The document provides an introduction to software engineering. It defines software engineering as an engineering discipline concerned with all aspects of software production. It discusses why software engineering is important given that errors in complex software systems can have devastating consequences, as shown through examples of software failures in air traffic control, satellite launches, and ambulance dispatch systems. The document also covers fundamental software engineering concepts like the software process, process models, and costs.
The document discusses software testing concepts like validation testing vs defect testing, system and component testing strategies, and test automation tools. It defines key terms like bugs, defects, errors, faults, and failures. It also describes techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis that are used to generate test cases that thoroughly test software. Component testing tests individual program parts while system testing tests integrated groups of components. Test cases specify conditions to determine if software works as intended.
Cyclomatic complexity is a software metric used to measure the complexity of a program based on the number of linearly independent paths. It is calculated as the number of edges - nodes + 2 in the program's control flow graph. Higher cyclomatic complexity indicates a more complex program that is likely more error-prone. Testing seeks to determine the required quality standard and strategy before planning specific unit, integration, and system tests. Factors considered in test planning include prioritizing what to test based on damage severity and risk levels, determining test sources, who will perform the tests, where to conduct them, and when to terminate testing. The results are documented in a software test plan.
The document discusses function point analysis (FPA), a method used to estimate the size of a software project based on its functionality. FPA was initially developed by Allan J. Albrecht in 1979 at IBM. It measures the functional size of a software application in terms of function points, which are used to estimate factors like project time and resources required. FPA is independent of programming languages and can be used for various types of software systems. The document also discusses software quality metrics, which focus on measuring the quality of products, processes, and projects. These include metrics like defect density, customer problems, and customer satisfaction.
This document discusses techniques for estimating the cost of software projects. It explains that software cost estimation aims to predict the effort, time and total cost required. The key components of software costs are outlined as labor costs, hardware/software costs, and overhead costs. The document then examines various techniques for measuring programmer productivity and estimating project size, including lines of code, function points, and object points. Finally, it analyzes different estimation techniques like algorithmic modeling, expert judgment, analogy, and top-down vs. bottom-up approaches.
The document discusses software project management. It defines a software project as the complete process of software development from requirements gathering through testing and maintenance. A software project manager closely monitors the development process, prepares plans, arranges resources, and manages communication between team members. Software project management involves planning, scope management, estimation of size, effort, time and cost, and other activities. Estimation techniques include decomposition by functions or activities and empirical models. Lines of code is a common size metric but does not consider complexity. Effort estimation forecasts time required and project estimation uses a stepwise decomposition approach.
XML is a markup language that defines rules for encoding documents in a human- and machine-readable format. It allows users to define their own elements and tags to structure data. Some key benefits of XML include its extensibility, ability to carry data independently of presentation, and status as a public standard. While XML provides structure and organization, it does not perform computations or specify how data should be displayed.
The document discusses configuration management and software configuration management (SCM) concepts. It defines key SCM terms like baseline, software configuration item, and configuration. It describes the SCM process which includes identification, version control, change control, configuration auditing, and status reporting. Challenges of SCM in component-based software development are also covered. Effective SCM is important for software projects to manage changes and maintain integrity across software versions and releases.
The document provides an introduction to software engineering. It defines software engineering as an engineering discipline concerned with all aspects of software production. It discusses why software engineering is important given that errors in complex software systems can have devastating consequences, as shown through examples of software failures in air traffic control, satellite launches, and ambulance dispatch systems. The document also covers fundamental software engineering concepts like the software process, process models, and costs.
The document discusses software testing concepts like validation testing vs defect testing, system and component testing strategies, and test automation tools. It defines key terms like bugs, defects, errors, faults, and failures. It also describes techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis that are used to generate test cases that thoroughly test software. Component testing tests individual program parts while system testing tests integrated groups of components. Test cases specify conditions to determine if software works as intended.
Cyclomatic complexity is a software metric used to measure the complexity of a program based on the number of linearly independent paths. It is calculated as the number of edges - nodes + 2 in the program's control flow graph. Higher cyclomatic complexity indicates a more complex program that is likely more error-prone. Testing seeks to determine the required quality standard and strategy before planning specific unit, integration, and system tests. Factors considered in test planning include prioritizing what to test based on damage severity and risk levels, determining test sources, who will perform the tests, where to conduct them, and when to terminate testing. The results are documented in a software test plan.
The document discusses function point analysis (FPA), a method used to estimate the size of a software project based on its functionality. FPA was initially developed by Allan J. Albrecht in 1979 at IBM. It measures the functional size of a software application in terms of function points, which are used to estimate factors like project time and resources required. FPA is independent of programming languages and can be used for various types of software systems. The document also discusses software quality metrics, which focus on measuring the quality of products, processes, and projects. These include metrics like defect density, customer problems, and customer satisfaction.
This document discusses techniques for estimating the cost of software projects. It explains that software cost estimation aims to predict the effort, time and total cost required. The key components of software costs are outlined as labor costs, hardware/software costs, and overhead costs. The document then examines various techniques for measuring programmer productivity and estimating project size, including lines of code, function points, and object points. Finally, it analyzes different estimation techniques like algorithmic modeling, expert judgment, analogy, and top-down vs. bottom-up approaches.
The document discusses software project management. It defines a software project as the complete process of software development from requirements gathering through testing and maintenance. A software project manager closely monitors the development process, prepares plans, arranges resources, and manages communication between team members. Software project management involves planning, scope management, estimation of size, effort, time and cost, and other activities. Estimation techniques include decomposition by functions or activities and empirical models. Lines of code is a common size metric but does not consider complexity. Effort estimation forecasts time required and project estimation uses a stepwise decomposition approach.
XML is a markup language that defines rules for encoding documents in a human- and machine-readable format. It allows users to define their own elements and tags to structure data. Some key benefits of XML include its extensibility, ability to carry data independently of presentation, and status as a public standard. While XML provides structure and organization, it does not perform computations or specify how data should be displayed.
The document discusses configuration management and software configuration management (SCM) concepts. It defines key SCM terms like baseline, software configuration item, and configuration. It describes the SCM process which includes identification, version control, change control, configuration auditing, and status reporting. Challenges of SCM in component-based software development are also covered. Effective SCM is important for software projects to manage changes and maintain integrity across software versions and releases.
High cohesion and low coupling are characteristics of good design that make software components more independent and modular. Cohesion refers to how related the responsibilities of a component are, while coupling refers to interdependencies between components. The document defines and provides examples of different types of cohesion and coupling, from ideal to poor, to help understand their impacts on maintenance and modifiability.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including waterfall, iterative, prototyping, and spiral models. It describes the basic stages and processes involved in each model. The waterfall model involves sequential stages of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. The iterative model allows revisiting earlier stages and incremental releases. The prototyping model uses prototypes to gather early user feedback. Finally, the spiral model combines iterative development and risk analysis, proceeding in cycles of planning, risk analysis, development, and evaluation.
Software design involves deriving solutions that satisfy software requirements. The design process involves understanding the problem, identifying solutions, and describing solution abstractions at different levels. Design takes place through overlapping phases like architectural design, interface design, and component design. Good design principles include having linguistic modular units, few interfaces, small interfaces, explicit interfaces, and information hiding. This achieves cohesion within modules and loose coupling between modules.
This document provides an overview of software engineering and the evolution of practices in the field. It discusses how software development has progressed from an ad hoc exploratory approach to more systematic approaches utilizing structured programming, data structure design, data flow design, and object-oriented design. Modern practices emphasize prevention over correction of errors through life cycle models, documentation, testing and other techniques.
The document discusses software requirements and documentation. It states that properly documenting requirements is crucial to avoid mistakes during development. Requirements analysis involves gathering and analyzing requirements, then specifying them in a document. This ensures developers understand the problem and can develop a satisfactory solution. The document also discusses data flow modeling, object-oriented modeling, prototyping techniques, and classifying requirements as functional or non-functional.
The document provides guidance on writing a software requirements specification (SRS) document. An SRS document is important as it establishes shared expectations for a software project between clients and developers. It describes the intended use, features, and challenges of a software application. The SRS includes sections on purpose, scope, functional and non-functional requirements, interfaces, and design constraints. It is created before development to ensure all stakeholders understand what the software should do.
Animation involves manipulating still images to create the illusion of movement. Traditional animation involves drawing images by hand on transparent sheets that are photographed and exhibited as film. Today, computer-generated imagery (CGI) is commonly used. There are 12 principles for effective animation including squash and stretch, anticipation, staging, follow through and overlapping action, solid drawing, timing, and exaggeration. Different animation techniques include traditional 2D animation, digital 2D/3D animation, puppetry, claymation, cut-out animation, and flipbook animation. Common file formats for animation include PNG, JPG, GIF, and SVG.
Voice recognition and voice response systems allow for hands-free data entry using speech as the interface. Voice recognition systems analyze speech patterns to convert them to digital codes for computer input. Most require training a system to recognize a user's voice. Voice recognition is used in applications like manufacturing quality control and airline baggage sorting. Voice response systems provide verbal guidance for tasks using voice messaging and synthesis. Examples include automated phone systems and online services.
Windows was developed by Microsoft and macOS was developed by Apple. Windows was first launched in 1985 while macOS was first launched in 2001. Both operating systems allow for multitasking and have strong networking capabilities. However, Windows generally has better compatibility with third-party hardware and software while macOS has stronger security features and integration with other Apple devices.
The document discusses digital audio and sound systems. It covers topics like:
- Sound cards and speakers are needed to play sophisticated sounds on computers.
- Users can check for and adjust sound card settings through the Control Panel.
- Formats like WAV, AIFF, AU store uncompressed digital audio, while MP3, Vorbis use lossy compression.
- MIDI files contain instructions to recreate music rather than audio waves, making them much smaller in size.
Video is composed of a series of still images called frames displayed in rapid succession to create the illusion of motion. It involves both visual and audio components. There are two main types of video - analogue and digital. Analogue video represents images and sound through continuous signals while digital video uses discrete numeric data. Common video file formats include .MP4, .AVI, .WMV and .MOV, each suited for different uses and applications.
The document discusses text and its use in multimedia. It describes factors that affect text legibility like font size and style. It recommends choosing easily readable fonts in few sizes and colors. It also discusses tools for editing and designing fonts used to create custom fonts and manipulate existing ones. These tools include Fontographer and Font Monger. The document also discusses using text in multimedia, like subtitles, and navigation elements like menus and buttons. Hypertext and hypermedia are discussed along with their structures like nodes, anchors, and links that allow non-linear navigation.
The document outlines the key stages in developing a multimedia project: pre-production, production, and post-production. Pre-production involves planning, defining goals and the target audience. Production is where the content is created, such as scripts, art, audio/video. Post-production includes testing, mastering, duplication and distribution of the final product. Successful projects require collaboration between team members with different skills, such as project managers, designers, programmers, and specialists in areas like audio/video. The roles and responsibilities of each team member are also described.
- JavaScript is a scripting language that allows dynamic and interactive features to be added to web pages. It runs in web browsers and is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web.
- JavaScript code can be added to HTML pages internally using <script> tags or externally by linking to .js files using <script src>. This code is then interpreted and run by the browser.
- JavaScript allows variables to store values, operations on strings, running code in response to events, and more. It is a lightweight interpreted language rather than a compiled one like C++.
The z-index CSS property controls the stacking order of elements on a webpage. Elements with a higher z-index value will appear above elements with a lower value. Bootstrap provides various classes for images, such as making them rounded, circular, or responsive to screen size. Bootstrap also offers different form layouts, including vertical, horizontal, and inline, and provides default styling for form controls.
The Bootstrap carousel plugin allows you to create a slideshow for cycling through elements like images or text. It includes functionality for previous/next controls and indicators. To implement a carousel in Bootstrap, you add various classes to the HTML elements to define the carousel container, slides, controls, and indicators.
Cards in Bootstrap provide a bordered container with padding for content. They can include headers, footers, and contextual background colors. A basic card contains content within a .card-body class inside a .card. Headers and footers are added with .card-header and .card-footer. Contextual colors are applied with classes like .bg-primary.
The document discusses various table classes in Bootstrap that can be used to style tables. It explains basic table styling with the .table class which adds light padding and horizontal dividers. Other classes like .table-striped add zebra stripes, .table-bordered adds borders, .table-hover adds hover effects, and .table-condensed makes tables more compact. Contextual classes like .success can be used to color table rows and cells.
High cohesion and low coupling are characteristics of good design that make software components more independent and modular. Cohesion refers to how related the responsibilities of a component are, while coupling refers to interdependencies between components. The document defines and provides examples of different types of cohesion and coupling, from ideal to poor, to help understand their impacts on maintenance and modifiability.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including waterfall, iterative, prototyping, and spiral models. It describes the basic stages and processes involved in each model. The waterfall model involves sequential stages of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. The iterative model allows revisiting earlier stages and incremental releases. The prototyping model uses prototypes to gather early user feedback. Finally, the spiral model combines iterative development and risk analysis, proceeding in cycles of planning, risk analysis, development, and evaluation.
Software design involves deriving solutions that satisfy software requirements. The design process involves understanding the problem, identifying solutions, and describing solution abstractions at different levels. Design takes place through overlapping phases like architectural design, interface design, and component design. Good design principles include having linguistic modular units, few interfaces, small interfaces, explicit interfaces, and information hiding. This achieves cohesion within modules and loose coupling between modules.
This document provides an overview of software engineering and the evolution of practices in the field. It discusses how software development has progressed from an ad hoc exploratory approach to more systematic approaches utilizing structured programming, data structure design, data flow design, and object-oriented design. Modern practices emphasize prevention over correction of errors through life cycle models, documentation, testing and other techniques.
The document discusses software requirements and documentation. It states that properly documenting requirements is crucial to avoid mistakes during development. Requirements analysis involves gathering and analyzing requirements, then specifying them in a document. This ensures developers understand the problem and can develop a satisfactory solution. The document also discusses data flow modeling, object-oriented modeling, prototyping techniques, and classifying requirements as functional or non-functional.
The document provides guidance on writing a software requirements specification (SRS) document. An SRS document is important as it establishes shared expectations for a software project between clients and developers. It describes the intended use, features, and challenges of a software application. The SRS includes sections on purpose, scope, functional and non-functional requirements, interfaces, and design constraints. It is created before development to ensure all stakeholders understand what the software should do.
Animation involves manipulating still images to create the illusion of movement. Traditional animation involves drawing images by hand on transparent sheets that are photographed and exhibited as film. Today, computer-generated imagery (CGI) is commonly used. There are 12 principles for effective animation including squash and stretch, anticipation, staging, follow through and overlapping action, solid drawing, timing, and exaggeration. Different animation techniques include traditional 2D animation, digital 2D/3D animation, puppetry, claymation, cut-out animation, and flipbook animation. Common file formats for animation include PNG, JPG, GIF, and SVG.
Voice recognition and voice response systems allow for hands-free data entry using speech as the interface. Voice recognition systems analyze speech patterns to convert them to digital codes for computer input. Most require training a system to recognize a user's voice. Voice recognition is used in applications like manufacturing quality control and airline baggage sorting. Voice response systems provide verbal guidance for tasks using voice messaging and synthesis. Examples include automated phone systems and online services.
Windows was developed by Microsoft and macOS was developed by Apple. Windows was first launched in 1985 while macOS was first launched in 2001. Both operating systems allow for multitasking and have strong networking capabilities. However, Windows generally has better compatibility with third-party hardware and software while macOS has stronger security features and integration with other Apple devices.
The document discusses digital audio and sound systems. It covers topics like:
- Sound cards and speakers are needed to play sophisticated sounds on computers.
- Users can check for and adjust sound card settings through the Control Panel.
- Formats like WAV, AIFF, AU store uncompressed digital audio, while MP3, Vorbis use lossy compression.
- MIDI files contain instructions to recreate music rather than audio waves, making them much smaller in size.
Video is composed of a series of still images called frames displayed in rapid succession to create the illusion of motion. It involves both visual and audio components. There are two main types of video - analogue and digital. Analogue video represents images and sound through continuous signals while digital video uses discrete numeric data. Common video file formats include .MP4, .AVI, .WMV and .MOV, each suited for different uses and applications.
The document discusses text and its use in multimedia. It describes factors that affect text legibility like font size and style. It recommends choosing easily readable fonts in few sizes and colors. It also discusses tools for editing and designing fonts used to create custom fonts and manipulate existing ones. These tools include Fontographer and Font Monger. The document also discusses using text in multimedia, like subtitles, and navigation elements like menus and buttons. Hypertext and hypermedia are discussed along with their structures like nodes, anchors, and links that allow non-linear navigation.
The document outlines the key stages in developing a multimedia project: pre-production, production, and post-production. Pre-production involves planning, defining goals and the target audience. Production is where the content is created, such as scripts, art, audio/video. Post-production includes testing, mastering, duplication and distribution of the final product. Successful projects require collaboration between team members with different skills, such as project managers, designers, programmers, and specialists in areas like audio/video. The roles and responsibilities of each team member are also described.
- JavaScript is a scripting language that allows dynamic and interactive features to be added to web pages. It runs in web browsers and is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web.
- JavaScript code can be added to HTML pages internally using <script> tags or externally by linking to .js files using <script src>. This code is then interpreted and run by the browser.
- JavaScript allows variables to store values, operations on strings, running code in response to events, and more. It is a lightweight interpreted language rather than a compiled one like C++.
The z-index CSS property controls the stacking order of elements on a webpage. Elements with a higher z-index value will appear above elements with a lower value. Bootstrap provides various classes for images, such as making them rounded, circular, or responsive to screen size. Bootstrap also offers different form layouts, including vertical, horizontal, and inline, and provides default styling for form controls.
The Bootstrap carousel plugin allows you to create a slideshow for cycling through elements like images or text. It includes functionality for previous/next controls and indicators. To implement a carousel in Bootstrap, you add various classes to the HTML elements to define the carousel container, slides, controls, and indicators.
Cards in Bootstrap provide a bordered container with padding for content. They can include headers, footers, and contextual background colors. A basic card contains content within a .card-body class inside a .card. Headers and footers are added with .card-header and .card-footer. Contextual colors are applied with classes like .bg-primary.
The document discusses various table classes in Bootstrap that can be used to style tables. It explains basic table styling with the .table class which adds light padding and horizontal dividers. Other classes like .table-striped add zebra stripes, .table-bordered adds borders, .table-hover adds hover effects, and .table-condensed makes tables more compact. Contextual classes like .success can be used to color table rows and cells.
Ppt landasan pendidikan Pai 9 _20240604_231000_0000.pdffadlurrahman260903
Ppt landasan pendidikan tentang pendidikan seumur hidup.
Prodi pendidikan agama Islam
Fakultas tarbiyah dan ilmu keguruan
Universitas Islam negeri syekh Ali Hasan Ahmad addary Padangsidimpuan
Pendidikan sepanjang hayat atau pendidikan seumur hidup adalah sebuah system konsepkonsep pendidikan yang menerangkan keseluruhan peristiwa-peristiwa kegiatan belajarmengajar yang berlangsung dalam keseluruhan kehidupan manusia. Pendidikan sepanjang
hayat memandang jauh ke depan, berusaha untuk menghasilkan manusia dan masyarakat yang
baru, merupakan suatu proyek masyarakat yang sangat besar. Pendidikan sepanjang hayat
merupakan asas pendidikan yang cocok bagi orang-orang yang hidup dalam dunia
transformasi dan informasi, yaitu masyarakat modern. Manusia harus lebih bisa menyesuaikan
dirinya secara terus menerus dengan situasi yang baru.