This document discusses double taxation and tax treaties. It defines double taxation as the imposition of income tax or corporate tax on the same income for the same taxpayer in two different jurisdictions. This can occur internationally when different countries tax the same income. Tax treaties are bilateral agreements between countries that determine how their tax systems interact to avoid double taxation. The key principles developed in early tax treaties include permitting the source country to tax profits of a permanent establishment and determining tax residence based on where central management is located.

1. Double Taxation and Tax Treaties
IFM - FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND
MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (FEMS)
Lecture Two

2. Double Taxation
This refers to:
– Imposition of income tax or corporate tax on the
same income or capital for identical or same
period or tax year in respect of the same taxpayer.
– It may be domestic
• i.e. where taxes are imposed within a sovereign state by
different taxing authorities, e.g. different members of
federation.
– It may be international
• Where taxes are imposed by different sovereign states.

3. International Double taxation
“…Tax sovereignty may entail conflicting claims
from two or more jurisdictions over the same
taxable amount, which may lead to juridical
double taxation, which is the imposition of
comparable taxes in two (or more) states on
the same taxpayer in respect of the same
income…”

4. Double Taxation
• Kinds of double taxation:
– Juridical double taxation
i.e. imposition of comparable taxes by two (or
more) tax jurisdictions on the same taxpayer in
respect of the same taxable income or capital
– Economic double taxation
i.e. imposition of comparable taxes by two (or
more) tax jurisdictions on different taxpayers in
respect of the same taxable income

5. Approaches to determine tax residents
Art. 4 of OECD/UN Models
For individuals
• Facts and circumstances
– Having regard to all facts and
circumstances decision is made as
to whether a taxpayer has a
sufficiently strong personal
connection (nexus) to the
jurisdiction to be regarded as fiscal
resident
• Number of day present in a tax
jurisdiction
– An individual is a resident if is
physically present in the
jurisdiction for a specific number of
days (usually 183) in the tax year,
alternatively in any 12 months
beginning or ending during the tax
year
For Companies
• Place of incorporation
– A company is a resident of
the country in which it is
incorporated
• Central of management or
control
– A company is a resident of a
country in which its central
management and control is
located

6. Taxpayer Resident in
State A
State
C
State
A
Same income taxed in
2 States in the same
period in the hands of
same taxpayer
Operates in
State
B
Each State having its own tax System and right over taxpayer
Economic Double
Taxation
Same income taxed in
2 States in the same
period in the hands of
different taxpayers
Double
taxation of
income in
the hands
of
Taxpayer
Eliminatio
n of
Double
Taxation
via DTA
Juridical double
taxation

7. International Double taxation
• One legal entity id subject to tax on same
income/capital, in 2 (or more) countries for same
taxpayer.
• Arise because most countries:
– Tax residents on global income (regardless of source)
– Tax non-resident on domestic-source income
• Resulting to:
– Residence – residence principle conflicts
– Residence – Source principles conflicts
– Source – Source principle conflict

8. Int. double Taxation (Cont…)
Residence/Residence Conflict
• 2 or more States claim that
a particular taxpayer is a
resident of their tax
jurisdiction
• While it is now the
international norm for
countries to tax residents
on worldwide income, there
is no universal agreement as
to how residence id defined
How to avoid this conflict?
May be avoided through
Double Tax Agreements
(DTAs)
– The residence article in DTA
will include tie-breaker rule
that treat a person who is
resident of both contracting
states under each State’s
domestic law as a resident of
only one of the states.

9. Int. double Taxation (Cont…)
Residence /Source Conflict
• Most commonly, double taxation arises
through the combined operations of
the residence and source principles.
• Under the residence principle, residents
of a country are taxed on their WWI
and under the source principle, non-
residents are taxed on their domestic-
sourced income only.
E.g. suppose a person resident in Kenya
(Ky), doing trade/investment in
Tanzania (Tz), will be liable to tax on the
income arising from activities in Tz
under the source principle, and in Ky
under the residence principle.
How to avoid this conflict?
May be avoided through Double
Tax Agreements (DTAs)
– DTA may require State of
residence to give tax relief for
the source State tax
– DTA may provide for residence
State only taxation of the
income i.e. DTA may preclude
the source state from taxing
the income; or
– DTA may provide for source
State taxation of income, i.e. it
may preclude the residence
State from taxing the income

10. Int. double Taxation (Cont…)
Source /Source Conflict
• Similar, while it is internationally common practice
that States can tax non-residents on income
sourced within their State jurisdictions, there is no
internationally agreed set of rules for this purpose.
Instance of source/source conflicts can be found for
all most all classes of income.
• When more than one country claim that revenue
was sourced from its territory
E.g. 1. Some countries may regard business profits as
sourced within the jurisdiction if the profits are
attributable to PE in the jurisdiction, while other
countries may regard business profits as sourced in
the jurisdiction if place of contract is in the
jurisdiction.
E.g. 2. Royalties: some countries may regard royalties as
sourced in the jurisdiction if the underlying
property giving raise to royalty is used in the
jurisdiction, while other countries may regard it as
sourced in the jurisdiction if royalty is paid by
resident of the jurisdiction
How to avoid this conflict?
May be avoided through
Double Tax Agreements
(DTAs)
– The taxing right specified in a
DTA effectively sets out a
uniform set of source rules
that are then applied by both
countries overriding any
conflicting domestic rules

11. Double tax treaties
• Bilateral/Multilateral Agreements
• Countries decide how their tax systems interact
• Prevention of double taxation
– E.g. Tanzania – Canada (1995) “AGREEMENT BETWEEN
CANADA AND THE URT FOR THE AVOIDANCE OF DOUBLE
TAXATION AND THE PREVENTION OF FISCAL EVASION
WITH RESPECT TO TAXES ON INCOME AND ON CAPITAL”
– E.g. EAC Multilateral Agreement (1997) “AGREEMENT
BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF
KENYA, THE URT AND THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA FOR THE
AVOIDANCE OF DOUBLE TAXATION AND THE PREVENTION
OF FISCAL EVASION WITH RESPECT TO TAXES ON INCOME”

12. Tax treaties and domestic (tax) law
• Treaty overrides domestic law
– Sect.128 of the Income Tax Act 2004
• Incorporated into domestic law (‘ratified’)
– Direct effect
– Indirect effect
– What is the practice in Tanzania?

13. Tax treaties and domestic (tax) law
• Governed by Vienna Convention on the Law of
Treaties (1980)
• Territorial scope
• General rules of interpretation
• Breach of treaties
• Changes in Circumstances of the State

14. Why Tax Treaties are
important/needed
• If two countries (both) recognize the concept
of taxation by residence and taxation by
source:
– Discrepancies in definitions
– Discrepancies in domestic (tax) law

15. Development of tax treaties
• League of Nations Financial Committee (1923)
• Which country has priority in taxing:
– Country of source?
– Country of residence?
– Should this differ depending on the type of
income

16. Three central Principles
• Profits of a Permanent establishment (PE)
could be taxed by the host (source) country
• Residence depend on the place of central
management
• Subsidiaries to be treated as separate (legal)
entity

17. The Inter-War Period
• Emergence of the transfer price problem –
Carroll Report to the League of Nations, 1933
• Rules for attribution of profits to foreign
branches: - the “separate entity” principle

18. The OECD Model Treaty of 1963 (Last
revised 2017)
• Amended the 1935 model to take account of
developments since plethora of treaties..
• Aims of OECD – to promote trade between its
member countries

19. The UN Model Treaty
• 1st Published 1980
• Source based principle
• Model for TTs between developed and
developing countries

20. Main Articles of the Models
• Definitions
– Residence
– Permanent Establishment
• How certain items of income are to be taxed
– Business profits
– Interest, dividends and royalties
– Capital gains
• Articles for special types of taxpayers
– Artists
– Students
– Athletes

21. Thank You