The document discusses the legal environment of business in India, specifically covering the MRTP Act and Consumer Protection Act. It aims to control concentration of economic power and monopolies through the MRTP Act and protect consumer rights such as safety, redress, and fair trade through the Consumer Protection Act. Major topics covered include deemed restrictive trade practices, unfair trade practices, consumer rights and grounds for filing complaints to consumer redressal forums.
The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act of 1969 aims to ensure economic power is not concentrated in few hands and to control monopolies and prohibit restrictive trade practices. The Act applies to all of India except Jammu and Kashmir. Certain government and cooperative undertakings are exempt. The Act prohibits restrictive trade practices that limit competition or control resources and prices. Unfair trade practices under the Act include false representations, false offers, non-compliance with standards, and hoarding or destroying goods to raise prices. Relief includes discontinuing practices, voiding related agreements, and disclosing information. Remedies include temporary injunctions and compensation.
The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (MRTP Act) was enacted in 1969 to prevent concentration of economic power and monopolistic/restrictive trade practices. It established the MRTP Commission to investigate such practices and grant injunctions/compensation. The Act defined monopolistic, restrictive, and unfair trade practices and was amended several times before provisions around concentration of economic power were repealed in 1991. The MRTP Commission had investigation powers like a civil court along with remedies under the Act.
The document provides an overview of the MRTP Act of 1969 and the current competition law scenario in India. Some key points:
- The MRTP Act of 1969 aimed to prevent concentration of economic power and restrict unfair trade practices. It established the MRTP Commission to investigate monopolistic and restrictive trade practices.
- The Act was replaced by the Competition Act of 2002, which established the Competition Commission of India. The new law expanded the scope to also cover abuse of dominance and combinations/mergers.
- Unfair trade practices under MRTP Act included misleading ads, false representations, unsafe goods. The Commission could direct discontinuation or void related agreements.
- Competition policy aims to ensure fair competition through removal
The document discusses the Monopolistic and Restrictive Trade Practices Act of India. It was enacted in 1969 to prevent concentration of economic power and control monopolies and unfair/restrictive trade practices. It was amended in 1991 to focus more on prohibiting unfair/restrictive practices rather than controlling company size. The act established the MRTP Commission to investigate complaints and issue orders but it had limited effectiveness due to resource constraints and lack of clear definitions. A new Competition Act was passed in 2002 to address the shortcomings of the MRTP Act.
The MRTP Act of 1969 aimed to prevent concentration of economic power and control monopolistic and restrictive trade practices in India. It established the MRTP Commission to investigate such practices and direct companies to modify or discontinue them if found to be against public interest. The Act was significantly amended in 1991 to repeal provisions controlling economic power concentration and focus instead on restricting unfair trade practices. The MRTP Commission continues to oversee these functions.
This document summarizes the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act of 1969 in India. The key points are:
1) The MRTP Act was enacted to control monopolies and prohibit restrictive trade practices that could concentrate economic power in few hands or distort competition.
2) The Act applies to all of India except Jammu and Kashmir. Government organizations are exempt.
3) Restrictive trade practices prevent or distort competition. Unfair trade practices use deception to promote sales.
4) The MRTP Act provides relief such as discontinuing unlawful practices, voiding related agreements, and disclosing information. Remedies include temporary injunctions and compensation.
Law monopolies and restrictive trade practices act (mrtpAdil Shaikh
The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (MRTP Act) 1969 aims to control monopolies, prevent concentration of economic power, and regulate trade practices in India. It established the MRTP Commission to investigate complaints around restrictive, monopolistic, and unfair trade practices. Key provisions include requiring government approval for large mergers/acquisitions and new businesses, prohibiting restrictive agreements between companies, and empowering the Commission to issue orders to stop unfair practices and provide relief such as injunctions or compensation.
The MRTP Act of 1969 aimed to prevent concentration of economic power and regulate monopolies and restrictive trade practices. It established a commission to control monopolies, unfair trade practices, and restrictive agreements. The act applied to government companies and corporations but exempted cooperatives and financial institutions. It prohibited practices like production control, limiting competition, and false product representations. Remedies included voiding restrictive agreements, ordering practices not be repeated, and providing compensation. However, the commission lacked resources and definitions of anti-competitive practices were inadequate to effectively address issues.
The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act of 1969 aims to ensure economic power is not concentrated in few hands and to control monopolies and prohibit restrictive trade practices. The Act applies to all of India except Jammu and Kashmir. Certain government and cooperative undertakings are exempt. The Act prohibits restrictive trade practices that limit competition or control resources and prices. Unfair trade practices under the Act include false representations, false offers, non-compliance with standards, and hoarding or destroying goods to raise prices. Relief includes discontinuing practices, voiding related agreements, and disclosing information. Remedies include temporary injunctions and compensation.
The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (MRTP Act) was enacted in 1969 to prevent concentration of economic power and monopolistic/restrictive trade practices. It established the MRTP Commission to investigate such practices and grant injunctions/compensation. The Act defined monopolistic, restrictive, and unfair trade practices and was amended several times before provisions around concentration of economic power were repealed in 1991. The MRTP Commission had investigation powers like a civil court along with remedies under the Act.
The document provides an overview of the MRTP Act of 1969 and the current competition law scenario in India. Some key points:
- The MRTP Act of 1969 aimed to prevent concentration of economic power and restrict unfair trade practices. It established the MRTP Commission to investigate monopolistic and restrictive trade practices.
- The Act was replaced by the Competition Act of 2002, which established the Competition Commission of India. The new law expanded the scope to also cover abuse of dominance and combinations/mergers.
- Unfair trade practices under MRTP Act included misleading ads, false representations, unsafe goods. The Commission could direct discontinuation or void related agreements.
- Competition policy aims to ensure fair competition through removal
The document discusses the Monopolistic and Restrictive Trade Practices Act of India. It was enacted in 1969 to prevent concentration of economic power and control monopolies and unfair/restrictive trade practices. It was amended in 1991 to focus more on prohibiting unfair/restrictive practices rather than controlling company size. The act established the MRTP Commission to investigate complaints and issue orders but it had limited effectiveness due to resource constraints and lack of clear definitions. A new Competition Act was passed in 2002 to address the shortcomings of the MRTP Act.
The MRTP Act of 1969 aimed to prevent concentration of economic power and control monopolistic and restrictive trade practices in India. It established the MRTP Commission to investigate such practices and direct companies to modify or discontinue them if found to be against public interest. The Act was significantly amended in 1991 to repeal provisions controlling economic power concentration and focus instead on restricting unfair trade practices. The MRTP Commission continues to oversee these functions.
This document summarizes the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act of 1969 in India. The key points are:
1) The MRTP Act was enacted to control monopolies and prohibit restrictive trade practices that could concentrate economic power in few hands or distort competition.
2) The Act applies to all of India except Jammu and Kashmir. Government organizations are exempt.
3) Restrictive trade practices prevent or distort competition. Unfair trade practices use deception to promote sales.
4) The MRTP Act provides relief such as discontinuing unlawful practices, voiding related agreements, and disclosing information. Remedies include temporary injunctions and compensation.
Law monopolies and restrictive trade practices act (mrtpAdil Shaikh
The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (MRTP Act) 1969 aims to control monopolies, prevent concentration of economic power, and regulate trade practices in India. It established the MRTP Commission to investigate complaints around restrictive, monopolistic, and unfair trade practices. Key provisions include requiring government approval for large mergers/acquisitions and new businesses, prohibiting restrictive agreements between companies, and empowering the Commission to issue orders to stop unfair practices and provide relief such as injunctions or compensation.
The MRTP Act of 1969 aimed to prevent concentration of economic power and regulate monopolies and restrictive trade practices. It established a commission to control monopolies, unfair trade practices, and restrictive agreements. The act applied to government companies and corporations but exempted cooperatives and financial institutions. It prohibited practices like production control, limiting competition, and false product representations. Remedies included voiding restrictive agreements, ordering practices not be repeated, and providing compensation. However, the commission lacked resources and definitions of anti-competitive practices were inadequate to effectively address issues.
The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1969 aims to ensure fair competition in India and prevent concentration of economic power. It prohibits monopolistic, restrictive, and unfair trade practices. The Act gives the MRTP Commission authority to investigate complaints around such practices, issue orders to stop them, and compensate parties suffering losses. It also allows the central government to regulate production and fix terms for monopolies to prevent harm to competition. The Act has been amended over time to better control monopolies and regulate restrictive or unfair trade practices in India.
The MRTP Act of 1969 aimed to prevent concentration of economic power and regulate monopolies and restrictive trade practices. It sought to control monopolies in certain sectors, prevent unfair/restrictive trade practices, and regulate such practices. The Act applied to government undertakings and corporations. It regulated production, standards, and competition-restricting actions. Restrictive trade practices that harmed consumers were regulated. The Act provided remedies like modifying or voiding agreements and practices, and providing injunctions or compensation. However, it had drawbacks like lack of definitions and resources to effectively address anti-competitive practices.
The document discusses the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (MRTP Act) of 1969 and the Competition Act of 2002 in India. The MRTP Act aimed to prevent concentration of economic power and prohibit anti-competitive practices. It was replaced by the Competition Act of 2002, which established the Competition Commission of India to prevent anti-competitive activities and promote fair competition for consumers and businesses. The key objectives of both acts were to ensure competition in the market and protect consumer interests.
This document summarizes India's Monopolistic and Restrictive Trade Practice Act of 1969. The key points are:
- The act was passed to ensure economic power is not concentrated in the hands of a few and to regulate unfair trade practices.
- Unfair trade practices include charging unreasonably high prices to prevent competition, false advertising of prices/quality, fake offers of free gifts, failure to meet product standards, and hoarding or destroying goods to raise prices.
- The act prohibits actions that restrict competition, allows for regulation of production/pricing, and sets product standards. It provides remedies such as temporary injunctions and compensation for violations.
The document discusses competition law and policy in India, noting that competition law aims to promote economic efficiency and consumer welfare by preventing anti-competitive practices like cartels and abuse of dominance, and regulating mergers and acquisitions. It also explains how various government policies around sectors like trade, industry and economic regulation should be reformed to promote more competition. The Competition Commission of India is established as the primary regulator to enforce competition law and investigate anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominance, and mergers and acquisitions.
This document provides an overview of dominant position and abuse of dominance under EU competition law. It defines dominance as substantial market power over a period of time. Market shares above 30-50% are generally considered dominant but entry conditions also factor in. Abuses can be exclusionary, aimed at foreclosing rivals, or exploitative of customers. Specific abuses discussed include excessive pricing, loyalty rebates, tying and bundling, margin squeezes, and predatory pricing. The legal tests for these abuses generally examine whether conduct would exclude an equally efficient competitor or harm competition.
This document discusses abuse of dominant position under the Competition Act 2002 in India. It defines key terms like dominant position, relevant market, and abuse of dominance. Dominant position means a position of strength that allows a firm to operate independently of competition or affect competitors. Abuse of dominance means using dominant position in an exploitative or exclusionary manner. Examples discussed are cases against Coal India Limited for unfair pricing and against DLF for unilateral contract terms. The CCI imposed penalties in both cases and ordered modifications to address the abusive practices.
This document summarizes the Competition Act of 2002 in India. The key points are:
1. The Competition Act of 2002 replaced the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act of 1969.
2. The objectives of the new Act are to prohibit anti-competitive agreements like cartels, abuse of dominant market positions, and regulate combinations that could reduce competition.
3. The Act covers both horizontal restraints like price fixing and output restrictions, as well as vertical restraints like exclusive dealing and price discrimination.
Competition law and policy aims to promote fair competition in markets. The Competition Act of 2002 established the Competition Commission of India (CCI) to prevent anti-competitive practices. The CCI prohibits anti-competitive agreements between companies, abuse of dominant market positions, and regulates mergers and acquisitions. It investigates complaints and makes orders to protect competition and consumers. The objectives of the Act are to prevent anti-competitive behavior and practices, promote fair competition, protect consumer interests and ensure freedom of trade in India.
Tnx group 15
For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
MD: AL AMIN
SAIFUL ISLAM
RUKSANA PARVIN RUPA
SHAMIM MIA
LIMA AKTER
Presentation on The competition act(2002)satya pal
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Competition Act of 2002 in India. It discusses the objectives of eliminating anti-competitive practices and promoting fair competition. The main features covered are the prohibition of anti-competitive agreements such as cartels, abuse of dominant market positions, and regulations governing mergers and acquisitions. Enforcement is carried out by the Competition Commission of India through investigations and imposition of penalties. The act aims to protect consumer welfare and ensure fair competition in the market.
The document discusses competition and India's competition policy and law. It defines competition and explains its importance for consumers and economic growth. It outlines the objectives of India's competition policy to promote efficiency, innovation, and economic growth.
The key points are:
1. The Competition Act of 2002 established the Competition Commission of India to prevent anti-competitive practices and promote fair competition.
2. The Act prohibits anti-competitive agreements between enterprises, abuse of dominant market positions, and regulates combinations/mergers that reduce competition.
3. The goal of the competition policy is to preserve fair competition, promote efficiency, encourage innovation, and support sustained economic growth.
MRTP Act 1969 and Competition Act 2002Chanda Singh
The document compares the MRTP Act of 1969 and the Competition Act of 2002 in India. The MRTP Act aimed to control monopolies and restrictive trade practices, while the Competition Act aims to promote competition and protect consumer interests. It established the Competition Commission of India to prevent anti-competitive conduct and regulate combinations. Some key differences are that the Competition Act explicitly defines anti-competitive offenses and regulates combinations, while the MRTP Act was more complex and reactive.
The document discusses competition and competition policy in India. It defines competition as situations in markets where sellers strive for buyers to achieve business goals. Competition policy aims to promote efficiency and maximize welfare. The Competition Act of 2002 established a commission to prevent anti-competitive practices, promote competition, protect consumers, and ensure freedom of trade. The Act prohibits anti-competitive agreements and abuse of dominant positions. It regulates combinations and promotes competition advocacy. The Commission has powers like issuing cease/desist orders and imposing penalties.
Presentation on salient features and provisions of the Competition Act in India as a part of coursework
Course - MMS/MBA
Semester - 2
Subject - Business Laws
The document discusses competition law in India. It provides an overview of the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (MRTP Act) of 1969 and explains some of its key provisions. It then summarizes the Competition Act of 2002 which replaced the MRTP Act, outlining its three main elements of prohibiting anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant position, and regulating combinations.
This document summarizes the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act of 1969 in India. It was passed to prevent concentration of economic power, control monopolies, and prohibit unfair trade practices. The MRTP Act established a commission to investigate complaints and make inquiries into monopolistic, unfair, and restrictive trade practices. The commission had broad powers to summon witnesses, access documents, and search premises. Remedies under the act included temporary injunctions and compensation. While no longer in force, the MRTP Act aimed to promote competition and protect consumers, which are now addressed by the Competition Act of 2002. A case study highlights how Colgate Palmolive successfully defended against allegations under the MRTP Act.
Playmobil agreed to stop fixing retail prices of its toys after an antitrust investigation by the Department of Justice. The DOJ charged Playmobil with establishing minimum resale prices for retailers and threatening to terminate dealers that did not comply. Under a settlement, Playmobil will be prohibited from setting minimum advertised prices or entering retail price agreements for 10 years. While price fixing reduces competition, economists argue that resale price maintenance can address legitimate issues like preventing free-riding among retailers.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Competition Act of 2002 in India. It provides background on the history and purpose of replacing the earlier Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act of 1969. It outlines the duties of the Competition Commission of India in protecting competition and prohibiting anti-competitive practices. It defines important terms related to competition like agreement, enterprise, consumer, and prohibited practices like price fixing, bid rigging, exclusive dealing and predatory pricing.
Ppt on Competition Act, 2002 presented on 17th May 2015 at Chinmay Tutorials by CS Professional Students Abhishek Agarwal, Aditya Rana, Sakshi Gupta, Shreya Chaturvedi, Shipra Pareek
The document summarizes Pakistan's constitutional evolution from 1858 to 2010. It traces the introduction of early constitutional instruments under British rule through independence and the various martial laws that disrupted democracy. Pakistan had its first constitution in 1956, followed by other constitutions in 1962 and 1973 (the current constitution), both of which were abrogated by martial laws. The 1973 constitution established a parliamentary system, but was amended after intermittent martial laws and a military intervention in 1999. Key aspects of the 1973 constitution regarding fundamental rights, the preamble, principles of policy, and independence of the judiciary are also briefly outlined.
The document discusses the dominance of multinational corporations (MNCs) in India from the 1960s to the 1990s and the government's efforts to regulate foreign investment and control MNCs. It notes that MNCs controlled over half the assets in India's large industrial sector in the 1960s and 1970s. The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) of 1973 aimed to reduce foreign ownership of companies to 40% or less. However, many companies did not fully implement FERA. Reforms in the 1990s gradually relaxed restrictions on foreign investment under FERA and eventually led to its replacement by the more liberal Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) of 1999.
The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1969 aims to ensure fair competition in India and prevent concentration of economic power. It prohibits monopolistic, restrictive, and unfair trade practices. The Act gives the MRTP Commission authority to investigate complaints around such practices, issue orders to stop them, and compensate parties suffering losses. It also allows the central government to regulate production and fix terms for monopolies to prevent harm to competition. The Act has been amended over time to better control monopolies and regulate restrictive or unfair trade practices in India.
The MRTP Act of 1969 aimed to prevent concentration of economic power and regulate monopolies and restrictive trade practices. It sought to control monopolies in certain sectors, prevent unfair/restrictive trade practices, and regulate such practices. The Act applied to government undertakings and corporations. It regulated production, standards, and competition-restricting actions. Restrictive trade practices that harmed consumers were regulated. The Act provided remedies like modifying or voiding agreements and practices, and providing injunctions or compensation. However, it had drawbacks like lack of definitions and resources to effectively address anti-competitive practices.
The document discusses the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (MRTP Act) of 1969 and the Competition Act of 2002 in India. The MRTP Act aimed to prevent concentration of economic power and prohibit anti-competitive practices. It was replaced by the Competition Act of 2002, which established the Competition Commission of India to prevent anti-competitive activities and promote fair competition for consumers and businesses. The key objectives of both acts were to ensure competition in the market and protect consumer interests.
This document summarizes India's Monopolistic and Restrictive Trade Practice Act of 1969. The key points are:
- The act was passed to ensure economic power is not concentrated in the hands of a few and to regulate unfair trade practices.
- Unfair trade practices include charging unreasonably high prices to prevent competition, false advertising of prices/quality, fake offers of free gifts, failure to meet product standards, and hoarding or destroying goods to raise prices.
- The act prohibits actions that restrict competition, allows for regulation of production/pricing, and sets product standards. It provides remedies such as temporary injunctions and compensation for violations.
The document discusses competition law and policy in India, noting that competition law aims to promote economic efficiency and consumer welfare by preventing anti-competitive practices like cartels and abuse of dominance, and regulating mergers and acquisitions. It also explains how various government policies around sectors like trade, industry and economic regulation should be reformed to promote more competition. The Competition Commission of India is established as the primary regulator to enforce competition law and investigate anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominance, and mergers and acquisitions.
This document provides an overview of dominant position and abuse of dominance under EU competition law. It defines dominance as substantial market power over a period of time. Market shares above 30-50% are generally considered dominant but entry conditions also factor in. Abuses can be exclusionary, aimed at foreclosing rivals, or exploitative of customers. Specific abuses discussed include excessive pricing, loyalty rebates, tying and bundling, margin squeezes, and predatory pricing. The legal tests for these abuses generally examine whether conduct would exclude an equally efficient competitor or harm competition.
This document discusses abuse of dominant position under the Competition Act 2002 in India. It defines key terms like dominant position, relevant market, and abuse of dominance. Dominant position means a position of strength that allows a firm to operate independently of competition or affect competitors. Abuse of dominance means using dominant position in an exploitative or exclusionary manner. Examples discussed are cases against Coal India Limited for unfair pricing and against DLF for unilateral contract terms. The CCI imposed penalties in both cases and ordered modifications to address the abusive practices.
This document summarizes the Competition Act of 2002 in India. The key points are:
1. The Competition Act of 2002 replaced the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act of 1969.
2. The objectives of the new Act are to prohibit anti-competitive agreements like cartels, abuse of dominant market positions, and regulate combinations that could reduce competition.
3. The Act covers both horizontal restraints like price fixing and output restrictions, as well as vertical restraints like exclusive dealing and price discrimination.
Competition law and policy aims to promote fair competition in markets. The Competition Act of 2002 established the Competition Commission of India (CCI) to prevent anti-competitive practices. The CCI prohibits anti-competitive agreements between companies, abuse of dominant market positions, and regulates mergers and acquisitions. It investigates complaints and makes orders to protect competition and consumers. The objectives of the Act are to prevent anti-competitive behavior and practices, promote fair competition, protect consumer interests and ensure freedom of trade in India.
Tnx group 15
For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
MD: AL AMIN
SAIFUL ISLAM
RUKSANA PARVIN RUPA
SHAMIM MIA
LIMA AKTER
Presentation on The competition act(2002)satya pal
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Competition Act of 2002 in India. It discusses the objectives of eliminating anti-competitive practices and promoting fair competition. The main features covered are the prohibition of anti-competitive agreements such as cartels, abuse of dominant market positions, and regulations governing mergers and acquisitions. Enforcement is carried out by the Competition Commission of India through investigations and imposition of penalties. The act aims to protect consumer welfare and ensure fair competition in the market.
The document discusses competition and India's competition policy and law. It defines competition and explains its importance for consumers and economic growth. It outlines the objectives of India's competition policy to promote efficiency, innovation, and economic growth.
The key points are:
1. The Competition Act of 2002 established the Competition Commission of India to prevent anti-competitive practices and promote fair competition.
2. The Act prohibits anti-competitive agreements between enterprises, abuse of dominant market positions, and regulates combinations/mergers that reduce competition.
3. The goal of the competition policy is to preserve fair competition, promote efficiency, encourage innovation, and support sustained economic growth.
MRTP Act 1969 and Competition Act 2002Chanda Singh
The document compares the MRTP Act of 1969 and the Competition Act of 2002 in India. The MRTP Act aimed to control monopolies and restrictive trade practices, while the Competition Act aims to promote competition and protect consumer interests. It established the Competition Commission of India to prevent anti-competitive conduct and regulate combinations. Some key differences are that the Competition Act explicitly defines anti-competitive offenses and regulates combinations, while the MRTP Act was more complex and reactive.
The document discusses competition and competition policy in India. It defines competition as situations in markets where sellers strive for buyers to achieve business goals. Competition policy aims to promote efficiency and maximize welfare. The Competition Act of 2002 established a commission to prevent anti-competitive practices, promote competition, protect consumers, and ensure freedom of trade. The Act prohibits anti-competitive agreements and abuse of dominant positions. It regulates combinations and promotes competition advocacy. The Commission has powers like issuing cease/desist orders and imposing penalties.
Presentation on salient features and provisions of the Competition Act in India as a part of coursework
Course - MMS/MBA
Semester - 2
Subject - Business Laws
The document discusses competition law in India. It provides an overview of the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (MRTP Act) of 1969 and explains some of its key provisions. It then summarizes the Competition Act of 2002 which replaced the MRTP Act, outlining its three main elements of prohibiting anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant position, and regulating combinations.
This document summarizes the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act of 1969 in India. It was passed to prevent concentration of economic power, control monopolies, and prohibit unfair trade practices. The MRTP Act established a commission to investigate complaints and make inquiries into monopolistic, unfair, and restrictive trade practices. The commission had broad powers to summon witnesses, access documents, and search premises. Remedies under the act included temporary injunctions and compensation. While no longer in force, the MRTP Act aimed to promote competition and protect consumers, which are now addressed by the Competition Act of 2002. A case study highlights how Colgate Palmolive successfully defended against allegations under the MRTP Act.
Playmobil agreed to stop fixing retail prices of its toys after an antitrust investigation by the Department of Justice. The DOJ charged Playmobil with establishing minimum resale prices for retailers and threatening to terminate dealers that did not comply. Under a settlement, Playmobil will be prohibited from setting minimum advertised prices or entering retail price agreements for 10 years. While price fixing reduces competition, economists argue that resale price maintenance can address legitimate issues like preventing free-riding among retailers.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Competition Act of 2002 in India. It provides background on the history and purpose of replacing the earlier Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act of 1969. It outlines the duties of the Competition Commission of India in protecting competition and prohibiting anti-competitive practices. It defines important terms related to competition like agreement, enterprise, consumer, and prohibited practices like price fixing, bid rigging, exclusive dealing and predatory pricing.
Ppt on Competition Act, 2002 presented on 17th May 2015 at Chinmay Tutorials by CS Professional Students Abhishek Agarwal, Aditya Rana, Sakshi Gupta, Shreya Chaturvedi, Shipra Pareek
The document summarizes Pakistan's constitutional evolution from 1858 to 2010. It traces the introduction of early constitutional instruments under British rule through independence and the various martial laws that disrupted democracy. Pakistan had its first constitution in 1956, followed by other constitutions in 1962 and 1973 (the current constitution), both of which were abrogated by martial laws. The 1973 constitution established a parliamentary system, but was amended after intermittent martial laws and a military intervention in 1999. Key aspects of the 1973 constitution regarding fundamental rights, the preamble, principles of policy, and independence of the judiciary are also briefly outlined.
The document discusses the dominance of multinational corporations (MNCs) in India from the 1960s to the 1990s and the government's efforts to regulate foreign investment and control MNCs. It notes that MNCs controlled over half the assets in India's large industrial sector in the 1960s and 1970s. The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) of 1973 aimed to reduce foreign ownership of companies to 40% or less. However, many companies did not fully implement FERA. Reforms in the 1990s gradually relaxed restrictions on foreign investment under FERA and eventually led to its replacement by the more liberal Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) of 1999.
1. The business environment is determined by changing social, economic, and political forces that create challenges and opportunities for businesses.
2. Modern business involves both production and distribution activities to satisfy needs and desires in society while also generating profit.
3. The main objectives of businesses are to maximize profits and sales revenue, minimize costs, ensure long-term survival, achieve financial soundness and economic self-sufficiency, provide employee satisfaction, and sometimes dominate the market or serve society.
The document discusses the political, economic, legal, and technological environments faced by global managers. It describes how international business has grown due to factors like improved transportation and communication technologies, lowered trade barriers, and increased global competition. Key political risks include expropriation and nationalization while economic risks relate to currency devaluations and policy changes. Legal systems differ globally and laws impact business activities and cross-border transactions. Technological changes like the internet are both driving and being driven by globalization. Global managers must understand these environmental factors in countries where they operate.
The political environment directly affects the business environment and ethics. A typical bureaucratic political system can hamper business through long start-up processes and lack of empowerment. In contrast, an efficient government ensures economic development. When businesses can bypass laws due to politics, ethics and morality are undermined. Recent scams in India totaling tens of thousands of crores of rupees show how politics can negatively impact businesses and investors. Empowering people and balancing interests can help the economic environment flourish.
The document summarizes key provisions and features of the Indian Constitution. It discusses that the constitution was drafted over 2 years between 1946-1949 by the Constituent Assembly headed by Dr. Ambedkar. Some key highlights include:
- It is the longest and most detailed written constitution in the world.
- It establishes a parliamentary democratic republic with a federal structure, featuring separation of powers among the executive, legislature and judiciary.
- It includes a catalogue of Fundamental Rights guaranteed to all citizens and Directive Principles of State Policy as fundamental obligations of the government.
- It establishes independent election commissions and defines the powers of the central and state governments through three lists (union, state, concurrent).
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Competition refers to the rivalry between firms for customers and profits in a market. It benefits companies through efficiency and consumers through lower prices and more choices. The Competition Act 2002 aims to promote fair competition in India and prevent practices that limit competition such as price fixing. It established the Competition Commission of India (CCI) to enforce the act through penalties, orders to stop anti-competitive behavior, and separation of dominant companies. The CCI works to ensure freedom of trade and protect consumers and competition in Indian markets.
Day 1 Intro to CCP and Competition Law in PakistanAhmed Qadir
The document discusses the importance of competition in developing countries and the need for competition laws. It provides background on competition laws in Pakistan, from the original 1970 law to the current 2010 Competition Act. The current law established the Competition Commission of Pakistan and prohibits anti-competitive behaviors such as abuse of dominant market position, cartelization through prohibited agreements, deceptive marketing practices, and mergers or acquisitions that substantially lessen competition. It also stresses the importance of advocacy and increasing awareness of competition laws.
Integrated Marketing Communication - Liability for Misleading Advertisements ...Akanksha Gohil
Liability for Misleading Advertisements – Key
Features of Consumer Protection Bill Recently Passed
1.Law passed
2. Its liablities
3. Reaction of the population
4. Future strategies
5. Critical analysis
6. conclusion
A quick guide to competition and consumer protection laws that affect your ...Irfaan Bahadoor
The document provides a quick guide to competition and consumer protection laws that affect businesses in the UK. It summarizes that the Competition Act prohibits anti-competitive agreements between businesses and abuse of a dominant market position. It also discusses rules around mergers, cartels, advertising credit, unfair commercial practices, and issuing contracts. The guide aims to help businesses understand and comply with relevant laws to avoid penalties and protect consumers.
The document discusses the progression from the MRTP Act to the Competition Act in India. It provides definitions for key terms related to monopolistic trade practices, restrictive trade practices, unfair trade practices, and combinations. It outlines the objectives of the Competition Act to eliminate anti-competitive practices and protect consumer interests. The Competition Commission of India was established to enforce the Competition Act and assumes the role of competition advocacy.
This document discusses the progression from the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act to the Competition Act, and provides details on:
- The MRTP Act focused on preventing concentration of economic power and controlling monopolies, while the Competition Act prohibits monopolistic, restrictive, and unfair trade practices with the goal of promoting competition.
- It defines monopolistic, restrictive, and unfair trade practices and provides examples. There was a need to substitute the MRTP Act due to shortcomings identified by the Raghavan Committee.
- Key factors in the progression include a shift from controlling economic power to preventing anti-competitive practices, recognition of abuse of dominant position, removal of registration requirements, and
Need for consumer protection act in an era of free competition where consumer...amit maity
Derived from two Greek words:“Monos” means single
“Poly” means seller
Monopoly is a term used by economists to refer to the situation in which there is a single seller of a product (i.e., a good or service) for which there are no close substitutes.
Monopolies exist because of barriers to entry into the market that prevents competition.
09 Mba Bl Lec Nov 18 Cpa & Unfair Trade Practices FinalUmang Doshi
The document discusses the history and provisions of consumer protection laws in India. It summarizes the key points of the Consumer Protection Act 1986, including that it established consumer courts and specified six consumer rights. It also defines who qualifies as a consumer, outlines unfair trade practices, and discusses various agencies involved in facilitating consumer awareness and dispute resolution.
Mrtp to competition when the world at large is a single platform for trade an...92_neil
The document discusses the progression from the MRTP Act to the Competition Act in India. Key points include:
- The MRTP Act focused on preventing concentration of economic power and controlling monopolies and restrictive/unfair trade practices.
- The Competition Act aims to promote competition and protect consumer interests. It prohibits anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant position, and regulates combinations.
- The Competition Commission of India was established to prevent practices having an appreciable adverse effect on competition in India. It has powers to conduct inquiries and impose penalties.
The document discusses the progression from the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act to the Competition Act in India. It provides details on the objectives, offences recognized, and roles of the commissions under each Act. The MRTP Act aimed to prevent concentration of economic power and control monopolies, while the Competition Act seeks to eliminate anti-competitive practices. It also outlines key factors that led to the need to substitute the MRTP Act, such as it not mentioning certain offending trade practices like abuse of dominance.
A report submitted for internal assessment ofBhanu Bisht
The document provides an internal assessment report on India's economic environment for business. It discusses several topics related to India's economic policies and regulations:
1. It summarizes the MRTP Act of 1969 and how it sought to regulate monopolies and restrictive trade practices in India.
2. It explains unfair trade practices (UTP) under the MRTP Act and how the MRTP Commission can inquire into and provide relief for UTP.
3. It comments on the trends and success of India's monetary policy from 1960-2010, including reforms in the 1990s that separated fiscal and monetary policy.
4. It discusses how the introduction of multinational corporations (MNCs) in India
Anti competitive agreements under the competition actAltacit Global
The document discusses anti-competitive agreements under the Competition Act in India. It covers what the Act prohibits, including anti-competitive arrangements between businesses like cartels that fix prices or allocate markets. Horizontal agreements between competitors like price fixing are prohibited. Vertical agreements between businesses at different levels can also restrict competition. The Indian Contract Act also addresses restrictive agreements but has exceptions for reasonable restraints like non-compete clauses for outgoing business partners. The Competition Act aims to promote fair competition for consumer welfare while preventing monopolies formed through anti-competitive collusion.
Why is Antitrust activity so harmful to consumers and the economy W.pdffeelingspaldi
Why is Antitrust activity so harmful to consumers and the economy? What, if anything, can
consumers, competitors, or or the government due to prevent or detect this activity?
Solution
Answer:-
Before Understanding the Antitrust Activity let us understand what is \"Antitrust law\" this will
give you true picture of antitrust activites and how they are harmful to consumers.
Antitrust laws, also referred to as \"competition laws,\" are statutes developed by the U.S.
Government to protect consumers from predatory business practices by ensuring that fair
competition exists in an open-market.economy.
Some of Antitrust Activites are :- Causing un fair competition in economy using following
activites
1.Market Allocation
2.Bid Rigging
3.Price Fixing
4.Monopolies
5.Mergers and Acquisitions.
In short, They prohibit a variety of practices that restrain trade. Examples of illegal practices are
price-fixing conspiracies, corporate mergers likely to reduce the competitive vigor of particular
markets, and predatory acts designed to achieve or maintain monopoly power.
All such activities will eliminated healthy competition out of the market and will give rise to
unsatisfactory prices, price discriminations , excess increase in prices over a period of time,
creation of monopoly.
this will affect the consumer badly and create a disturbed trade environment in the country.
2.How to prevent or detect these activites ?
Answer:-
FEMA and state and local government agencies with whom FEMA is coordinating begin to
solicit competitive bids for rebuilding contracts, the Antitrust Division is prepared to provide
assistance to these agencies to protect against bid rigging, price fixing and other collusive
conduct among companies competing for rebuilding contracts.
Price fixing, bid rigging, and other collusive agreements can be established either by direct
evidence, such as the testimony of a participant, or by circumstantial evidence, such as
suspicious bid patterns, travel and expense reports, telephone records, and business diary entries.
If a Consumer . Competitior or Government have these kind of evidence in possession with them
, they can deliver these to FEMA and state and local government agencies to prevent such
antitrust activites .
Now Let us understand how to detect them:-
1. Market Allocation :-
In this scheme, co-conspirators agree to divide up customers or geographic areas. The result is
that the coconspirators will not bid or will submit only complementary bids when a solicitation
for bids is made by a customer or in an area not assigned to them. This scheme is most
commonly found in the service sector and may involve quoted prices for services as opposed to
bids.
2. Bid Rigging:-
In this type of scheme, one or more competitors agree not to bid, or withdraw a previously
submitted bid, so that a designated bidder will win. In return, the non-bidder may receive a
subcontract or payoff.
3. Price Fixing:-
Price Fixing impacts procurement when business is condu.
The document discusses European Union competition law regarding mergers. It defines different types of mergers like horizontal, vertical, and conglomerate mergers. It explains the purpose of merger control is to maintain competition and prevent the formation of monopolies that could harm consumer welfare. Merger control evaluates whether a merger could allow the merging companies to unilaterally exercise power over the market and reduce competition. Theories of potential competitive harm from mergers include unilateral or non-coordinated effects where competition between the merging companies' products is eliminated.
The document discusses consumer protection in e-commerce. It defines consumer rights and important rights that should be protected like health and safety, right to information, right to redress grievances. It also discusses types of consumer exploitation like misleading advertisements and unfair/restrictive trade practices. It talks about the role of businesses, government and consumers in effective consumer protection. It analyzes issues in protecting consumer rights in e-commerce and proposes measures to address legal rights in the e-business environment.
This document discusses important trends in antitrust compliance, enforcement, and litigation for manufacturers. It notes that criminal antitrust enforcement is actively pursued by government agencies and that penalties for violations are severe. Manufacturers should be aware of prohibited conduct such as agreements among competitors to fix prices, allocate customers or markets, or rig bids. Trade associations also require caution, as discussions among competitors could evidence anticompetitive agreements. Mergers and acquisitions are an area of increasing agency focus. An effective compliance policy can help guide a company's conduct and mitigate risks.
The document summarizes India's Competition Act of 2002 and outlines its objectives to promote fair competition in the market. It discusses different anti-competitive practices like cartels and abuse of dominance that the Act prohibits. It also describes the roles and powers of the Competition Commission of India in regulating combinations, enforcing the Act through penalties, and advocating for competitive markets through non-enforcement measures.
The document provides an overview of the Consumer Protection Act of 1986 in India. It discusses the objectives of the act, which are to better protect consumers and provide simple, speedy and inexpensive redress for consumer grievances. The act established consumer protection councils and defined key terms like "complaint", "goods", "services", and "consumer". It applies to all goods and services unless exempted and covers private, public and cooperative sectors. The rights of consumers outlined include protection from hazardous products, full information on products, access to competitive prices, being heard on consumer issues, and seeking redress for unfair trade practices.
Regulation of businesses is necessary to address market failures and protect public interest. Some key reasons for regulation include addressing issues like market imperfections, externalities, and information asymmetries. Regulations are imposed by government bodies and can take various forms including price controls, taxes, subsidies, and rules on competition and corporate governance. Businesses respond to regulations in different ways, from mere compliance to full compliance and innovation. International regulations also influence businesses globally, with countries like the US and EU having significant impact. Acts like the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the US regulate financial reporting, auditing, and whistleblowing for listed companies.
The document discusses the Consumer Protection Act of 1986. It was enacted to better protect consumer interests across India except Jammu and Kashmir. The key points are:
- It established 3 levels of consumer dispute redressal forums - district, state and national levels
- It defines unfair trade practices and restrictive trade practices. It also discusses consumer rights and duties.
- The forums provide speedy resolution of disputes and remedies like replacement, refunds or compensation for defective goods or services.
How to Implement a Strategy: Transform Your Strategy with BSC Designer's Comp...Aleksey Savkin
The Strategy Implementation System offers a structured approach to translating stakeholder needs into actionable strategies using high-level and low-level scorecards. It involves stakeholder analysis, strategy decomposition, adoption of strategic frameworks like Balanced Scorecard or OKR, and alignment of goals, initiatives, and KPIs.
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Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
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2. MRTP Act
The Directive Principles of Indian
constitution suggest that ownership and
control of material resources should be
widely distributed and there should be no
concentration of wealth and means of
production. With this in mind, the
Monopolistic and Restrictive Trade
Practice Act, 1969, was enacted so as to:
3. ensure that the operation of the
economic system does not result in
concentration of economic power to the
common man's detriment,
control the power of monopolies,
prohibit monopolistic and restrictive trade
practices.
4. The Act was amended in
1974,1980,1984,1988 and in 1991. The
Act placed many restrictions on
companies having assets of more than
Rs. 100 crores in respect of new projects,
expansion, diversification, mergers, and
even in the appointment of directors.
5. Before the 1991 amendment, the MRTP law
sought to control the concentration of economic
power by requiring undertakings that had assets
over Rs. 100 crores and/or were 'dominant
undertakings' to register themselves with the
Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices
Commission. If such an undertaking wishes to
expand and enter a new line of production or to
participate in mergers, amalgamations and
takeovers, it had to seek permission from the
government.
6. Pre-entry restriction on MRTP companies
hindered the rapid growth of industry and in turn
of the economy. For rapid industrialization, the
Act was amended in September 1991 and all
entry restrictions on MRTP companies i.e.
companies having group assets of over Rs. 100
crores were removed. Now the MRTP Act
concentrates only on controlling and regulating
the monopolistic, restrictive and unfair trade
practices and concentration of economic power
to a limited extent.
7. Monopolistic Trade Practice is one that has
or is likely to have any of following effects:
Limiting or controlling production, supply
or distribution of goods or services and
thereby maintaining price of goods or
charge or service at an unreasonable
price.
Unreasonably preventing or lessening
competition.
8. Limiting technical development or capital
investment or allowing quality of goods or
services to deteriorate.
Unreasonably increasing prices of goods
or services.
Unreasonably increasing the cost of
production or charges for any services.
9. Unreasonably raising the profits on
production, supply or distribution of goods
or services.
Adopting unfair or deceptive methods to
reduce or prevent competition in goods or
services.
10. Restrictive Trade Practice (RTP)
A Restrictive Trade Practice is one which has, or
may have, the effect of preventing, distorting or
restricting competition in any manner and in
particular:
which tends to or obstructs flow of capital or
resources for production,
which tends to impose unjustified costs or
restrictions on consumers, relating to goods
and services by manipulation of prices, or by
conditions of delivery or to affect supplies in
market.
11. The deemed RTPs are as follows:
Restrictions on buying / selling:
This means restricting person or persons
to whom goods may be sold or from
whom to be bought. Such as Trade
Associations that asks their members not
to deal in goods of a particular
manufacturer. A Manufacturers
restricting its distributor to appoint a
12. sub-distributor or dealer without prior
permission.
A manufacturer restricting its
dealers/distributors to supply goods to
particular institutions or consumers.
Distributors selling goods to third party
without prior permission of the
manufacturer, etc.
13. Tie in Sales or Full Line Forcing:
This means requiring a person to purchase
something else compulsorily, along with goods
he wants to purchase. Such as forcing dealers
to purchase orange drinks with cola drinks, or
forcing purchase of gas stoves with gas
connections, requiring dealers to maintain a
minimum level of stock of the full range of
products of the manufacturer, schools making
it mandatory to buy uniforms and books only
from their own shop, etc.
14. Exclusive Dealing Agreement:
It is about forcing not to deal with goods other
than those of the seller. For instance dealers
not to deal with similar type of products of the
competitor, or buyers force manufacturers not
to manufacture identical goods for any other
buyer without consent of the particular buyer,
producers enter into a long term contract with
an artist prohibiting him from giving
performances anywhere else, agreements
wherein a distributor will purchase goods only
from the manufacturer or from some other as
may be nominated by him.
15. Collective Price Fixation and Tendering:
This is a collective agreement to
purchase or sell or to tender only at
agreed prices or terms. This is called
'cartel'. It is also called the Knock Out
Agreement. For instance when tyre or
cement manufacturers, or some trade
associations increase prices or restrict
supply uniformly and simultaneously, by
mutual agreement.
16. Discriminatory Dealing:
Giving concessions or benefits on the basis of
turnover or giving huge discount to large
buyers will be considered as RTP, if such
discounts are injurious to competition.
However, discounts are very common in
business and many discounts are not
considered as discriminatory as cash discount
on prompt payment, discount to different
classes of customers as government and
private customer, incentive to increase sales,
newspapers charging different rates for
different pages of newspaper, etc.
17. Resale Price Maintenance:
This means not allowing resale below a
certain price or not to sell above a
particular price. If maximum price is
indicated, the dealer should be free to
charge below the indicated price.
18. Restriction on Output or Supply:
This means an agreement to limit,
withhold or restrict the output or supply
or any goods or allocate any market or
areas for disposal of goods.
Restriction on Manufacturing Process:
This means an agreement not to use a
particular method, machinery or process
in the manufacture of goods.
19. Price Control Arrangement:
This means an agreement to sell goods
with a view to eliminate competition or
any competitor.
Restriction on Buying:
To restrict the class or number of
wholesalers, producers or suppliers for
whom goods may be bought is an
restrictive trade practices.
20. Collective Bidding:
This means an agreement among the
contenders for bid to be offered at
auction or not to be bid at auction.
Agreement Declared by government to be
restrictive:
The government has powers to declare any
agreement as restrictive on the
recommendation of the Commission.
21. Besides all these, many others are treated
as RTP. Such as Dumping of goods,
deficiency in insurance services, insisting
on collection of gas cylinders from shop,
accepting deposits for supply without any .
possibility of supply, not providing a house
as promised, failure to refund deposits,
wide variations in prices in different
regions, etc., are treated as restrictive
trade practices.
23. False representation
False Offer or Bargain Price
Offering gifts, prizes etc. and conducting
promotional contests with the intention of
not providing them
Not complying to Product Safety
Standards
Hoarding or Destruction of Goods
24. Governing Body
MRTP Commission
It is the commission that governs the
MRTP Act
Director General of Investigation and
Registration.
25. CONSUMER PROTECTION
ACT 1986
In the Indian scenario the following factors
can said to be reasons for the rise of the
consumer protection movement :
26. Consumer Information Gap:
The consumer who is buying a television is not
an electronic engineer. Similarly, a person
buying the services of doctor or advocate does
not know whether he is receiving the right
service or not. He comes to know their worth
only after communing the product or availing of
the services. These things exit because of a
lack in consumer information. They also do not
have the time, interest, capacity, and
competence to acquire authentic information
and to make the informed decisions.
27. Pattern of Communication:
The impact of alternation patterns of
communication which include advertising
through mass media like the radio, television,
newspapers and cinema, have actually
towards widening on increasing the information
gap. The media, which provides for information
is easily manipulated by marketing experts and
business stalwarts. This results in consumer
exploitation, which. is extenuated by the
increasing impersonalization of communication
structures and through the development of
new technologies. In such a scenario, the
consumer lands in utter confusion that
increases his distress.
28. Performance Gap:
Being influenced by the communication provided
by the company, the consumer purchases
products and services with certain expectations.
In many cases, the quality provided and the
promises made in communication or while
selling do not meet his expectations. The
consumer has to live with of product failure
almost everyday. Since the problem is manifold
and arises almost daily, it is difficult for an Indian
consumers to move to the court for redressal of
his problems. This has also given rise to the
demand for better protection to the consumers
all around.
29. Absence of informed Participation:
The absence of consultation with the
consumer or of their representatives in
policy formulation often results in
implementation of certain decisions that
adversely affect consumers. In most
cases, undertakings and institutions are
seen avoiding the . The absence of a clear
doctrine in this regards has generated
strong dissatisfaction among consumers
and has created an environment in which
consumerism thrives.
30. Budget Squeeze and Inflation:
There are two factors, that contribute to
the budget squeeze. The first one is
increased income and the sociological
forces, which have created expectations
for a better lifestyle. This in turn,
demands new producers requiring new
expenditure for products and services.
Secondly, inflation absorbs a major
portion of increased income resulting in
retarding people's ability to buy. It has a
direct impact on the cost of living.
31. Poverty of Consumers:
The Poor and illiterate people are
widespread in India and they suffer the
most from frauds, excessive prices,
exorbitant credit charges, and poor quality
of merchandise and services. They lack
education, consumer education in
particular, and are unable to improve their
purchase decisions.
32. Consumer Rights
Every year, March 15 is observed as "World
Consumer Right Day". Its significance is that in
1962 on this day John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the
then president of the US declared four consumer
rights. Later, International Organization of
Consumers Union (IOCU) added three more
rights to the Ii t. The government of India too
included these rights in its 20-point programme.
These have also been incorporated in the United
Nations Charter of Human Rights. These are:
33. Right to Safety
Right to be Informed
Right to Choose
Right to be Heard
Right to Redress
Right to Healthy Environment
Right to Consumer Education
34. The foremost objective of the Consumer
Protection Bill is to
provide for better protection of the
interest of the consumer and for that
purpose,
make provisions for the establishment of
Consumer Protection Councils and other
authorities for the settlement of
consumer disputes and for matters
connected therewith.
35. The term 'consumer' is defined in Section
2(d) of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986
in two parts.
One is a consumer who purchases goods
The other is a person who hires services
36. The Act is intended to protect following
rights of the consumers [under Section 6]:
The right to be protected against
marketing of goods, which are
hazardous to life and property.
The right to be informed about the
quality, quantity, potency, purity,
standard and price of goods to protect
against unfair trade practices.
37. The right to be assured, and wherever
possible, access to a variety of goods at
competitive prices.
The right to be heard and to be assured
that consumers' interests will receive due
consideration at appropriate forums.
The right to seek redressal against unfair
trade practices or unscrupulous
exploitation of consumers.
The right to consumer education.
38. Grounds for Appeal for the Jurisdiction
to Redressal Forums
False representation
False Offer or Bargain Price
Offering gifts, prizes etc. and conducting
promotional contests with the intention of
not providing them
Not complying to Product Safety
Standards
Hoarding or Destruction of Goods
39. Who can file a complaint
Consumer himself
Legal representative, heirs of the
consumer
Any voluntary organization
Central or state government