1. The document discusses the design and development of an LED based machine for measuring the irregular surface area of leather sheets. It proposes using an array of optical sensors along a conveyor belt to detect the edges of passing leather sheets and calculate their surface areas.
2. Existing area measurement techniques like pinwheel mechanisms, roller planimeters, and vision-based systems are analyzed. The proposed system aims to be faster, more accurate, and self-calibrating by using an array of IR sensors to detect leather edges as it passes over a conveyor belt.
3. The proposed system works by sampling the leather sheet width using an array of IR sensors as it passes over the conveyor belt. It calculates the area
Automated Monitoring System for Fall Detection in the ElderlyCSCJournals
Falls are a major problem for the elderly people living independently. According to the World Health Organization, falls and sustained injuries are the third cause of chronic disability. In the last years there have been many commercial solutions aimed at automatic and non automatic detection of falls like the social alarm (wrist watch with a button that is activated by the subject in case of a fall event), and the wearable fall detectors that are based on combinations of accelerometers and tilt sensors. Critical problems are associated with those solutions like button is often unreachable after the fall, wearable devices produce many false alarms and old people tend to forget wearing them frequently. To solve these problems, we propose an automated monitoring that will detects the face of the person, extract features such as speed and determines if a human fall has occurred. An alarm is triggered immediately upon detection of a fall.
Jual Sokkia SET62 Total Station, yang digunakan sebagai alat ukur sudut dan jarak yang dilengkapi dengan Electric Distance Meter (EDM) yang terintegrasi dalam satu unit alat. Perangkat ini juga telah dilengkapi dengan processor sehingga mampu menghitung jarak datar, koordinat, dan beda tinggi secara langsung tanpa perlu bantuan kalkulator lagi.
SINOM GROUP CO., LTD. is the equipment manufacturer and system solution provider of automatic bar counting system and splitting system (rebar counter), and started the research and development of the reinforcing steel bar counting system suitable for the use in the production line in 2003 Spring Festival. The system (computer image identification-based bar online counting system) won the second Metallurgical Science and Technology Award organized by China Iron and Steel Industry Association and The Chinese Society for Metals 2006 and obtained the national invention patent and the utility model patent certificate. There are several applications of invention patents and utility model patents.
Automated Monitoring System for Fall Detection in the ElderlyCSCJournals
Falls are a major problem for the elderly people living independently. According to the World Health Organization, falls and sustained injuries are the third cause of chronic disability. In the last years there have been many commercial solutions aimed at automatic and non automatic detection of falls like the social alarm (wrist watch with a button that is activated by the subject in case of a fall event), and the wearable fall detectors that are based on combinations of accelerometers and tilt sensors. Critical problems are associated with those solutions like button is often unreachable after the fall, wearable devices produce many false alarms and old people tend to forget wearing them frequently. To solve these problems, we propose an automated monitoring that will detects the face of the person, extract features such as speed and determines if a human fall has occurred. An alarm is triggered immediately upon detection of a fall.
Jual Sokkia SET62 Total Station, yang digunakan sebagai alat ukur sudut dan jarak yang dilengkapi dengan Electric Distance Meter (EDM) yang terintegrasi dalam satu unit alat. Perangkat ini juga telah dilengkapi dengan processor sehingga mampu menghitung jarak datar, koordinat, dan beda tinggi secara langsung tanpa perlu bantuan kalkulator lagi.
SINOM GROUP CO., LTD. is the equipment manufacturer and system solution provider of automatic bar counting system and splitting system (rebar counter), and started the research and development of the reinforcing steel bar counting system suitable for the use in the production line in 2003 Spring Festival. The system (computer image identification-based bar online counting system) won the second Metallurgical Science and Technology Award organized by China Iron and Steel Industry Association and The Chinese Society for Metals 2006 and obtained the national invention patent and the utility model patent certificate. There are several applications of invention patents and utility model patents.
I. Một số khái niệm cơ bản
II. Mối quan hệ giữa KHCN
III. Vai trò KHCN trong các ngành sản xuất vật chất ở Việt Nam
IV. Thực trạng áp dụng KHCN trong các ngành sản xuất ở Việt Nam
I. Một số khái niệm cơ bản
1. Khoa học
2. Kỹ thuật
3. Công nghệ
4. Tiến bộ khoa học công nghệ
II. Mối quan hệ giữa KHCN
1. Công nghệ tác động tới khoa học như thế nào ?
2. Khoa học tác động tới công nghệ như thế nào?
3. Phân biệt KH – CN
III. Vai trò KHCN trong các ngành sản xuất vật chất ở Việt Nam
1. Vai trò chung
2. Vai trò KHCN đối với ngành Công nghiệp, xây dựng
3. Vai trò của KHCN trong lĩnh vực Nông nghiệp
IV. Thực trạng áp dụng KHCN trong các ngành sản xuất ở Việt Nam
1. Thực trạng chung
2. Trong ngành CN – XD
3. Trong ngành Nông nghiệp
This paper describes and implements an authentication resolutionmistreatmentstatistics, digital certificates and sensible cards to unravelthe protectiondownsidewithin the authentication method. The primaryhalfmay be a general introduction to the subject; the second may be atemporarysummaryregardingmistreatmentstatistics, a lot ofprecisely hand vein pattern. The third half presents a way of extracting the pattern vein of the rear of the hand additionallya way to match 2 templates. The fourth presents the 2 necessary phases in any authentication system: the enrolment and therefore the authentication. A projected authentication protocol is delineated too. The twenty percent generalize the attainable attacks and vulnerabilities during abiometric identification system and it additionally shows however our system is ready to avoid them .The sixth half talks regarding the implementation of the applying. Finally, within the conclusion, we tend to tried to summarize our work and prove the advantages of mistreatmentthis technique.
https://technoelectronics44.blogspot.com/
ULTRASONIC SENSOR RANGE FIND OUT, it has Implemented by using ULTRASONIC SENSOR, 8051 microcontrollers, LCD display, and a sound indicator.
I. Một số khái niệm cơ bản
II. Mối quan hệ giữa KHCN
III. Vai trò KHCN trong các ngành sản xuất vật chất ở Việt Nam
IV. Thực trạng áp dụng KHCN trong các ngành sản xuất ở Việt Nam
I. Một số khái niệm cơ bản
1. Khoa học
2. Kỹ thuật
3. Công nghệ
4. Tiến bộ khoa học công nghệ
II. Mối quan hệ giữa KHCN
1. Công nghệ tác động tới khoa học như thế nào ?
2. Khoa học tác động tới công nghệ như thế nào?
3. Phân biệt KH – CN
III. Vai trò KHCN trong các ngành sản xuất vật chất ở Việt Nam
1. Vai trò chung
2. Vai trò KHCN đối với ngành Công nghiệp, xây dựng
3. Vai trò của KHCN trong lĩnh vực Nông nghiệp
IV. Thực trạng áp dụng KHCN trong các ngành sản xuất ở Việt Nam
1. Thực trạng chung
2. Trong ngành CN – XD
3. Trong ngành Nông nghiệp
This paper describes and implements an authentication resolutionmistreatmentstatistics, digital certificates and sensible cards to unravelthe protectiondownsidewithin the authentication method. The primaryhalfmay be a general introduction to the subject; the second may be atemporarysummaryregardingmistreatmentstatistics, a lot ofprecisely hand vein pattern. The third half presents a way of extracting the pattern vein of the rear of the hand additionallya way to match 2 templates. The fourth presents the 2 necessary phases in any authentication system: the enrolment and therefore the authentication. A projected authentication protocol is delineated too. The twenty percent generalize the attainable attacks and vulnerabilities during abiometric identification system and it additionally shows however our system is ready to avoid them .The sixth half talks regarding the implementation of the applying. Finally, within the conclusion, we tend to tried to summarize our work and prove the advantages of mistreatmentthis technique.
https://technoelectronics44.blogspot.com/
ULTRASONIC SENSOR RANGE FIND OUT, it has Implemented by using ULTRASONIC SENSOR, 8051 microcontrollers, LCD display, and a sound indicator.
The research of technology for automatically cutting Patterns' edge with edge...IJRES Journal
With the designed optical systems, machine vision systems, laser cutting machine body constitute automatic boundary cutting machine vision systems with the clothing patterns. The use of digital image processing technologies, such as filtering, edge detecting and edge tracking algorithms ,has effectively extracted continuous contour of patterns which will significantly distinguish the foreground from background as cutting information of the target edge called cutting vectors, and thus cutting vectors control the laser cutting equipment SPIN1006 to precisely cut the target pattern. This technology can achieve the automatic boundary cutting of the full version of alien costumes’ pattern.
Unit III - Solved Question Bank- Robotics Engineering -Sanjay Singh
This Question Bank for Robotics Engineering is only for academic purpose and not for any commercial use. Students of Anna University and other Universities can use it for reference and knowledge.
This paper presents the use of ARDUINO board to control an autonomous mobile robot (AMR) for navigation purpose. The wheeled robot is capable to perform two tasks. The first task is to move autonomously to the north direction. And the second task is to avoid collision with unexpected static and moveable obstacles. The robot uses two sensors to navigate and avoid the obstacle, a digital compass HMC5883L uses to detect the north direction and update the situation of the robot during its movement. And the ultrasonic sensor uses to avoid nearest obstacles on the robot way. C language used to program the system to do its mission and installed to the ARDUINO board. The results obtained show that the robot was able to navigate and move to the north and avoid obstacles in the outdoor environment.
Similar to Led based leather area measuring machine (20)
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
1. Proceedings of 2011 The 3rd International Conference on Machine Vision
Design and Development of LED Based Irregular Leather Area
Measuring Machine
Jamal.A.Khan 1
1
College of Engineering, National University of science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.
Karachi, Pakistan.
Abstract. Using optical sensor array, a precision motion control system in a conveyer follows the irregular
shaped leather sheet to measure its surface area. In operation, irregular shaped leather sheet passes on
conveyer belt and optical sensor array detects the leather sheet edge. In this way outside curvature of the
leather sheet is detected and is then feed to the controller to measure its approximate area. Such system can
measure irregular shapes, by neglecting rounded corners, ellipses etc.
To minimize the error in calculating surface area of irregular curve to the above mentioned system, the
motion control system only requires the footprint of the optical sensor to be small and the distance between
the sensors is to be minimized.
In the proposed technique surface area measurement of irregular shaped leather sheet is done by defining
velocity and detecting position of the move. The motion controller takes the information and creates the
necessary edge profile on point-to-point bases. As a result irregular shape of leather sheet is mapped and is
then feed to the controller to calculate surface area.
Keywords: leather sheet, Pinwheel, Irregular shape, Measuring Systems, surface area, Planimeters,
Optical Sensor, image processing
1. Introduction
Earlier industrial solutions to the surface area measuring problem were based on manual or less accurate
techniques. Now days due high production and quality demands systems need to be automated and sensed
data to be storage for calculating the tolerance to get the accuracy, for this electronic machinery is the only
competent solution. Human placement on leather measurement machinery can cause serious health problems
and it adds to the labor cost. Moreover, the calculations done manually depend on the experience of the
operator and the quality of the solution is not even consistent for a single given instance of the problem as it
also vary from time to time.
The proposed system aims to develop an automated signalling system and provide accuracy. The
proposed system has the following features.
It is quick, while having negligible errors in calculation.
It approximates the curves as polygons.
This problem type is defined as a problem category where a two-dimensional irregular shaped item has
to be completely accommodated by a two-dimensional polygon object. This paper mainly addresses the two-
dimensional area measuring of irregular shape problem [9].
2. RELEATED STUDY
2.1. Pinwheel Mechanism:
The international standard for Turner machine is Pinwheel mechanism [1]. In which a driven feed
roller coupled with rows of friction driven wheels having pins in their rim. Leather presses the pins in the
2. pinwheel up down to show the presence or absence of the leather at the desired position thus creating the
map of the leather on a paper sheet or on a dial. The area of leather is then calculated from the pin press
record as showed in Fig. 1 [2].
Fig. 1: Pinwheel Mechanism: International standard for measuring leather sheet.
2.2. Roller Planimeter:
Roller Planimeters are commonly used for computing the area of leather sheet in the leather industry.
Roller planimeters are attached to wheels that allow unlimited horizontal travel and vertical travel within the
limits of the arm movement. Unlike Pinwheel Mechanism it is not "pinned" down to work area. Roller
planimeters can roll all over the place without the restriction of an attached base. [3]
The Popular Mechanical planimeters are more economical for leather measurement. These systems are
usually of maximum counting capacity of 4 digits (9999). Electronic Planimeters are more accurate and are
based on memory and signaling system and they offer more speed and calculate scale factor automatically
[3] [10]. In case of Mechanical planimeter scale factor need to be calculated manually. The scale factor is the
multiple of x and y scale parameters. Its accuracy is 0.2% of the measured area[7].
2.3. Vision Based Leather Area Measuring Systems
Vision Based leather area measuring systems take images between different points marked on the leather
sheet and then extract the area of interest which in the case is leather of out the complete image and at last
area is measured through pixels to area conversion software's such as Bersoft image measurement software.
Both specialized hardware and Software's are used in these systems. [4]
3. ANALYSIS
Pinwheel, Roller Planimeters and Vision Based leather area measuring machines are all internationally
used machines for measuring surface area of leather. Each of the discussed methods lack to fulfill recent
industrial requirements such as Pinwheel mechanism is international standard but is very slow and is not
based on signaling system [1]. Secondly Roller Planimeters are based on memory and signaling system but
they slow [3]. The last discussed system are based on Vision which are very expensive, slow and need
calibration of individual parts such as camera, variable speed linear rail actuator and others [4] [8].
In short none off the presently available system fulfills every current industrial requirement which require
a system to be fast, accurate and self calibrated which results as production increase.
4. PROPOSED TECHNIQUE
Leather sheet is passed through IR transceivers; triggering of which are dependent on presence or absence
of the sheet. This is then to be feed to the microcontroller which accumulates the pattern of the sheet. The
pattern is then displayed on the LCD in terms of number of pieces passed through the IR transceivers.
4.1. Functionality:
The This process will start at the first pulse from any fist sampled piece of width represented by Y
which will be high if any IR transceivers connected in „OR logic‟ represented by X1, X2, X3…X7 will be
high and will continue until any of Yn drops to low. As shown in figure Yn represents sampled Length piece
under observation, whereas X1 - X7 represents width of the section under observation detected by IR
transceivers. Triggering of IR transceiver shows the presence or absence of the leather sheet at the desired
location [5]. The system "hold and accumulate" feature measure the area of each segment starting from the
first sensor to be triggered to the last segment and in last it add up all the segment to calculated the total area.
3. Fig. 2: Leather sheet placed on sensor array.
LED will display the presence or absence of sheet for each length patch. When whole piece is passed,
LCD will display the total area of leather piece in Sq inches using mathematical formula stored in
microcontroller. Sampled time is the time after which controller acquires the data from the microcontroller is
to be feed into microcontroller. For monitoring purpose complete Pattern of leather sheet is then transferred
to CPU using MAX 232 serial interface.[6]
4.2. Block Diagram:
Fig. 3: Block Diagram of the Process.
4.3. Processes Flow:
Fig. 4: Processes Flow.
4.4. Variables:
X = Width of the section under observation in mm
Y = Length of the section under observation mm
Z = Area of the section under observation mm2
Ts = Sampling time in seconds
S = Conveyer belt speed mm/sec
Ns = Number of active sensors
As = Sensor footprint in mm
4.5. Calculations:
Revolution Linear Actual
S. No. Frequency
(HZ)
RPM Motion Value
revolution/s (Inches/Sec) (Inches/Sec)
1 10 120 160 120
2 20 240 320 240
3 30 360 500 360
4 40 480 640 480
5 50 600 800 600
Table 1: Frequency of Motor to its equivalent Linear Motion.
160 (inches / second) = 4.06400 m / s
S = 40.64 mm/sec
If the sampling rate is a sample after every second.
Yn= S * Ts
Xn = N * As
4. Total Area = Z = = + + +….
Footprint of Sensor:-
5mm
4mm
For Z6: -
X6 = No. of triggered sensors * As = 4 * 4 mm = 16mm
Y6 = S * Ts = 40.64 mm/sec * 1sec = 40.64 mm
Z6 = 16mm * 40.64 mm = 650.24 mm2
Total Area = Z = Z1 + Z2 + ……+Z29
5. CONCLUSION:
Technique % Error Signaling System Calibration Cost
Pinwheel 2 N/A External Low
Roller Planimeter 0.2 YES External High
Vision Based 3 YES External High
Photo-electric 0.04 YES Self Low
Table 2 : Conclusion.
6. RESULT:
The proposed system is very fast as it uses transportation mechanism to measure the area. Secondly, due to
the involvement of only a few moving part the system has less vibration. The accuracy of the system depends
upon the footprint and the distance between the sensors. As the calculations are bit simpler so a less
expensive controller can easily fulfill the task. The error in system can easily be found using any regular
object of known area such as paper or plastic.
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
This is to acknowledge the indispensible support and contribution of Air Cdre. (R) Engr. M. Khalid
Hussain, Dr. Syed Irfan Hyder, Mr. Iqbal Khan, and Mr. Taifoor Safdar in this academic article. Without the
advice, recommendations and motivation of these gentlemen, this paper would not have been possible.
8. REFERENCES:
[1] Mr. B. Barker, “Photographs by Enid Sheldon from the 1980's,” http://www.otley.co.uk/gallery/sheldon/industries/
leather/index.htm, 24 May. 2008.
[2] “Code of Practice for the area measurement of leather by the pinwheel measuring machine” International council of
Tanners APRIL 1998.
[3] Engineer Supply "http://www.engineersupply.com/ About-Planimeters.aspx", Jan 2006
[4] R. Adil, S.J. Khan "Surface area measurement of leather system based image processing techniques applied to the
automation applications", 2010 The 3rd International Conference on Machine Vision pp 590-592 Dec 2010
[5] R. Muhammad, F. Faizan, M. Shoaib, T. Qadri “Irregular surface area measuring instrument” in 2nd International
Conference on Education Technology and Computer, v 1, p V156-V159, June 22- 24.
[6] K. Zojiro; F. Yasuaki; N. Yoshio; T. Yoshinori; T. Mamoru; Y. Shin “A Study on Approach Speeds of the Hands
under Metal Press Machine Operation” in 45th Conference the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society pp, 1119-1122,
2001.
[7] Penna, M.A. "Camera calibration: a quick and easy way to determine the scale factor" Pattern Analysis and Machine
Intelligence, IEEE Transactions, pp.1240 - 1245 Vol 13, Issue:12 Dec 1991.
[8] “Specialty Motions, Inc,” http://www.smi4motion.com/ smi2/solutions / linear-actuatorpackages/variable-speed-
controlled-linear-actuator-packages.html, Sept 15, 2010.
[9] J.L.Jones, J.W. Farmer, "Area measuring machine", U.S. Patent Office 2356761 serial 353786, August 29, 1944.
[10] Allos, Janan E.; Saadallah, Suhail; Hasso, Ezzideen A.,"A Digital Planimeter for Industrial Applications" , IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Volume IE-31 Issue 2 pp.152, 23 April 2007.