The pharynx divides into three parts - the nasal pharynx, oral pharynx, and laryngeal pharynx. It is a hollow tube in the neck that connects the nose and mouth to the esophagus and trachea. The esophagus is a muscular tube about 25 cm long that connects the mouth to the stomach. It passes through the neck, thorax, and diaphragm and has cervical, thoracic, and abdominal portions. Peristalsis involves wave-like muscle contractions that propel food through the esophagus to the stomach.

1. ANATOMY OF
PHARYNX
TANVEER TARA

2. PHARYNX

3. PARTS OF PHARYNX
Pharynx divides into three parts which
are from superior to inferior:-
The nasal pharynx, located behind the
posterior nasal apertures (choanae),
The oral pharynx, located behind the
opening of the oral cavity,
The laryngeal pharynx, located behind
the inlet (opening) of the larynx.

4. PARTS OF
PHARYNX

5. PARTS OF
PHARYNX
The nasal pharynx, located behind the posterior
nasal apertures (choanae [KO WAY NA]
The Choanae are the posterior nasal
aperture, separated by the vomer.
It is the opening between the nasal
cavity and the nasopharynx.
It is therefore not a structure, but a
space bounded as follows:
Anteriorly and inferiorly by the
horizontal plate of palatine bone,
Superiorly and posteriorly by the
sphenoid bone
Laterally by the medial pterygoid
plates.

6. ANATOMY OF PHARYNX
•Location
•Size
• The hollow tube inside the neck
that starts behind the nose and
ends at the top of the trachea
(windpipe) and esophagus (the
tube that goes to the stomach).
•
• The pharynx is about 5
inches(12.5 cm) long,
depending on body size. Also
called throat.

7. OROPHARYNX
• The oropharynx is the middle chamber
of the pharynx that passes food from the
mouth into the laryngopharynx.
• The nasopharynx opens above .

8. LARYNGOPHARYNX
• The laryngopharynx is the
bottom part of the pharynx that
marks the branching pathway
between the digestive and
respiratory systems.

9. LAYERS OF PHARYNX
• The walls of nasopharynx, oropharynx,
and laryngopharynx are composed of four
layers. From internal (luminal side) to
external, the layers are the
• Mucosa
• Submucosa
• Muscle layer
• Fibrosa.

11. ESOPHAGUS

12. ESOPHAGUS
• A straight muscular tube
that is about 10 inches (25
cm) long which connects
the mouth with the
stomach.
• Tubular structure about
25 cm long

13. ESOPHAGUS
• Food takes about 4 to 8
seconds as it passes
through to the stomach.
• Lies between Pharynx
and Stomach

14. TOPIC COVERED

15. PARTS OF
ESOPHAGUS
• It is divided into 3 parts:
• 1- Cervical.
• 2- Thoracic.
• 3- Abdominal

16. PARTS OF
ESOPHAGUS
• It is divided into 3 parts:
• 1- Cervical.
• 2- Thoracic.
• 3- Abdominal

17. CERVICAL
• Posterior:
• Vertebral column.
• Laterally:
• Lateral: Lobes of the thyroid gland.
• Anteriorly:
• Anterior: Trachea and the recurrent
laryngeal nerves
• Cervical Part starts at pharyngeal
opening and ends just before it enter
Thoracic cavity.

18. THORACIC PART
• In the thorax, it passes
downward and to the left
through superior then to
posterior mediastinum.
• At the level of the sternal angle,
the aortic arch pushes the
esophagus again to the midline

19. THORACIC PART
• The esophageal hiatus is the
opening in the diaphragm
through which the esophagus
passes from the thoracic to the
abdominal cavity.
• It is one of three apertures in the
diaphragm.
• It is situated in the muscular part
of the diaphragm at the level of
T10 and is elliptical in shape

20. ANTERIOR RELATIONS
• Trachea
• Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
• Left principal bronchus
• Pericardium
• Left atrium
Thoracic part

21. • On the Right side:
• Right mediastinal pleura
• Terminal part of the azygos
vein.
• On the Left side:
• Left mediastinal pleura
• Left subclavian artery
• Aortic arch
• Thoracic duct

22. POSTERIOR RELATIONS – THORACIC DUCT
• Bodies of the thoracic vertebrae
• Thoracic duct
• Azygos vein
• Right posterior intercostal arteries
• Descending thoracic aorta (at the
lower end)

23. RELATIONS IN THE
ABDOMEN
• In the Abdomen, the
esophagus descends for 1.3 cm
and joins the stomach.
• Anteriorly, left lobe of the
liver.
• Posteriorly, left crus (Tendon)
of the diaphragm.

25. ESOPHAGEAL CONSTRICTIONS
• The esophagus has 3 anatomic
constrictions.
• The first is at the junction with
the pharynx(pharyngoesophageal
junction).
• The second is at the crossing with
the aortic arch and the left main
bronchus.
• The third is at the junction with
the stomach.

27. ESOPHAGEAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Swallowing: It begins when the bolus is propelled
from mouth to the esophagus, which is a voluntary
action.
Esophageal Phase: It is involuntary, it takes 8-10
seconds from initiation of swallowing to entering the
stomach.
In a rapid sequence and precise coordination, the
larynx is elevated and seals the airway.
2) Secretions: Submucosal mucous glands
3) Protection: Gastroesophageal reflex

28. PERISTALSIS
• Peristalsis is a series of wave-
like muscle contractions that
move food through the
digestive tract. It starts in the
esophagus where strong wave-
like motions of the smooth
muscle move balls of
swallowed food to the stomach

29. YOU MAY ALSO KNOW….

30. ESOPHAGUS CONDITIONS
• Heartburn: An incompletely closed
Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) allows
acidic stomach contents to back up
(reflux) into the esophagus. Reflux can
cause heartburn, cough or hoarseness,
or no symptoms at all.
• Gastroesophageal reflux
disease (GERD): When reflux occurs
frequently or is bothersome, it's called
gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD).
• Esophagitis: Inflammation of the
esophagus. Esophagitis can be due to
irritation or infection.
• Barrett's esophagus: Regular reflux of
stomach acid irritates the esophagus,
which may cause the lower part to
change its structure. Very infrequently,
Barrett's esophagus progresses to
esophageal cancer.

31. ESOPHAGUS CONDITIONS
• Esophageal ulcer: An
erosion in an area of the
lining of the esophagus.
This is often caused by
chronic reflux.
• Esophageal stricture: A
narrowing of the
esophagus. Chronic
irritation from reflux is
the usual cause of
• Esophageal varices: In people with cirrhosis, veins
in the esophagus may become engorged and
bulge. Called varices, these veins are vulnerable to
life-threatening bleeding.
• Achalasia: A rare disease in which the
lower esophageal sphincter does not
relax properly. Difficulty swallowing
and regurgitation of food are
symptoms.
• Esophageal cancer: Although serious, cancer of the
esophagus is uncommon. Risk factors for
esophageal cancer include smoking, heavy
drinking, and chronic reflux.