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1. Types of morphemes
•General classification of morphemes
•Lexical and grammatical morphology

2. Types of morphemes
 What is the key element of the word?
 What is the most precise and
concrete element in its meaning?
 Which morpheme has a lexical
meaning?
 Which morpheme can stand on its
own?
 Root-stem-base
 Affix-prefix-suffix
 Free or bound
 Bound morphemes can be
inflectional and formative
 Inflectional or formative
(derivative)

3. The core element
Happy: un-happy, happi-ness, happi-ly;
Change: change-able, chang-ing, un-chang-
ed;
Select: de-select, select-ion, select-ive-ly;

4. Inflectional morphemes
 Inflections (or endings) are morphemes expressing case and
number in nouns; person, number and tense in verbs;
degrees of comparison in adjectives and adverbs. E.g. long –
longer – the longest - are they forms of one and the same
word or are they different words? Is there a difference in
lexical meaning between them?

5. Inflection and derivation
inflection
 encodes grammatical categories
 is syntactically relevant
 does not change part of speech
 is semantically definite
 is fully productive
 is always suffixational (in English)
derivation
 encodes lexical meaning
 is not syntactically relevant
 often changes the part of speech
 is often semantically opaque
 is often restricted in its
productivity
 is not restricted to suffixation

6. TWO MORPHOLOGIES
The process of building forms of the same word is
the object of inflection or grammatical morphology
(e.g. actor – actors – actor’s – actors’)
The process of word-building is the object of
derivation or lexical morphology (e.g. act - actor)