The document discusses Java persistence and JPA 2. It introduces entity beans as persistent objects mapped to database tables. An entity bean represents data from a database table as a Java object. The document covers the lifecycle of entity beans, associations between entity beans like one-to-one and many-to-many relationships, and using the entity manager to persist, find, and remove entity beans from the database. It provides examples of entity bean classes annotated with JPA annotations and a persistence configuration file.

1. Java Persistence, JPA 2
Fahad R. Golra
ECE Paris Ecole d'Ingénieurs - FRANCE

2. Lecture 8 - Java Persistence,
JPA 2
• Introduction to Persistence
• Entity Beans
• Life cycle of Entity Beans
• Associations
• Entity Beans: Query Language
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3. Introduction to Entity Beans
• Entity Bean
• Persistent objects stored in the database
• Persistence
• by serialization
• by object - relational database mapping
• Serialization
• Saving the state of an object in the form of bytes
• An object can be reconstructed once serialized
• No complex queries, hard to maintain
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4. Persistence by mapping objects to
relational databases
• State of the object is store in a database
• For example: a book object has the attributes
names and isbn. We map them to a table which has
two columns: name and isbn.
• Every object is decomposed into multiple variables,
and their values are then stored in one or more tables.
• Allows complex queries
• SQL is hard to test/debug
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5. Persistence by mapping objects to
relational databases
5

6. Object Databases
• Object databases (also known as object-oriented
database management systems) can store the objects
directly to databases.
• No mapping !!!
• Object Query Language (OQL) can be used to
manipulate objects
• Easy to use, but not scalable.
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7. Persistence through JPA 2
• JPA 2 proposes a standard model of persistence
through the use of Entity Beans
• Tools that ensure this persistence are integrated with
the application servers and must be compatible to JPA
2 standard
• e.g. Toplink, Hibernate, EclipseLink
• Java EE permits the use of dependency injection
through annotations on all the layers.
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8. What is an Entity Bean?
• An object that is mapped to a database
• It uses the persistence mechanisms
• It serves to represent the data placed in the database
as objects
• An object = one or more rows in one or more tables
in the database
• Example
• A student entity is represented by a row of data in
student table of a database
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9. Why an Entity Bean?
• Easy to manipulate by programs
• Instance of Account entity
• A compact view of grouped data in an object
• Account object gives access to all public variables
• Associating methods to manipulate the data
• methods can be written to add behavior to Account
• The data in the database will be updated automatically
• Instance of an entity bean is a view in memory of
physical data
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10. Entity Bean
• Entity Bean is a POJO with attributes, getters &
setters.
• These attributes are mapped to database tables
• We use annotations to define the mapping to
attributes
• Primary Key, is a serializable object
• Attributes of annotations to customize the mapping
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11. Persistent Fields and Properties
• Java primitive types
• java.lang.String
• Other serializable types, including:
• Wrappers of Java primitive types
• java.math.BigInteger
• java.math.BigDecimal
• java.util.Date
• java.util.Calendar
• java.sql.Date
• java.sql.Time
11
• java.sql.TimeStamp
• User-defined serializable types
• byte[]
• Byte[]
• char[]
• Character[]
• Enumerated types
• Other entities and/or collections of
entities
• Embeddable classes

12. Example: Entity Bean (Book)
@Entity
public class Book implements Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private Long id;
@Column(nullable = false)
private String title;
private Float price;
@Column(length = 2000)
private String description;
private String isbn;
private Integer nbOfPage;
private Boolean illustrations;
// Constructors, getters, setters
}
12

13. Example Entity Bean: Book
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14. Entity Manager
• We manipulate the data in the database with the help
of Entity Beans and a Entity Manager
• Entity Manager is responsible of access the disks,
caches, etc.
• Entity Manager controls when and how we can access
the database.
• It generates the SQL.
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15. Example: Client (Inserting a Book)
public class BookHandler {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Book book = new Book();
book.setTitle("The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy");
book.setPrice(12.5F);
book.setDescription("Science fiction comedy book”);
// set other fields as well . . .
// Get a pointer to entity manager. We don't need to do this in web app!
EntityManagerFactory emf = Persistence
.createEntityManagerFactory("chapter02PU");
EntityManager em = emf.createEntityManager();
// Persisting the object in a transaction
EntityTransaction tx = em.getTransaction();
tx.begin();
em.persist(book);
tx.commit();
em.close();
emf.close();
}}
15

16. Session Bean as a Client
• In such a case
• Dependency injection can be used
• Transactions are started by default
@Stateless
@LocalBean
public class MySessionBean {
EntityManager em;
public Employee createEmployee(int id, String name, long salary) {
Employee emp = new Employee(id);
emp.setName(name);
…..
em.persist(emp);
return emp;
}
}
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17. Session Bean as a Client
17
@Stateless
public class BookBean {
@PersistenceContext(unitName = "bookLib")
private EntityManager em;
public void createBook() {
Book book = new Book();
book.setId(1234L);
book.setTitle("The Alpha Book");
book.setPrice(13.5F);
book.setDescription("Description of my book");
book.setIsbn("1-465-65465");
book.setNbOfPage(230);
book.setIllustrations(false);
em.persist(book);
book = em.find(Book.class, 1234L);
System.out.println(book);
}}

18. Why use session beans?
• They are used to implement the business logic
• A session bean can be used to implement Data
Access Object (DAO)
• DAO offers the functions of creation, searching,
modification and deletion of entity beans.
• Session beans can also be used to implement
composite services.
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19. Other Annotations
@Entity
public class Book implements Serializable {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO)
private Long id;
@Column(name = "book_title", nullable = false, updatable = false)
private String title;
private Float price;
@Column(length = 2000)
private String description;
private String isbn;
@Column(name = "nb_of_page", nullable = false)
private Integer nbOfPage;
@Basic(fetch = FetchType.LAZY)
@Lob
private Boolean illustrations;
// Constructors, getters, setters
}
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20. Other Annotations
• @Column
• allows the preferences for columns
• Attributes: name, unique, nullable, insertable,
updatable, length, ….
• @Generated Value
• indicates the strategy for the automatic generation
of primary keys
• It depends on the database being used, so
automatic is recommended
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21. Other Annotations
• @Lob
• indicates “large object” for a BLOB
• Often used with @Basic(fetch=FetchType.LAZY) for
indicating that we want this attribute to be loaded
only when a get is used on it.
• There are many other annotations.
• Java EE 7 specification can be consulted for it.
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22. Example: Persistence.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_1_0.xsd"
version="1.0">
<persistence-unit name="JPA_first">
<provider>oracle.toplink.essentials.PersistenceProvider</provider>
<class>com.ece.jee.entities.Client</class>
<properties>
<property name="toplink.jdbc.driver" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" /
>
<property name="toplink.jdbc.url" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:
3306/ece_db" />
<property name="toplink.jdbc.user" value="root" />
<property name="toplink.jdbc.password" value="secret" />
<property name="toplink.target-database" value="MySQL4" />
<property name="toplink.ddl-generation" value="drop-and-create-
tables" />
<property name="toplink.ddl-generation.output-mode" value="both" />
<property name="toplink.logging.level" value="FINE" />
</properties>
</persistence-unit>
</persistence>
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23. Persistence Context
• A persistence context is a set of entity instances in
which for every persistent entity identity there is a
unique entity instance.
• The entity instances and their lifecycle are managed
within the persistence context.
• The EntityManager API is used to create and remove
persistent entity instances, to find entities by their
primary keys, and to query over entities.
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24. Life cycle of Entity Bean
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25. Life cycle of Entity Bean
• New: The bean exists in the memory but is not
mapped to DB yet. It is not yet mapped to persistence
context (via entity manager)
• Managed: The bean is mapped to the DB. The
changes effect the data in DB.
• Detached: The bean is not mapped to the persistence
context anymore.
• Removed: The bean is still mapped to the persistence
context and the DB, but it is programmed to be
deleted.
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26. Life cycle of Entity Bean
• remove(): To delete the data
• set(), get(): If the bean is in managed state, these
methods (of the entity bean) are used to access or
modify the data.
• persist(): To create the data. The bean goes to
managed state.
• merge(): To take a bean from detached state to a
managed state.
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27. Entity Manager example methods
public Account openAccount(String ownerName) {
Account account = new Account();
account.ownerNamer = ownerName;
em.persist(account); // attach the bean & persist
return account; // copy is detached
}
public void update(Account detachedAccount) {
Account managedAccount = em.merge(detachedAccount);
}
public void delete(Account detachedAccount) {
Account managedAccount = em.merge(detachedAccount);
em.remove(managedAccount);
}
public void findAccount(int id) {
return em.find(Account.class, Integer.valueOf(id));
}
27

28. Entity Manager (other principal methods)
Object find(Class cl, Object key) :
• Find an EntityBean by its id
boolean contains(Object entity) :
• True if the entity is attached to the EntityManager
Query createQuery(String sqlString) :
• Creating a query in EJB-QL
Query createNamedQuery(String name) :
• Creating a named query
Query createNativeQuery(String sqlQuery) :
• Creating an SQL query
void refresh(Object entity) :
• Recharging the bean from the DB
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29. Using composite columns
• Fields of two classes into one table
@Embeddable
public class Address {
private String street;
private int postalCode;
}
@Entity
public class User {
private String name;
@Embedded
private Address address;
}
29

30. Composite Primary Key
• Instead of using @Embedded we use @EmbeddedId for
composite primary keys
@Embeddable
public class CompositeId {
private String name;
private String email;
}
@Entity
public class Dependent {
@EmbeddedId
CompositeId id;
@ManyToOne
Employee emp;
}
30

31. Associations
• Cardinality
• 1 - 1 (one to one): one employee has one address
• 1 - n (one to many): one employee has multiple addresses
• n - 1 (many to one): multiple employees have one address
• n - n (many to many): multiple employees have multiple
addresses
• Direction (navigability)
• Unidirectional:
• we can go from bean A to bean B only
• Bi-directional:
• we can go from bean A to bean B & vice-versa
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32. Unidirectional: OneToOne
• Employee entity -> ︎Employee table
• Address entity -> ︎Address table with address_Id as PK
• Employee table owns a foreign key to Address, address
@Entity
public class Employee {
private Address address;
@OneToOne
public Address getAddress() {
return address;
}
public void setAddress(Address ad) {
this.address = ad;
}
}
32
@Entity
public class Address {
…
}
Employee Address
1 1
adress

33. Unidirectional: ManyToOne
• Employee entity -> ︎Employee table
• Address entity -> ︎Address table with address_Id as PK
• Employee table owns a foreign key to Address, address
@Entity
public class Employee {
private Address address;
@ManyToOne
public Address getAddress() {
return address;
}
public void setAddress(Address ad) {
this.address = ad;
}
}
33
@Entity
public class Address {
…
}
Employee Address
0..* 1
adress

34. Unidirectional: OneToMany
• Employee entity -> ︎Employee table
• Address entity -> ︎Address table with address_Id as PK
• Creation of a join table Employee_Address with two columns (i.e.
Employee_Pkemployee & Address_PKAddress, each column
represents a PK to each table
@Entity
public class Employee {
private Collection<Address> addresses;
@OneToMany
public Collection<Address> getAddresses() {
return addresses;
}
public void setAddresses(Collection<Address> addresses) {
this.addresses = addresses;
}
}34
@Entity
public class Address {
…
}
Employee Address
1 0..*
adresses

35. Unidirectional: ManyToMany
• Employee entity -> ︎Employee table
• Address entity -> ︎Address table with address_Id as PK
• Creation of a join table Employee_Address with two columns (i.e.
Employee_Pkemployee & Address_PKAddress, each column
represents a PK to each table
@Entity
public class Employee {
private Collection<Address> addresses;
@ManyToMany
public Collection<Address> getAddresses() {
return addresses;
}
public void setAddresses(Collection<Address> addresses) {
this.addresses = addresses;
}
}
35
@Entity
public class Address {
…
}
Employee Address
0..* 0..*
adresses

36. Bi-directional: OneToOne
• Employee entity -> ︎Employee table
• Cashier entity -> ︎Cashier table with myCashier_Id as PK
• Employee table owns a foreign key to Cashier, myCashier
(note: Cashier will not have a foreign key to Employee)
36
@Entity
public class Cashier {
private Employee myEmployee;
@OneToOne(mappedBy = "myCashier")
public Employee getMyEmployee() {
return myEmployee;
}
public void setMyEmploye(Employee e) {
this.myEmployee = e;
}
}
@Entity
public class Employee {
private Cashier myCashier;
@OneToOne
public Cashier getMyCashier() {
return myCashier;
}
public void setMyCashier(Cashier c) {
this.myCashier = c;
}
}
Employee Cashier
1 1
myCashiermyEmployee

37. Bi-directional: ManyToOne/OneToMany
• Employee entity -> ︎Employee table
• Cashier entity -> ︎Cashier table with myCashier_Id as PK
• Employee table owns a foreign key to Cashier, myCashier
(note: Cashier will not have a foreign key to Employee)
37
@Entity
public class Cashier {
private Collection<Employee> myEmployees;
@OneToMany(mappedBy = "myCashier")
public Collection<Employee>
getMyEmployees() {
return myEmployees;
}
public void
setMyEmployees(Collection<Employee> e) {
this.myEmployees = e;
}
}
@Entity
public class Employee {
private Cashier myCashier;
@ManyToOne
public Cashier getMyCashier() {
return myCashier;
}
public void setMyCashier(Cashier c) {
this.myCashier = c;
}
}
Employee Cashier
0..* 1
myCashiermyEmployees

38. Bi-directional: ManyToMany
• Employee entity -> ︎Employee table
• Cashier entity -> ︎Cashier table
• Creation of a join table Project_Employee with two columns (i.e.
myProjects_PKProject & myEmployees_PkEmployee, each
column represents a PK to each table
38
@Entity
public class Employee {
private Collection<Project> myProjects;
@ManyToMany(mappedBy = "myEmployees")
public Collection<Project> getMyProjets()
{
return myProjects;
}
public void
setMyProjets(Collection<Project> p) {
this.myProjects = p;
}
}
@Entity
public class Project {
Collection<Employee> myEmployees;
@ManyToMany
public Collection<Employee>
getMesEmployees() {
return myEmployees;
}
public void
setMesEmployes(Collection<Employee> e) {
this.myEmployees = e;
}
}
Project Employee
0..* 0..*
myEmployeesmyProjects

39. Entity Bean Inheritance
• Entities support inheritance and polymorphism
• Entities may be concrete or abstract
@Entity
public abstract class Person {
@Id
protected String name; …
}
@Entity
public class Employee extends Person {
protected float salary; …
}
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40. Inheritance Strategies
• One Table by classes hierarchy (Default) :
@Inheritance(strategy=SINGLE_TABLE)
• Implemented in most tooling solutions
• Good support of polymorphism
• Columns proper to sub-classes set at null
• One Table by concrete class:
@Inheritance(strategy=TABLE_PER_CLASS)
• Some issues remain regarding polymorphism
• Join Strategy:
• @Inheritance(strategy=JOINED)
• a join between the concrete class and the super class tables
• Good support of polymorphism
• Not always implemented
• Join operation can be costly
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41. Entity Bean Inheritance
• An Entity can inherit a non-entity class and vice-versa
• MappedSuperClasses are not accessible to EntityManager
• Not considered as Entity (no table in DB)
@MappedSuperclass
public abstract class Person {
protected Date dob;
}
@Entity
public class Employee extends Person {
@Id
protected int id;
protected String name;
}
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42. Entity Bean Compliments
• Fetch: option for loading the graph of objects
• FetchType.EAGER : loads all the tree (required if Serializable) ︎
• FetchType.LAZY : only on demand (unusable with Serializable)
• Cascade: transitivity of operations over the beans
• CascadeType.ALL: every operation is propagated
• CascadeType.MERGE: in case of a merge
• CascadeType.PERSIST: When film Entity becomes
persistent, then List<Cinema> too
• CascadeType.REFRESH: loading from the DB
• ︎CascadeType.REMOVE: delete in cascade
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43. Entity Beans: Query Language
• parameters indicated by :param-name
• Request in Query object
• Result from Query object
• getResultList()
• getSingleResult()
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44. Entity Beans: Named Query
• Named query can be attached to the Entity Bean
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45. Entity Beans: Native Query
• SQL queries can be used using
• createNativeQuery(String sqlString)
• createNativeQuery(String sqlString, Class resultClass)
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46. Entity Beans: Life cycle interceptors
• Interception of state changes
• Around the creation (em.persist) : ︎
• @PrePersist
• @PostPersist
• At loading time from DB (em.find, Query.getResultList)
• @PostLoad
• Around updates (modification of a field, em.merge) ︎
• @PreUpdate
• @PostUpdate
• Around a remove action (em.remove) ︎
• @PreRemove
• @PostRemove
46

47. References
• Some of the slide contents are take
from the slides of
• Reda Bendraou, UPMC
• Michel Buffa, UNSA
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48. 48 JEE - Java Persistence, JPA 2.x