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lecture 8 medication 3-6.pptx
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- 2. Administration of Medications •Medication: substance administered for the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or relief of a symptom or for prevention of disease • Drug: same as medication – but also refers to illicitly obtained substance
- 4. Administration of Medications(cont’d) • Prescription: The written direction for the preparation and administration of a drug • Generic name: name used throughout the drug’s lifetime • Trade (brand) name: given by the drug manufacture and identifies it as property of that company • Pharmacology: study of the effect of drugs on living organisms • Pharmacy: Prepares, makes, and dispenses drugs as ordered
- 5. Controlled Substances • Keptunder lock • Special inventory forms • Documentation requirements • Counts of controlled substances • Procedures for discarding
- 6. Effects of Drugs •Therapeutic effect = desired effect • Reason drug is prescribed • Side effect = secondary effect • Unintended, usually predictable • May be harmless or harmful • Adverse effect • More severe side effect • May justify the discontinuation of a drug
- 7. Effects of Drugs(cont'd) • Drug toxicity • Result from overdose, ingestion of external use drug, or buildup of drug in blood • Drug allergy • Immunologic reaction to drug • Mild to severe reactions (anaphylaxis) • Drug interaction • One drug alters the effect of one or both drugs
- 9. Factors Affecting MedicationAction • Developmental(fetus, children, old age) • Sex ( muscles, fat, hormone differences ) • Cultural • Diet ( vitamin k and warfarin anticoagulant) • Environment ( increase temp and vasodilators) • Psychological ( patients and codeine) • Illness and disease(aspirin and temp) • Time of administration( before or after meal) stomach empty
- 11. Types of MedicationOrders • Stat order • Morphine Sulfate10 milligrams IV stat • Single Order • Seconal 100mg hs before surgery • PRN order • Amphojel 15 mL prn
- 12. Essential Parts ofa Drug Order • Full name of client • Date and time the order is written • Name of the drug to be administered • Dosage of the drug • Frequency of administration • Route of administration • Signature of the person writing the order
- 13. Figure 35-6 Samplemedication administration record (MAR).
- 14. Parts of aPrescription • Descriptive information about the client • Date on which the prescription was written • The Rx symbol, meaning “take thou” • Medication name, dosage, and strength • Route of administration • Dispensing instructions for the pharmacist Directions for administration to be given to the client • Prescribers signature
- 15. Systems of Measurement •Metric • Apothecaries’ • Household
- 16. Converting units • 1g = 1000 mg • 1 Kg = 2.2 Ib (bound) • 30 mg = 1 ounce • 1mg = 1000microgram • 1L = 1000 ml • 1 tablespoon = 15 ml • 1teaspoon = 5 ml
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- 19. Medication Dispensing Systems •Medication cart • Medication cabinet • Medication room • Automated dispensing cabinet
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- 22. Process of AdministeringMedications • Identify the client • Inform the client • Administer the drug • Provide adjunctive interventions as indicated • Record the drug administered • Evaluate the client’s response to the drug
- 23. 3 checks formedication preparation
- 24. Ten “Rights” ofAccurate Medication Administration • Right medication • Right dose • Right time • Right route • Right client • Right client education • Right documentation
- 25. Ten “Rights” ofAccurate Medication Administration (cont'd) • Right to refuse • Right assessment • Right evaluation
- 26. Physiological Changes Associatedwith Aging • Altered memory • Decreased visual acuity • Decrease in renal function • slower absorption from the gastrointestinal tract • Decreased liver function • Altered quality of organ responsiveness • Decrease in manual dexterity
- 27. Administering Medications Safely •The nurse should always assess a client’s health status and obtain a medication history prior to giving any medication. • The extent of the assessment depends on the client’s illness or current condition, the intended drug, and the route of administration. For example, if a client has dyspnea, the nurse assesses respirations carefully before administering any medication that might affect breathing. • It is important to determine whether the route of administration is suitable. For example, a client who is nauseated may not be able to keep down a drug taken orally
- 28. Cont… • An importantpart of the history is clients’ knowledge of their drug allergies. • included in the history are the client’s normal eating habits. Sometimes the medication schedule needs to be coordinated with mealtimes or the ingestion of foods. • It is also important for the nurse to identify any problems the client may have in self-administering a medication. A client with poor eyesight, for example, may require special labels for the medication container; clients with unsteady hands may not be able to hold a tablet or syring.
- 29. Medication Administration Errors •Nurses who do not follow mostly the five rights (right drug, right client, right dose, right time, right route) of medication administration contribute to medication errors. • Common reasons why nurses do not follow the five rights include poor pharmacologic knowledge, miscalculations, interruptions, increased workloads, and fatigue. • Technology, when used appropriately, can help decrease medication administration errors. For example, some studies have shown that barcode medication administration(BCMA) can reduce medication errors by 54% to 87%