingermarks. An advantage of this method is that the developed fluorescent fingermarks appear in sharp lines and high contrast . The developed fingermarks can be observed when excited in the 535 nm region and using an orange-red goggles. There is no background coloration in this method. In addition, some tests were performed, leading to an optimized working solution, which charges the paper with a minimum of chemicals, is cheap, and enables a large quantity of papers to be treated in a short time and without involving any pre- or post treatment.
Abstract
A person's stature is an identifying characteristic that is often used in forensic investigation. Footprint is the one of the valuable physical evidence encountered in the crime scenes and examination of barefoot impressions is important especially in developing countries like India, Malaysia where majority of the rural population like to walk barefooted because of socio-economic and climatic reasons. Foot impressions are still found at crime scenes, since offenders often tend to remove their footwear either to avoid noise or to gain better grip in climbing walls, etc., while entering or exiting. Most of the foot/foot print studies were conducted on mixed population. The researchers have cautioned that the people from different races and regions of a country bear different morphological features depending upon their geographical distribution and primary racial characteristics and hence a single formula cannot represent all parts of that country or world. The present study aims to estimate stature from bilateral footprints collected from 320 (160 males, 160 females) consenting adult Ibans, an indigenous group residing in Sarawak state, east Malaysia. Informed consent and Human Ethical Approval were obtained. The height of the individuals and footprints were collected following the standard procedure. The data obtained were analyzed with PASW 20 computer software and derived regression formulae to estimate stature from footprint lengths of Iban ethnics. The result of the investigation revealed that all footprint lengths exhibit statistically positive significant correlation with stature (p< 0.001). Correlation coefficient (R) values are found to be higher in the pooled sample (0.861–0.887) when compared with males (0.753–0.789) and females (0.728–0.790). The regression formulae derived for the pooled sample can be used to estimate stature when the sex of the footprint remains unknown, as in real crime scenarios.
Journal of Nutrition and Health Sciences is an open access journal that publishes peer reviewed research articles and short communications in all aspects of nutrition. This Journal encompasses the full spectrum of nutritional science including nutritional requirements, public health nutrition, epidemiology, dietary surveys, body composition, energetics, appetite, obesity, ageing and metabolic studies.
Journal of Forensic Science & Criminology (JFSC) is an open access, significant and reliable source of contemporary knowledge on advancements in the field of forensic science. JFSC publishes peer reviewed research articles, critical reviews and short communications focused on forensic science and criminology. JFSC encompasses the full spectrum of forensic science including forensic biology, forensic chemistry, cyber forensics and crime scene investigation
Journal of Genetic Mutations and Disorders (JGMD) is an open access, peer reviewed journal which provides advanced researches including Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Genealogical Tracing, Stem Cell Research, Gene mapping with three-point crosses, Genetic linkage and genetic maps. JGMD publishes original research, review articles in all aspects of genetic mutations and disorders
Childhood obesity has been described as the main health-related problem in developed countries, due to its link with physical, social and psychological consequences with an increased risk for developing metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.
All the pupils of both sexes attending the second year of all the primary schools in Pavia, Northern Italy, were recruited (n=470) for this study. Measurements of weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were taken under standard conditions. Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist-to-height-ratio (W/HtR) were computed and sex specific percentile values for BMI, WC and W/HtR were calculated and compared with the same percentiles available for different countries.
The results show that according to Cole’s cut-off point reference standards, 12.5% and 9.0% of boys and girls respectively are overweight, 4.7% and 5.2% respectively are obese. The WC mean value is equal to 60.0 ± 6.0 cm in boys and 59.0 ± 6.7 cm in girls. Using different 90th reference worldwide standard percentiles for WC as a comparison, the prevalence of our children with WC > 90th percentile is very different. The W/HtR mean value of the total sample is 0.46 ± 0.03. Assuming a cutoff of 0.5, 87.6% of the pupils have a W/HtR value ≤ 0.5, while 12.4% of the subjects have a value > 0.5, showing abdominal obesity among 55 children at an early age.
Our results point out the need for specific preventive and treatment interventions by identifying and implementing effective strategies, policies, and nutritional education programs in order to decrease the prevalence rate of obesity as well as the risk of metabolic disorders.
Quantitative Analysis of 30 Drugs in Whole Blood by SPE and UHPLC-TOF-MSAnnex Publishers
Abstract
An Ultra-High Pressure Liquid Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF-MS) method for quantitative analysis of 30 drugs in whole blood was developed and validated. The method was used for screening and quantification of common drugs and drugs of abuse in whole blood received from autopsy cases and living persons. The compounds included: alprazolam, amphetamine, benzoylecgonine, bromazepam, cathine, cathinone, chlordiazepoxide, cocaine, codeine, clonazepam, 7-aminoclonazepam, diazepam, nordiazepam, flunitrazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, ketamine, ketobemidone, 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine, methadone, morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, nitrazepam, 7-aminonitrazepam, oxazepam, temazepam, tramadol, O-desmethyltramadol, and zolpidem. Blood samples (200 μL) were subjected to Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). Target drugs were quantified using a Waters ACQUITY UPLC system coupled to a Waters SYNAPT G2 TOF-MS apparatus. Extraction recoveries ranged from 41% (7-aminoclonazepam) to 111% (ketamine) and matrix effects ranged from -13% (temazepam) to 50% (7-aminonitrazepam). For all compounds, a quadratic polynomial was applied for fitting the calibration curves. Lower Limits of Quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.005 to 0.05 mg/kg. Satisfactory precisions below 15% and accuracies within 85-115% were obtained for all compounds at concentrations exceeding the LOQ. In conclusion, we present a validated UHPLC-TOF-MS method for simultaneous quantification of 30 drugs in whole blood with a run time of 15 min using 200 μL of whole blood.
Keywords: Drugs of abuse, UHPLC-TOF-MS, Whole blood, SPE, Quantification
Abstract
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Rickettsia Rickettsii (RMSF) is a reoccurring disease in Arizona and Sonora and a public health problem due to the high risk medical complications it provokes. In the region it is transmitted by the bite of the Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick, found in dogs. This tick transmits Rickettsia rickettsii bacteria. Following an incubation period of 3-14 days, it causes acute, non-specific effects early on (fever, headache and rash) that -if not diagnosed and treated in time can be serious or cause death. Death is primarily associated with two factors: (a) delay in diagnosis, and (b) doxycycline, a highly effective antibiotic treatment which is inexpensive and simple to administer is delayed. If doxycycline is not provided before the 5th day after the symptoms begin, the patient can worsen and present with dark purple spots on the body, mostly hands and soles, wrists and ankles as well as have heart, hepatitis, renal, central nervous symptoms and other multiple organ complications. RMSF should be considered a medical priority and a public health problem at the regional level with a network of underlying factors. To prevent and control RMSF in Arizona and Sonora, public health interventions will need to address medical challenges associated with a number of social, political, and environmental factors.
Annex Publishers, as an Open Access publication model allows the dissemination of research articles to the worldwide community. We offer you the advantage of interaction with the most effective minds from the scientific community. All articles printed under open access will be accessed by anyone.
www.annexpublishers.com
The flesh-fly-sarcophaga-(liopygia)-crassipalpis-macquart-1839-as-an-invader-...Annex Publishers
Abstract
We present an indoor forensic case that occurred in spring 2013 in Cosenza (southern Italy). The entomological evidence collected at the scene consisted of Calliphoridae (Calliphora vicina, Lucilia sericata), Sarcophagidae (Sarcophaga crassipalpis), Fanniidae (Fannia scalaris) and Muscidae (Hydrotaea ignava). The minimum Post Mortem Interval (mPMI) was calculated by relating the entomological evidence to data available for Diptera species in the area and to our knowledge of the development of flies used as forensic indicators in Calabria. We report S. crassipalpis as a corpse invader for the first time in Italy.
Keywords: Forensic case; Flies; S. crassipalpis; mPMI; Southern Italy
Abstract
Here in a systematic, accurate and reliable method, Head-Space Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) was developed to determine blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb%), in order to investigate deaths related to CO exposure especially involving blood and hepatic tissues. Using a column packed with molecular sieve, COHb levels were quantified down to 0.2% in small blood samples quickly and showed good reproducibility with RSD of the COHb < 1%. COHb% in hepatic samples stored at different temperatures (-20 °C for 1- 2 years, 0 °C, and 18 °C for two months) can be determined even when the samples are decomposed. The 3-min procedure requires only 0.25 mL of blood sample or 1.0 g of hepatic tissue each time. The technique has a clear advantage over other methods such as UV spectrophotometry.
Keywords: Carbon monoxide poisoning; COHb; Decomposed hepatic tissues; Headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC /MS)
Causes for syncope are multifaceted. Hormonal etiology, specifically hypothyroidism, is associated with cardiac arrhythmias [1]. Sinus bradycardia, low voltage, nonspecific T-wave changes and dissociative atrioventricular (AV) abnormalities are some of descriptive electrocardiographic features [2]. In the majority of well know clinical presentations complete AV block requires the insertion of a permanent pacemaker. However hypothyroidism related bradycardia and consequential symptomatic AV blocks could be reversible with timely and proper management.
We report a case of severe hypothyroidism resulting in insertion of transient pacemaker with favorable clinical course and fully reversible complete AV block after accordant pharmacological hormonal substitution.
In this study, we focused on the effect of β-glucan supplementation of children with chronic respiratory problems. We measured the levels of cortisol, salivary IgE and cotinine in 56 children and evaluated the effect of 30 day supplementation with 100 mg/day oral dose of yeast-derived β-glucan. Our results showed strong decrease of cotinine and cortisol levels in saliva of β-glucan-supplemented children. The increase of total salivary IgE levels in both groups was not statistically significant. The positive effects of complex curative treatment using β-glucan were accompanied by increased physical endurance and by significant reduction of negative clinical problems of affected children.
Third Molar as Age Marker in Adolescents: Large Sample Sized Retrospective Studyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapa...DrHeena tiwari
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapadu Village of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India: An Original Research
Psr:
La detección temprana de las enfermedades periodontales
puntuación del sistema y entender cómo funciona, recomendar un tratamiento basado en las interpretaciones del código ,
y discutir el sistema PSR con los pacientes.
Periodontitis is considered one of the most prevalent immune-inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity. It derives from a specific pathogenic bacteria–host interaction and leads to periodontal tissue destruction [1,2]. The progression of periodontitis is often characterized by irregular phases of increased activity and dormant remission [3,4,5]. Traditional clinical periodontal assessment methods, such as pocket probing depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL), and radiological assessment of the alveolar bone volume, are widely used and documented [1,2]. However, these traditional periodontal classification parameters fail to provide noteworthy information on current disease activity, severity and extent of breakdown, future progression and therapy response [2,6]. More importantly, the biological phenotype of the patient is not properly reflected by the clinical assessment methods [7] and the host response to periodontal bacteria and the subsequent inflammatory burden, i.e., the influence of biological phenotype, may largely determine periodontitis progression. Further, an early diagnosis may lead to more successful treatment [8,9].
Periodontitis is considered one of the most prevalent immune-inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity. It derives from a specific pathogenic bacteria–host interaction and leads to periodontal tissue destruction [1,2]. The progression of periodontitis is often characterized by irregular phases of increased activity and dormant remission [3,4,5]. Traditional clinical periodontal assessment methods, such as pocket probing depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL), and radiological assessment of the alveolar bone volume, are widely used and documented [1,2]. However, these traditional periodontal classification parameters fail to provide noteworthy information on current disease activity, severity and extent of breakdown, future progression and therapy response [2,6]. More importantly, the biological phenotype of the patient is not properly reflected by the clinical assessment methods [7] and the host response to periodontal bacteria and the subsequent inflammatory burden, i.e., the influence of biological phenotype, may largely determine periodontitis progression. Further, an early diagnosis may lead to more successful treatment [8,9].
Comprehensive Assessment of Attitude Towards Denture Hygiene Habits in Compl...Ajay Pacharne
Abstract---Background and Aim: With the advanced innovations in
the rehabilitation techniques, the usages of removable denture have
been reduced significantly. However; complete denture are one of the
most common and trendy avenue for restoring completely edentulous
situations. The ultimate aim of this study was to assess the denture
hygiene attitude in complete denture patients. Materials and Methods:
A total of 100 complete denture wearing patients were selected for this
assessment. The patients were selected in the age range of 45-70
years. The methodologies were explained to the patients prior to the
real execution of the study. All interested complete denture patients
were included in the study. We also performed a small demographic
recording of the patients that includes data on gender, age, length of
prosthesis utilize, cleaning strategies and materials, and so on.
Statistical Analysis and Results: Basic statistical analysis was
completed using SPSS statistical package for the Social Sciences
version 21 for Windows. Only 58% of the patients reported that they
use to clean their dentures every day once. Approximately 68% of the
patients agreed that they do not remember the verbal and written
instructions for denture hygiene at the time of delivery of complete
dentures by the dentists.
Quality Of Root Canals Performed By The Inaugural Class Of Dental Students At...Ziad Abdul Majid
The purpose of this study was to radiographically evaluate technical quality of root canal fillings performed by dental undergraduates at Libyan International Medical University in Libya.
Published By The International Journal Of Dentistry, May 2015
Similar to Legal medical-age-estimation-in-portuguese-adult-cadavers-evaluation-of-the-accuracy-of-forensic-dental-invasive-and-non-invasive-methods (20)
Journal of Proteomics & Geneomics (JPG) is an instructional journal providing a chance to researchers and scientists to explore the advanced and latest research developments within the field of Proteomics and Geneomics. Journal of Proteomics & Geneomics publishes the best quality scientific articles amalgamating broad vary of fields together with the fields associated with Proteomics & Geneomics.
Journal of Obesity and Overweight (JOO) is a peer reviewed open access journal. It is dedicated to increase knowledge, fostering research, and promoting better treatment for people with obesity. It includes subjects like nutrition medicine, clinical nutrition medicine, genetics and nutrition, biophysics and lipid metabolism, etc. It aims to publish advanced research works related to public health and medical developments.
Journal of Computational Systems Biology (JCSB) is an open access online journal which aims to publish peer reviewed research articles and short communications in all aspects of computational biology and bioinformatics. JCSB comprehend the broad spectrum of computational bioscience including biological databases and bioalgorithms.
Journal of Biometrics and Its Applications (JBIA) is peer reviewed open access journal which addresses the fundamental areas in computer science that deal with biological measurements. It covers both the theoretical and practical aspects of human identification and verification. Biometrics based authentication, an integral component of identity science, is now being utilized in several applications playing a central role in personal, national and global security. Biometric refers to the field of development of statistical and mathematical methods applicable to data analysis problems in the biological sciences.
Journal of Gynecology Research (JGR) publishes original articles and research studies on, scientific advances, new medical and surgical techniques, obstetric management, and clinical evaluation of drugs and instruments and all aspects of gynecology including gynecological endoscopy, infertility, oncology contraception, urogynecology, fertility, and clinical practice and ultrasonography. It aims to publish the highest quality medical research in women's health, worldwide.
CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH IN CARDIOLOGYAnnex Publishers
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Research in Cardiology (JCERC) is an international open access, scholarly peer-reviewed journal publishing high quality articles in all areas of cardiology related fields, especially current research, new concepts, novel methods, new therapeutic agents, and approaches for early detection and prevention of cardiac disorders and reporting new methods on basic and advanced clinical aspects of cardiology research.
CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH IN CARDIOLOGYAnnex Publishers
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Research in Cardiology (JCERC) is an international open access, scholarly peer-reviewed journal publishing high quality articles in all areas of cardiology related fields, especially current research, new concepts, novel methods, new therapeutic agents, and approaches for early detection and prevention of cardiac disorders and reporting new methods on basic and advanced clinical aspects of cardiology research.
Journal of Bioequivalence Studies (JBS) is an open access, peer reviewed journal that publishes the most relevant and reliable researches with respect to the subject of Bioequivalence studies which includes pharmacokinetic and pharmcodynamic properties of a drug. JBS publishes original articles, review articles, case reports, short communications, etc.
Anti arthritic-efficacy-and-safety-of-crominex-3+(trivalent-chromium-phyllant...Annex Publishers
Abstract
The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of Crominex® 3+ (a complex of trivalent chromium, Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) extract and purified Shilajit) in moderately arthritic dogs. Eleven client-owned moderately arthritic dogs in a randomized double-blinded study received placebo or Crominex® 3+ twice daily for a period of 150 days. On a monthly basis, each dog was evaluated for arthritis associated pain (overall pain, pain upon limb manipulation and pain after physical exertion) and a full physical exam (body weight, body temperature and heart rate). At the same time intervals, dogs serum samples were examined for biomarkers of kidney (BUN and creatinine), liver (bilirubin, ALT and AST) and heart and skeletal muscle (CK) functions. Findings of this investigation revealed that dogs receiving Crominex® 3+ (1000 μg chromium, 15 mg Amla extract and 15 mg purified Shilajit per day in two divided doses) exhibited a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in arthritic pain noted as early as after 90 days with a maximum reduction after 150 days of treatment. Pain level remained the same or slightly increased in the dogs receiving placebo. No significant change occurred in physical parameters or serum biomarkers in dogs on placebo or Crominex® 3+, which suggested that Crominex® 3+ was well tolerated by arthritic dogs. In conclusion, Crominex® 3+ significantly (P< 0.05) ameliorated arthritic pain and improved quality of life without causing any untoward effects in moderately arthritic dogs.
Abstract
The objectives of this retrospective study were 1. To determine the effect of three surgical techniques (right flank omentopexy, right flank omentoabomasopexy, and left flank abomasopexy), and 2. To determine the effect of concurrent disease on return to normal milk production. Return to normal milk production occurred in 86.3% of cows diagnosed with LDA. Results suggested that cattle diagnosed with LDA corrected via right flank omentopexy or left flank abomasopexy were significantly more likely to return to normal milk production as compared to those corrected via right flank omentoabomasopexy (p< 0.02). No significant difference in return to normal milk production was noted between surgical techniques for correction of RDA (p=1.000) and right abomasal volvulus (p=0.596). Concurrent disease diagnoses did not affect return to milk production. Reported complications were infrequent (n=11).
List of abbreviations: LDA- Left displaced abomasum; RDA- Right displaced abomasum; RAV- Right abomasal volvulus; RAOV- Right abomasal-omasal volvulus; RFO- Right flank omentopexy; RFOA- Right flank omentoabomasopexy; LFA- Left flank abomasopexy; DA – Displaced Abomasum
Abstract
Three surgical case reports are presented to demonstrate the clinical efficacy of using an improved aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide complex (160 ppm) as a topical antiseptic in the post operative management of serious wounds in dogs. In vitro studies are included to demonstrate the antiseptic properties of this new chlorine dioxide complex.
Keywords: Chlorine dioxide; Antiseptic; Antimicrobial; Wound management
Abbreviations: ClO2-Chlorine dioxide; Cl2-Chlorine; PPM-Parts Per Million; SPP-Species; TEM-Transmission Electron Micrograph
Abstract
Salmonella is a causative agent for a wide variety of pathological diseases in humans, cattle, poultry and other farm animals and hence Salmonella infections are a major cause of concern to humans, veterinary animals and to food industry. With characterization of over 2500 Salmonella serovars, the pathogen nearly infects all vertebrates but the severity of infection varies from one serovar to another depending upon their host specificity. Some Salmonella serovars are restricted to one or few hosts while others have a broad host spectrum. Thus the understanding of the mechanisms involving host preference by one serovar over another is very important. As our knowledge about host adaptability will then be instrumental in designing better vaccines. Furthermore, methods involving identification of genetic markers for host specificity will prove to be instrumental in determining virulence factors for other pathogenic bacteria that cause systemic infections.
Keywords: Host adaption; Evolution; Salmonella serovar; Horizontal gene transfer
Anti inflammatory-and-anti-arthritic-efficacy-and-safety-of-purified-shilajit...Annex Publishers
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of purified Shilajit in moderately arthritic dogs. Ten client-owned dogs in a randomized double-blinded study received either a placebo or Shilajit (500 mg) twice daily for a period of five months. Dogs were evaluated each month for physical condition (body weight, body temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate) and pain associated with arthritis (overall pain, pain from limb manipulation, and pain after physical exertion). Serum samples collected from these dogs were examined each month for biomarkers of liver (bilirubin, ALT, and AST), kidney (BUN and creatinine) heart and muscle (creatine kinase) functions. The findings of this study revealed that dogs receiving Shilajit (Group-II) showed a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in pain from limb manipulation by day 60, and overall pain and pain after physical exertion by day 120. Maximum pain reduction, using all three criteria, was observed on day 150. Pain level remained significantly unchanged in dogs receiving the placebo. Dogs in either group showed no significant change (P>0.05) in physical parameters or serum markers, suggesting that Shilajit was well tolerated by moderately arthritic dogs. It was concluded that Shilajit significantly (P< 0.05) reduced pain in osteoarthritic dogs and markedly improved their daily life without any side effects.
Keywords: Purified Shilajit; Osteoarthritis in canine; Shilajit safety; Anti-arthritic nutraceutical
The updated-international-veterinary-anatomical-and-embryological-nomenclaturesAnnex Publishers
The international nomenclature of the anatomical, histological and embryological terms is known as Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (N.A.V.), Nomina Histologica Veterinaria (N.H.V.) and Nomina Embryologica Veterinaria (N.E.V.).
This is the tripod of terms for the morphological sciences in our profession, a dictionary of terms used by all specialists in the basic and in the clinical sciences.
The discovery of the presence of stem cells and precursors with high regenerative potential in the mammary gland, hypothetically maintained throughout the course of the productive life of the dairy cow sheds an interesting perspective in the research which is interested to clarify all physiological clues and possible solutions to increase or maintain longer the potential production of dairy cows during life span of lactation. In 2006, Connie Eaves' lab in Vancouver (Stingl et ., 2006) [1]
Abstract
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway is a signal transduction pathway that functions in a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological cellular events including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, inflammation, metabolic disorders and diseases. In skeletal muscle, it plays an essential role in muscle fiber specialization, muscle mass maintenance, damage induced muscle regeneration and muscle diseases. This review provides an overview of MAPK pathway and its pathophysiological role in skeletal muscle diseases with a primary focus on muscular dystrophy and atrophy.
Abstract
An examination experiment has been carried out to investigate whether fingerprint powder and lifting technique can recover and transfer latent fingerprints from human skin surfaces of dead bodies. For recovery Swedish Black powder and for transfer White Fingerprint Gelatine were used.
Donors placed fingerprints on the human skin surfaces. Finger marks were then in all cases recovered with Swedish Black powder. The procedure was repeated after 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours. Treated finger marks were secured and preserved as latent fingerprint evidence by lifting process. We recovered 8% finger marks suitable for further examination of all deposited samples on the human skin surfaces.
Study on-efficiency-of-protein-extractants-employed-for-human-origin-determin...Annex Publishers
Abstract
Human origin determination is an important aspect of blood grouping analysis in forensic science laboratories. In the present study, protein extractants like gel buffer, ammonia and saline employed for origin determination were evaluated and compared qualitatively and quantitatively for their role in the extraction of proteins from dried blood stained materials of human origin at regular time intervals. Qualitative and quantitative methods employing counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and rocket immunoelectrophoresis (RIE) respectively were used to study the protein extraction efficiency of extractants. Ammonia, compared to gel buffer and saline extracted the proteins effectively. Maximum extraction of proteins was observed in 2-3 hours of sample. CIE demonstrated sharp precipitin bands with all samples of ammonia extractant compared to the samples of counterparts. RIE also revealed greater concentration of proteins in the ammonia extract compared to extracts of gel buffer and saline. These results provide evidence that ammonia serves as a better protein extractant for rapid determination of human blood origin.
Keywords: Forensic science; Forensic serology; Blood origin; Electrophoresis; Protein extractants; Immunoprecipitation
Abstract
Programming scripts were written for the statistical analysis of genetic data from simple cases and complex cases of undetermined paternity. The methods presented here involve algorithms constructed with R, an open-source and increasingly popular programming language used for calculations and statistics; these methods also involve conditional probability analysis, Bayes’ Theorem, and pedigree analysis. Previous computer programs for assessing probable paternity in complex cases of undetermined paternity have been written; however, only minimal or generalized formulas are described in the papers presenting these programs. Therefore, these previously published programs are difficult to understand for most forensic researchers. Here, we present the details of the calculations used to evaluate probabilities of paternity and the details of the R scripts used execute these calculations. These scripts were constructed not only for standard trio case where DNA typing of the mother, child, and the alleged father are available, but also for more complex cases where DNA typing of the alleged father is absent. In these more complex cases, the putative genotype of the alleged father is determined from the genotypes of his parents, his siblings, his wife, children known to be his biological children, or some combination of these people. This report provides concrete and orderly descriptions of the calculations and the R scripts so that each facet of this method is easily understood. Furthermore, access to these scripts will enable individual researchers to develop calculation systems of their own.
Keywords: Forensic mathematics; Paternity testing; R; DNA typing
Tame to-torture-psychosexual-correlations-of-sex-violence-and-tortureAnnex Publishers
Abstract
This paper discusses the psychosexual correlations and psychological consequences related to torture and behavioral acts that are fundamentally torturous. The influence of participation by learning and the relationship of acts to thought and thought to acts are further discussed to raise awareness to the effects of torture on the torturer. Theories from multiple disciplines are presented in an integrated context to examine the correlation between fundamental psychological principles associated with acts that are torturous in nature and, therefore, innately evil.
Keywords: Aggression; Crime; Criminology; Behavioral acts; Human behavior; Psychological effects; Psychology; Psychopathology; Psychosexual; Sex; Sex crimes; Sexuality; Torture; Violence
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
1. Annex Publishers | www.annexpublishers.com
Volume 1 | Issue 2Abstract
Age estimation of unknown human cadavers is important in setting a crime investigation, such as homicide, suicide or in mass disaster because it can guide forensic investigators to the correct identity among a large number of possible matches. More and more the courts ask for medico-legal age estimations of unknown human cadavers by forensic dentistry. This research project in establishing the applicability of radiographic and morphological parameter’s used in forensic dentistry in a Portuguese adult population. The main goal is to compare the chronological age with the dental age estimation by radiographic and morphological parameters. To achieve this objective, thirty-five single-rooted teeth were analysed. Radiographic analysis was made through the program of digital radiology software Kodak RVG intra-oral 2200 with exposure factors 60-70 KVp and 7mA. The morphological parameter, translucent dentin was assessed in intact and sectioned tooth. The relationship between the coefficients was calculated between the age and the ratios with the level of inclusion, p<0.05. There was no statistically significant difference between the chronological age and the age estimation by each method. The coefficient of Pearson for the direct measurements of the translucent dentin methodology for sectioned teeth gives the better correlation with the age estimate (r=0.86). KeywordsIntroduction
Forensic dentistry; Forensic pathology; Human identification; Biological age estimation; Dental age estimation; Portuguese adult cadavers
Legal Medical Age Estimation in Portuguese Adult Cadavers: Evaluation of the Accuracy of Forensic Dental Invasive and Non-Invasive Methods
Pereira CP*1,2,3 , Caldas R2 and Pestana D1,4
1Center of Statistics and Applications of University of Lisbon, Portugal
2Faculty of Dentistry, University of Lisbon, Portugal
3CENCIFOR, Forensic Science Center, National Institute of Legal Medicine, Portugal
4Department of Statistics and Operation Research, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal
*Corresponding author: Pereira CP, Assistant Professor, National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Delegation of South, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa 3, 1169-201 Lisbon, Portugal, Tel: 00351 217804563, E-mail: cristiana.pereira@fmd.ul.pt
Citation: Pereira CP, Caldas R, Pestana D (2013) Legal Medical Age Estimation in Portuguese Adult Cadavers: Evaluation of the Accuracy of Forensic Dental Invasive and Non-Invasive Methods. J Forensic Sci Criminol 1(2): 201. doi: 10.15744/2348-9804.1.201
Received Date: June 19, 2013 Accepted Date: October 15, 2013 Published Date: October 24, 2013
Research Article
Open Access
Age estimation in cadavers by forensic dentistry
Actually there are a number of legal medical reasons for age estimation of an individual [1-3]. Age estimation is one of the main fields of forensic dentistry. The use of teeth in legal medical age estimation is an international forensic methodology accepted for cadaver identification due to their advantages [4]. The dental hard tissues, mainly the enamel, are the anatomical elements with the highest resistance to post mortem changes caused by humidity, high temperatures, microbiological activity and mechanical forces during the post mortem interval [5]. The teeth from cadavers may remain intact for the longest period of time without any macroscopic changes, microbial and chemical diagenetic factors, and furthermore their analysis is easier than bones [6]. Finally, another advantage of the teeth is that the results of age estimation by their mineralization and eruption are more accurate than provided by skeletal development [7]. With the end of these physiologic processes, the teeth are still the best evidence [7].
The dental age estimation has become an established practice in legal medicine and forensic dentistry. The forensic analysis of the cadaver can be done through different methods: morphological, radiological, biochemical, histological among others [3]. However there is no methodology that is 100% accurate in dental age estimation. The main reasons are systematic errors inherent of each scientific method for age estimation, the inter- and intra-individual variations of observers of each method and the factors dependent on the population in study such as, the inter- and intra-individual variability of growth due to ethnic, socio-economic and pathological factors [8].
Volume 1 | Issue 2
Journal of Forensic Science & Criminology
ISSN: 2348-9804
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Volume 1 | Issue 2
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Radiograph Method: Kvaal and Solheim, presented for the first time, a methodology which relied on morphological and radiological measurements [6]. The regression formulas have been calculated for dental age estimation based on analysis of 6 teeth, 3 from upper jaw and 3 from lower jaw, based on analysis of each individual tooth [8]. The coefficient of regression analysis is higher when the ratios of 6 types of teeth, from upper and lower jaws are used. This coefficient decreased when teeth from the same jaw were used (or upper jaw or lower jaw) and became weaker when carried out measurements on lower canines [8]. The dental age estimation was established by 5 regression formulas for each dental group. The independent variables are pulp chamber sized when measured in the radiographies, the periodontal ligament retraction and the translucent dentin in the apical portion of root [6].
Direct method: Bang and Ramm has developed for the first time, a methodology using the measurement of the translucent dentin length at apical root and thus established a correlation with age [9]. The translucent dentin appears in the third decade of individual life progressing over time from the apical to the coronal direction in the root [10]. In the dentinal tubules occurs the deposition of a dense matrix of hydroxyapatite crystal which leads to the reduction of intra-tubular diameter [5]. The difference between the refractive indices of organic and inorganic material of the dentinal tubules increases the degree of translucent dentin [11]. This parameter is less influenced by environmental and pathological factors, when compared with others dental morphological changes [10].
The analysis was based on a set of regression equations for complete and sectioned teeth according to the tooth type and the length of the root translucent dentin in millimeters [9]. These authors proposed mathematical regression formulas where the root translucent dentin is considered as the only dental morphological parameter used for age estimation [5].
Objectives
The main goal of this research project is the validation of dental age estimation in a Portuguese adult population through those two dental methods, the radiological and the morphological, with the purpose of forensic applicability in age estimation in adult Portuguese cadavers. Materials and Methods
To achieve the proposed objectives the research study was done in two distinct phases, a clinical and a laboratory phases. The clinical phase of this exploratory research and human teeth specimens came from samples extracted from alive persons for treatments reasons from the faculty of dentistry, university of Lisbon with informed consent of the patients. The laboratory phase consisted in the applicability of the direct and indirect methodology for age estimation.
Experimental design from the pilot study
This research work resulted from a pilot study carried out by the faculty of dentistry, university of Lisbon with the aim to analyz age estimation of the adult cadaver through the radiograph and morphological parameters in a portuguese adult population applied to single root teeth. The experimental protocol from this human investigation was approved and realized with the consent of ethics for health committee of the faculty. According to the experimental protocol given to all patients, an informed consent and the privacy of the data was assured.
Population sampling
The sample consisted of 35 teeth belonging to individuals from both genders aged over than 20 years. Data collection was made according to the extracted teeth from the patients from the oral surgery appointments from dental faculty, university of Lisbon performed by the dental students from the 4th and 5th year of the dental master course. The data collected are the number of individual clinical file, the chronological age on the day of extraction, the birthday data, the gender and the tooth identification. Tooth are separated in individual containers with a number from the project and stored in a solution of chloramines at a 4 °C to avoid the degradation of organic components of the dentin.
Inclusion criteria
In this research pilot study, the selection of the sample was based on the following inclusion criteria:
• Individuals over the age of 20 years
• Teeth without endodontic treatment
• No impacted teeth
• Teeth without crowns or without direct rehabilitation with radiopaque material in the vestibular surface
• Teeth without extensive abrasion injuries
Methodology
Non-invasive method: Radiographic analysis was performed according to the measurements proposed by Kvaal and Solheim [6] through the program of digital radiology software Kodak RVG intra-oral 2200 with exposure factors 60-70 KVp and 7mA, allowing dental radiographic images capture with a high-quality, a fast and an easy way. According to the tooth type the follow parameters were measured:
In the tooth:
• Length of apical dentin translucent of the tooth measured in millimeters (T).
• Retraction of the periodontal ligament measured in millimeters in the mesial surface of the root (LP).
The methods of dental age estimation for this research project at an adult Portuguese population
In the digital radiographs:
• Length of pulp (CP).
• Root length measured from the mesial surface (CR).
• Pulp with at the cemento-enamel junction (LPJCE).
• Root width at the cemento-enamel junction (LRJCE).
• Pulp width at the midpoint of the length of the root (LPMR).
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Journal of Forensic Science & Criminology
For dental age estimation we applied the mathematics regression formulas developed by Kvaal and Solheim in the digital periapical radiographs. These authors have obtained five regression formulas for each of the 10 dental group based on singles root teeth. To apply each of the regression formula, the measurements were estimated to calculate the ratios according to the previous definitions at the materials and methods.
By the method of Bang and Ramm we developed two mathematics regression formulas according to the length of translucent dentin were higher or lower than the 9 mm.
The analysis of variance ANOVA, determined that there were no differences statistically significant between group means methodology. However, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient (0.86) as well as the coefficient of determination (0.74) is the highest for the direct methodology for sectioned teeth and gives the best relationship between the dental age estimation and the chronological age in the adult Portuguese population (Table 1 and Table 2) with the smallest standard deviation (8.18 years) compared to the other assessed methods (Table 3). The result of the Pearson’s correlation coefficient (0.89) is higher when we combined the two direct methods, in the intact and sectioned teeth, beside we applied isolated.
Pearson’s correlation coefficient
Hypothesis
0,832
Radiograph Methodology
0,819
Morphology Methodology for intact teeth
0,863
Morphology Methodology for sectioned teeth
0,888
Morphology Methodology (intact and sectioned)
Table 1: Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
Coefficient of determination
Hypothesis
0,692
Radiograph Methodology
0,670
Morphology Methodology for intact teeth
0,744
Morphology Methodology for sectioned teeth
0,788
Morphology Methodology (intact and sectioned)
Table 2: Coefficient of determination.
Invasive method: The analysis of dental morphological parameters was carried out on the intact and sectioned teeth. The objects of study were sectioned by a tungsten drill from the mesial side. The section was done on a vertical plane in the direction vestibule-lingual to expose the largest area of the pulp camera. The amount of translucent dentin was evaluated in millimeters from the apical end of the tooth into the coronal direction according to the Bang and Ramm methodology [9]. Measurements are calculated by a digital caliper Mitutoyo®.
Intra- and inter-observer calibrations
In this research pilot study the measurements in radiological and morphological analysis are performed by the same observer. So we avoided introducing an inter-observer variability. However we assessed the intra-observer variability over time by measuring the intra-observer error.
The consist variability in intra-observer is due to involuntary data modification of the application and the criteria over time resulting in the introduction of systematic errors and/or random. This means that the same distance can be measured differently in different methods.
To prevent the introduction of systematic errors the methodological criteria was previously defined clearly. To deal with the random errors, in the validity of the data collected by the same investigator, observations were repeated in a period of time, long enough to eliminate the effect of memory. This period of time was one month and the maximum of repeated measurements are 10% of the total measurements. The results of the repeated measurements are compared with the first measurements and are obtained with the distribution of the two differences. Paired t-tests are used to calculate intra- observer differences.
Statistical methodology of the analysis of the results
The relationship between the coefficients is calculated between the age and the ratios. The chronological age is chosen as the dependent variable and the main components of the measurements as independent variables, the level of significance was p<0.05. The chronological age corresponded to the individual's age in years at the time of extraction of tooth based on the date of birth registered in the clinical file of the patient. The dental age was calculated by each of the two methods defined at the specific objectives. The values obtained in measurements were analyzed through the Software program SPSS for Windows, version 18.0. Results
The 35 tooth were carried out to digital peri-apical radiographs to evaluate the original Kvaal and Solheim method. The morphological parameter translucent dentin was determined in both intact and sectioned in order to assess the accuracy of the original method of Bang and Ramm in the adult Portuguese population. The descriptive analysis is carried out by statistical analysis, calibration and graphical representation. To test the accuracy a methodology is carried out. The Pearson's correlation coefficient of determination and analysis of variance ANOVA.
• Root width at the midpoint of the length of the root (LRMR).
• The ratio of the length (FL=CP/CR).
• The ratio of the width (FWC=LPJCE/LRJCE).
• The ratio of the width (FWM=LPMR/LRMR).
The males (29% of total sample) had approximately a mean of standard error of 33.9, while the females (71% of the total sample) have 22.4. Based on these preliminary results, the Portuguese females have better results than the males (Graph 1, Table 4 and Table 5).
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Graphic 1: Residuals analysis of regression analysis by sex.
About 8% of the total sample obtained the age estimated equal to the real age. The percentage of the results obtained with underestimated age (between -4 and -6 years and between -7 and -9 years than the real age) are the same obtained with overestimated age (between 4 and 8 years than the real age), 46% for both genders.
The age of the individuals with less than 60 years tend to be overestimating instead of adults over than 60 years, who tend to be underestimating (Graph 2).
Graphic 2: Relation between estimated age and chronological age.
The teeth that allowed better relationship between the real age and estimated age were the 33, 43 and 11.
Radiographic analysis was done by digital radiology system that allowed dental radiographic images capture with high- quality, a minimum degree of distortion, a quickly and an easily way and as well as allowed the investigators to do the measurements from the hypothesis on a way more accurate [14]. The use of digital periapical radiographs according to Willems and others authors; allow the realization of radiographic images more calibrated in such a way that the linear measurements are more accurate [14]. Discussion
The aim of this pilot research study was to apply a radiographic method (indirect and non-invasive) and a morphological method (direct and invasive, destructive or non-destructive) to validate the original methods of Kvaal and Solheim and the Bang and Ramm at the adult Portuguese population for medico legal age estimation in adult cadavers.
The age parameter was defined for individuals with more than 20 years, since the methods proposed to test under the hypothesis are for age estimation in the adults group, where the physiological dental process are already finished. In our research project we did not set an upper bond on the age in inclusion criteria, since the sample is a representative of an ageing Portuguese population and represented by the patients who have been treating in the clinical services from the dental faculty. However, according to some studies there is a higher variation in age estimation results in individuals aged over 60 years [12].
The majority of published methods for dental age estimation in a cadaver require tooth extraction (destructive technique). However, some forensic circumstances may be considered unacceptable. Such as the forensic cases where ethical, religious, cultural or scientific reasons are an imposition [2]. Due to these problems the radiographic techniques are considered as an advantage so far as they correspond to a simple and non-invasive method that can also be used on living individuals as well as cadavers [13]. It is important to note that there is a limitation of x-ray films related to two- dimensional images and to low resolution.
Average
Morphological Methodology from for intact teeth
Morphological Methodology for sectioned teeth
Radiograph Methodology
25
25
25
25
Female sample size
-0,13
-27,86
11,05
16,5
Total diference
-0,0052
-1,1144
0,442
0,66
Average
Table 4: Residuals analysis of regression analysis from female population.
Table 5: Residuals analysis of regression analysis from male population.
Average
Morphological Methodology from for intact teeth
Morphological Methodology for sectioned teeth
Radiograph Methodology
10
10
10
10
Male sample size
14,85
-1
21,35
24,2
Total diference
1,485
-0,1
2,135
2,42
Average
Standard deviation (years)
Hypothesis
9,040
Radiograph Methodology
8,419
Morphology Methodology for intact teeth
8,180
Morphology Methodology for sectioned teeth
8,287
Morphology Methodology (intact and sectioned)
Table 3: Standard deviation (years).
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The sample from this pilot research were included all single root teeth of the upper and lower jaws, central and lateral incisors, canine, first and second premolars. The multiradiculares teeth were excluded from this research study due to the difficulty in defining the pulp area associated with each root at the radiography. For statistical analysis we established a linear relationship between the dependent variable (real age) and the independent variables (age estimation by the morphological and radiographic parameters) [15]. In the process of the measurements, there might have small inaccuracies such as a slight tooth inclination relative to the direction of the radiographic funnel. The largest source of error of the measurements was the difficulty in identifying the points of reference in x-rays when viewed on a monitor. When analyzed a tooth for each person, what often occurs in a forensic investigation research, we must calculate the standard deviation as well as the confidence interval in age estimation.
Some authors claim that the difference between the real length of the teeth and the length measured in digital x-rays is statistically insignificant when we paralelometric radiographic technique [4]. In this research the x-rays were carried out according to this methodology to minimize the variance of the lengths of the measurements. The statistical analysis of variance ANOVA testing has determined that there are no significant statistically differences between the methods. Therefore, these methods may be applied for dental age estimation in the adult cadaver Portuguese population.
The results obtained in this pilot research study in the Portuguese population, where the radiograph method had the lower Pearson correlation coefficient (0.83) (Graph 3) as well as the lower coefficient of determination (0.69), are in agreement with the conclusions from other scientific researches.
Graphic 3: The Pearson correlation coefficient for the Portuguese population obtained with the three methods: Radiograph, Morphology for non-sectioned teeth (I) and Morphology for sectioned teeth (S).
The Pearson correlation coefficient (0.86) as well as the coefficient of determination (0.74) for the adult Portuguese population allows us to conclude that the direct method for sectioned teeth gives the better relationship between the real age and the estimated age than radiograph method.
The original Bang and Ramm method for sectioned teeth presented an average for standard deviation of 10.87 years [16]. In our research study, for all assessed methods, the standard deviation was lesser. The morphological method for sectioned teeth had the best standard deviation for an adult population of 8.18 years (Graph 4).
Graphic 4: Relationship between the length of the translucent dentin and the chronological age.
In a second statistical analysis we created two groups from the total sample of 35 teeth for each group of gender, one with individuals aged less or equal than 60 years and the other group from the individuals with more than 60 years. This statistical analysis was important according to the differences between age estimation less than 60 years old and over 60 years old. The females aged less or equal than 60 years obtained a highest standard deviation in the range of 1 to 3 years of overestimated age (20%). For female with more than 60 years the greatest standard deviation occurred in the range of -7 to -9 years of underestimated age (9%). Different results were obtained for the males group, where individuals with age equal or less than 60 years had a greater standard deviation in the range of 4 to 6 years of overestimated age (9%). For males with more than 60 years were obtained equal results in the ranges - 4 to - 6 years and -7 to - 9 years of underestimated age (9%).
The Bang and Ramm has a tendency to overestimate the age when we analyzed teeth from young adults and underestimate age in the group of older age [16]. In our research project we obtained for Portuguese population the same results.
The inclusion criteria are the criteria for including a patient in the study, and it is important that these criteria be clearly defined in an objective manner, they were teeth without: endodontic treatment, crowns or vestibular radiopaque restorations and abrasion lesions [4]. They are co-variables and the methodologies choose for testing the main hypothesis which couldn’t be answer.
The variance obtained by different methods, about 8% of the sample obtained an estimate of age equal to real age. The old underestimated and overestimated corresponds respectively to 46% of the sample. The largest percentage of overestimated age corresponds to a smaller range of years, 6 years (4 to 23%). The old underestimated had the same percentage (17%) for the ranges - 6 to - 4 years and - 7 to - 9 years. The sample had 71% females and 29% males. The average error for males had a mean of approximately equal to 33.9, while the females have 22.4. This conclusion is in disagreement with the study of star and others, who points out that the estimated age is independent of gender [17].
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Volume 1 | Issue 2
Journal of Forensic Science & Criminology
6Conclusions
This forensic pilot research allowed us to evaluate the applicability of two dental age estimation approaches, a radiograph and a morphological in an adult Portuguese population for age estimation in an adult cadaver. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that both non- destructive and destructive dental-age estimation techniques were able to produce significant accurate dental age estimations, at least when these techniques were applied appropriately. However, to the forensic deontologists recommended to use different age estimation techniques and perform repetitive measurements in order to verify the reproducibility of the calculations performed. The main objective is to obtain the best standardized method for legal medical age estimation, reproductive, simple and reliable that can be applied in cadavers from Portugal in the field of human identification. Acknowledgements
Research partially sponsored by national funds through the Fundação Nacional para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal – FCT under the project (PEst-OE/MAT/UI0006/2011). References
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The cutting technique used was chosen over others, because this allows getting better results on the age-related dental changes through the measurements performed for the parameter of translucent dentin [18]. The length of the translucent dentin for sectioned teeth had a greater correlation with the age estimation when compared with intact teeth, according to other investigations [14]. This is related to the measurement of the translucent dentin on the intact teeth correspond a three-dimensional evaluation, which means the variable is lesser accurate, when the translucent dentin is evaluated in the sectioned teeth, a two-dimensional analysis [10]. The results obtained in this adult Portuguese study reinforced this assumption, the evaluation of the translucent dentin in sectioned teeth allowed best age estimation.
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