This document provides an introduction to computing, including:
1. An overview of the grading scheme for an introductory computing course, which includes assignments, quizzes, projects, participation, and exams.
2. Descriptions of the fundamental components of a computer, including software, hardware, input/output devices, the system unit, storage, memory, and processing.
3. Characteristics of computers like speed, storage, accuracy, versatility, and their ability to follow programmed instructions.
The document defines a computer as an electronic device that performs calculations and processes instructions provided by software or hardware programs. It discusses the key elements that make up a computer system including hardware, software, people, procedures, and data. Specifically, it outlines the main hardware components like the CPU, memory units, and peripheral devices. It also differentiates between input and output devices and describes the roles of software, people interacting with the system, and procedures used to instruct the computer.
The document provides an overview of computer architecture and organization. It discusses the basic components of a computer system including the central processing unit, memory, storage, and input/output components. It describes the von Neumann model for computer architecture and how instructions are fetched, decoded, and executed in a sequential manner. The document also briefly discusses parallel and non-von Neumann models of computer architecture.
1. The document provides information about the basic parts and workings of a computer. It describes the central processing unit, memory, input and output units, and how data is processed.
2. Memory is divided into primary and secondary memory. Primary memory includes RAM and ROM and is used for short-term storage, while secondary memory such as hard disks are used for long-term and permanent storage.
3. The document also discusses computer ports, expansion slots, and memory measurement standards like bytes, kilobytes, megabytes etc. It provides details on memory types like RAM, ROM, cache memory and their characteristics.
Introduction to computers MRS. SOWMYA JYOTHISowmya Jyothi
The document provides an introduction to computers including:
- A computer is defined as an electronic device that processes data under programmed instructions to produce information.
- The main components of a computer are the input, output, storage, and central processing units. The CPU contains the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and memory unit.
- Computers can be classified based on their construction (analog, digital, hybrid), application (general purpose, special purpose), and size/speed (supercomputer, mainframe, mini computer, workstation, microcomputer).
- Software includes system software like operating systems and application software for specific tasks. Hardware refers to the physical and electronic components of a computer system.
A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process the data, store the results, and provide output based on the processing. It consists of hardware components like input devices, a processor unit with a central processing unit and memory, output devices, and storage units. Computer software includes system software like operating systems that control the computer's operations and application software that allows users to perform tasks like word processing, spreadsheet calculations, graphics, and database management. Computers are classified based on their size, speed, and capabilities into categories like microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
The document discusses the key components and features of electronic data processing (EDP) audits. It outlines several benefits of EDP audits, including high speed, large data storage capacity, accuracy, improved security and controls, better coordination and workflow, improved timeliness, and lower archiving costs compared to traditional paper-based auditing. It also describes the basic components and functions of a computer system, including input units, the central processing unit (comprised of the memory unit, control unit, and arithmetic/logic unit), and output units. The central processing unit is described as the "brain" of the computer that processes data with the help of its three constituent parts.
This document provides information about different types of computers and their components. It begins by defining a computer and its basic functions of input, processing, output, storage, and communication. It then describes the major components of a computer system including the input and output units, storage unit, central processing unit (CPU), arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and control unit. It further explains the differences between main memory and secondary storage. The document also classifies computers based on purpose, data handling, and functionality. It concludes by describing different types of computers based on size, including supercomputers, mainframe computers, minicomputers, and microcomputers.
The document defines a computer as an electronic device that performs calculations and processes instructions provided by software or hardware programs. It discusses the key elements that make up a computer system including hardware, software, people, procedures, and data. Specifically, it outlines the main hardware components like the CPU, memory units, and peripheral devices. It also differentiates between input and output devices and describes the roles of software, people interacting with the system, and procedures used to instruct the computer.
The document provides an overview of computer architecture and organization. It discusses the basic components of a computer system including the central processing unit, memory, storage, and input/output components. It describes the von Neumann model for computer architecture and how instructions are fetched, decoded, and executed in a sequential manner. The document also briefly discusses parallel and non-von Neumann models of computer architecture.
1. The document provides information about the basic parts and workings of a computer. It describes the central processing unit, memory, input and output units, and how data is processed.
2. Memory is divided into primary and secondary memory. Primary memory includes RAM and ROM and is used for short-term storage, while secondary memory such as hard disks are used for long-term and permanent storage.
3. The document also discusses computer ports, expansion slots, and memory measurement standards like bytes, kilobytes, megabytes etc. It provides details on memory types like RAM, ROM, cache memory and their characteristics.
Introduction to computers MRS. SOWMYA JYOTHISowmya Jyothi
The document provides an introduction to computers including:
- A computer is defined as an electronic device that processes data under programmed instructions to produce information.
- The main components of a computer are the input, output, storage, and central processing units. The CPU contains the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and memory unit.
- Computers can be classified based on their construction (analog, digital, hybrid), application (general purpose, special purpose), and size/speed (supercomputer, mainframe, mini computer, workstation, microcomputer).
- Software includes system software like operating systems and application software for specific tasks. Hardware refers to the physical and electronic components of a computer system.
A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process the data, store the results, and provide output based on the processing. It consists of hardware components like input devices, a processor unit with a central processing unit and memory, output devices, and storage units. Computer software includes system software like operating systems that control the computer's operations and application software that allows users to perform tasks like word processing, spreadsheet calculations, graphics, and database management. Computers are classified based on their size, speed, and capabilities into categories like microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
The document discusses the key components and features of electronic data processing (EDP) audits. It outlines several benefits of EDP audits, including high speed, large data storage capacity, accuracy, improved security and controls, better coordination and workflow, improved timeliness, and lower archiving costs compared to traditional paper-based auditing. It also describes the basic components and functions of a computer system, including input units, the central processing unit (comprised of the memory unit, control unit, and arithmetic/logic unit), and output units. The central processing unit is described as the "brain" of the computer that processes data with the help of its three constituent parts.
This document provides information about different types of computers and their components. It begins by defining a computer and its basic functions of input, processing, output, storage, and communication. It then describes the major components of a computer system including the input and output units, storage unit, central processing unit (CPU), arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and control unit. It further explains the differences between main memory and secondary storage. The document also classifies computers based on purpose, data handling, and functionality. It concludes by describing different types of computers based on size, including supercomputers, mainframe computers, minicomputers, and microcomputers.
1) A computer accepts data as input, processes it according to programmed instructions, and produces output which it can store for future use.
2) Data is represented by characters like letters, numbers and symbols that can be interpreted by humans or computers. Information is organized data that has meaning.
3) Common computer input devices include keyboards, mice, scanners, and microphones. Output devices display or print the results of processing and include monitors, printers, and speakers.
This document provides an introduction to computers, including definitions, components, and functions. It discusses the central processing unit, memory/storage units, input/output units, and various software programs. The key points covered are:
- A computer is defined as an electronic device that processes data under program instructions.
- The main components are the CPU, memory, input, and output units. The CPU contains the arithmetic logic unit and control unit.
- Memory can be internal RAM/ROM or external magnetic disks, tapes, CDs, etc.
- Common input devices are the keyboard, mouse, and scanner. Output devices include the monitor and printers.
- Software includes operating systems like Windows/DOS and productivity
The document provides information on the fundamentals of digital computers. It defines a computer as a device that performs calculations at high speeds using binary code. The key components of a computer are described as the input unit, central processing unit (CPU), arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, memory unit, and output unit. Various storage devices used in computers are also explained, including hard disks, floppy disks, optical discs, tape, mobile storage media, smart cards, and Blu-ray discs. The roles of the system clock, word length, and bus width are outlined.
The document provides information about a lecturer named Zaipul Anwar Bin Zainu din who teaches at the Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing, Universiti Kuala Lumpur. It includes details about the lecturer's contact information, subjects taught, course objectives and assessments, and an introduction to basic computer hardware, software, and networking topics covered in the course.
This document provides information about computers. It defines a computer as an electronic device that processes data using input, storage, processing, and output units. It then discusses different types of computers including analog, digital, supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers. Hybrid computers that have both analog and digital components are also mentioned. Input devices, storage, processors, and output are described. Characteristics like speed, accuracy, storage capacity, versatility and automation are listed for computers.
This document provides an overview of computers and data processing. It discusses what a computer is, the basic components of a computer system including hardware like the CPU, input/output devices, and storage. It describes the three main stages of the data processing cycle: input, process, output. It also discusses different types of data processing like manual and electronic, and classifications of computers according to data handled, purpose, and size. The document is intended to help students in Grade 6 understand basic computer concepts and prepare for an upcoming test on the topic.
This document provides an overview of computers and data processing. It discusses what a computer is, the basic components of a computer system including hardware like the CPU, input/output devices, and storage. It describes the three main stages of the data processing cycle: input, process, output. It also discusses different types of data processing like manual and electronic, and classifications of computers according to data handled, purpose, and size. The document is intended to help students in Grade 6 understand basic computer concepts and prepare for an upcoming test on the topic.
This document provides an overview of computers and data processing. It discusses what a computer is, the components of a computer system including hardware like the CPU, input/output devices, and storage. It describes the cycle of data processing as input, process, output. It discusses different types of data processing such as manual, mechanical, and electronic. It also categorizes computers based on the data they handle, their purpose, and size. The document is intended to help students in Grade 6 understand basic concepts about computers as outlined in their coverage for an upcoming test.
This document provides an overview of computers and data processing. It discusses what a computer is, the components of a computer system including hardware like the CPU, input/output devices, and storage. It describes the cycle of data processing as input, process, output. It discusses different types of data processing like manual and electronic. It classifies computers according to the data they handle, their purpose, and size. The document is intended to help students in Grade 6 prepare for an upcoming test by studying key concepts about computers and data processing.
1. A computer is an electronic device that can process data, store data and results, and execute sequences of instructions.
2. Data such as numbers, text, images, and videos are inserted into the computer using input devices and then processed by the central processing unit (CPU) which converts the data into usable information.
3. The information is then output using output devices or stored. Computer hardware includes physical components like processors and memory while software includes programs and data stored electronically.
This document provides an overview of computers and data processing. It defines key terms like data, information, and data processing. It describes the basic functional units and components of a computer system, including input, output, central processing, and memory units. It also distinguishes between computer hardware and software. Common hardware components are described along with system software and application software categories. The document provides examples of commonly used application software packages like word processors, spreadsheets, and database management systems. It explains the concepts of data, information, and how data is processed into useful information through various data processing methods and cycles.
The document provides information about computers and their basic components. It states that a computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process it according to stored instructions, produce output, and store information for future use. The basic parts of a computer are the input unit, output unit, control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and memory. The input unit allows data and instructions to be entered, the output unit provides information to the user, the control unit controls all functions, the arithmetic logic unit performs calculations, and memory stores programs and data. Hardware refers to the physical and tangible parts of a computer while software refers to the instructions that tell the computer what to do.
The document provides an overview of basic computer concepts. It discusses that a computer consists of hardware and software. The hardware includes physical components like the central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, etc. The software includes system software that manages the computer's operations and application software that allows users to perform tasks. It then describes the main components of a computer system and how they work together, including different types of computer languages, memory, and input/output devices.
This document contains lecture notes on the introduction to computers and their components. It discusses the five basic operations of all computer systems: input, storage, processing, output, and control. It describes the main parts of a computer system including the input and output units, storage, central processing unit, arithmetic logic unit, and control unit. It provides examples of different input and output devices. It also covers the characteristics, hardware, software, and classifications of computer systems.
This document provides an overview of computer systems, including:
- Hardware consists of physical components like the CPU, memory, storage devices, and input/output components.
- Software includes operating systems and programs that allow users and computers to perform tasks.
- Data is raw facts that are processed by software into useful information for users.
BASIC OF COMPUTER.pptx regarding detailsMuskanMukhi1
This is basically a presentation of IT regarding the topic Basics of a Computer. So anybody can use it for Information Technology. A PowerPoint presentation on the basics of computers typically covers fundamental concepts such as hardware components (CPU, memory, storage devices), software (operating systems, applications), input and output devices (keyboard, mouse, monitor), and basic computer operations (booting, file management, software installation). It may also touch upon topics like computer networks, internet basics, and computer security. The presentation aims to provide a foundational understanding of computers to beginners, highlighting their essential components and functions in a clear and concise manner.The PowerPoint presentation on the basics of computers provides a comprehensive overview suitable for beginners. It covers fundamental concepts including hardware components like CPU, memory, and storage devices, alongside software such as operating systems and applications. Additionally, it explores input and output devices like keyboards, mice, and monitors, and delves into basic computer operations such as booting, file management, and software installation. The presentation also touches upon computer networks, internet basics, and computer security, offering a foundational understanding of these topics. With clear explanations and visual aids, the presentation aims to equip beginners with essential knowledge about computers and their functionalities in a concise and accessible manner.
It covers hardware components like the CPU, memory, and storage devices, as well as software including operating systems and applications. Furthermore, it explains input and output devices such as keyboards, mice, and monitors, and discusses basic computer operations like booting and file management. Additionally, the presentation touches on computer networks, internet fundamentals, and computer security, providing a well-rounded understanding of key aspects of computing. With clear explanations and visual aids, the presentation aims to demystify computers and empower beginners to navigate the digital world with confidence.
Basic concepts of computer & net work (1.25 mb)IMRAN KHAN
The document discusses the basic concepts of computers, including hardware and software components. It describes the typical functions and units of a computer system, such as input, storage, processing, control, and output. It also covers computer characteristics like speed, accuracy, versatility and storage capacity. The document defines different types of computer languages like machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages.
A computer is an electronic device that processes data under a set of instructions. Charles Babbage developed the Difference Engine in 1822, considered the first automatic computing engine. A computer consists of both hardware and software: hardware includes physical components like the cabinet and hard drive, while software includes system software, application software, and firmware embedded in hardware. A computer can accept input, store and process data, and provide output. It performs basic operations like arithmetic, logical operations, and data storage and retrieval under the control of the central processing unit.
1) A computer accepts data as input, processes it according to programmed instructions, and produces output which it can store for future use.
2) Data is represented by characters like letters, numbers and symbols that can be interpreted by humans or computers. Information is organized data that has meaning.
3) Common computer input devices include keyboards, mice, scanners, and microphones. Output devices display or print the results of processing and include monitors, printers, and speakers.
This document provides an introduction to computers, including definitions, components, and functions. It discusses the central processing unit, memory/storage units, input/output units, and various software programs. The key points covered are:
- A computer is defined as an electronic device that processes data under program instructions.
- The main components are the CPU, memory, input, and output units. The CPU contains the arithmetic logic unit and control unit.
- Memory can be internal RAM/ROM or external magnetic disks, tapes, CDs, etc.
- Common input devices are the keyboard, mouse, and scanner. Output devices include the monitor and printers.
- Software includes operating systems like Windows/DOS and productivity
The document provides information on the fundamentals of digital computers. It defines a computer as a device that performs calculations at high speeds using binary code. The key components of a computer are described as the input unit, central processing unit (CPU), arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, memory unit, and output unit. Various storage devices used in computers are also explained, including hard disks, floppy disks, optical discs, tape, mobile storage media, smart cards, and Blu-ray discs. The roles of the system clock, word length, and bus width are outlined.
The document provides information about a lecturer named Zaipul Anwar Bin Zainu din who teaches at the Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing, Universiti Kuala Lumpur. It includes details about the lecturer's contact information, subjects taught, course objectives and assessments, and an introduction to basic computer hardware, software, and networking topics covered in the course.
This document provides information about computers. It defines a computer as an electronic device that processes data using input, storage, processing, and output units. It then discusses different types of computers including analog, digital, supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers. Hybrid computers that have both analog and digital components are also mentioned. Input devices, storage, processors, and output are described. Characteristics like speed, accuracy, storage capacity, versatility and automation are listed for computers.
This document provides an overview of computers and data processing. It discusses what a computer is, the basic components of a computer system including hardware like the CPU, input/output devices, and storage. It describes the three main stages of the data processing cycle: input, process, output. It also discusses different types of data processing like manual and electronic, and classifications of computers according to data handled, purpose, and size. The document is intended to help students in Grade 6 understand basic computer concepts and prepare for an upcoming test on the topic.
This document provides an overview of computers and data processing. It discusses what a computer is, the basic components of a computer system including hardware like the CPU, input/output devices, and storage. It describes the three main stages of the data processing cycle: input, process, output. It also discusses different types of data processing like manual and electronic, and classifications of computers according to data handled, purpose, and size. The document is intended to help students in Grade 6 understand basic computer concepts and prepare for an upcoming test on the topic.
This document provides an overview of computers and data processing. It discusses what a computer is, the components of a computer system including hardware like the CPU, input/output devices, and storage. It describes the cycle of data processing as input, process, output. It discusses different types of data processing such as manual, mechanical, and electronic. It also categorizes computers based on the data they handle, their purpose, and size. The document is intended to help students in Grade 6 understand basic concepts about computers as outlined in their coverage for an upcoming test.
This document provides an overview of computers and data processing. It discusses what a computer is, the components of a computer system including hardware like the CPU, input/output devices, and storage. It describes the cycle of data processing as input, process, output. It discusses different types of data processing like manual and electronic. It classifies computers according to the data they handle, their purpose, and size. The document is intended to help students in Grade 6 prepare for an upcoming test by studying key concepts about computers and data processing.
1. A computer is an electronic device that can process data, store data and results, and execute sequences of instructions.
2. Data such as numbers, text, images, and videos are inserted into the computer using input devices and then processed by the central processing unit (CPU) which converts the data into usable information.
3. The information is then output using output devices or stored. Computer hardware includes physical components like processors and memory while software includes programs and data stored electronically.
This document provides an overview of computers and data processing. It defines key terms like data, information, and data processing. It describes the basic functional units and components of a computer system, including input, output, central processing, and memory units. It also distinguishes between computer hardware and software. Common hardware components are described along with system software and application software categories. The document provides examples of commonly used application software packages like word processors, spreadsheets, and database management systems. It explains the concepts of data, information, and how data is processed into useful information through various data processing methods and cycles.
The document provides information about computers and their basic components. It states that a computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process it according to stored instructions, produce output, and store information for future use. The basic parts of a computer are the input unit, output unit, control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and memory. The input unit allows data and instructions to be entered, the output unit provides information to the user, the control unit controls all functions, the arithmetic logic unit performs calculations, and memory stores programs and data. Hardware refers to the physical and tangible parts of a computer while software refers to the instructions that tell the computer what to do.
The document provides an overview of basic computer concepts. It discusses that a computer consists of hardware and software. The hardware includes physical components like the central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, etc. The software includes system software that manages the computer's operations and application software that allows users to perform tasks. It then describes the main components of a computer system and how they work together, including different types of computer languages, memory, and input/output devices.
This document contains lecture notes on the introduction to computers and their components. It discusses the five basic operations of all computer systems: input, storage, processing, output, and control. It describes the main parts of a computer system including the input and output units, storage, central processing unit, arithmetic logic unit, and control unit. It provides examples of different input and output devices. It also covers the characteristics, hardware, software, and classifications of computer systems.
This document provides an overview of computer systems, including:
- Hardware consists of physical components like the CPU, memory, storage devices, and input/output components.
- Software includes operating systems and programs that allow users and computers to perform tasks.
- Data is raw facts that are processed by software into useful information for users.
BASIC OF COMPUTER.pptx regarding detailsMuskanMukhi1
This is basically a presentation of IT regarding the topic Basics of a Computer. So anybody can use it for Information Technology. A PowerPoint presentation on the basics of computers typically covers fundamental concepts such as hardware components (CPU, memory, storage devices), software (operating systems, applications), input and output devices (keyboard, mouse, monitor), and basic computer operations (booting, file management, software installation). It may also touch upon topics like computer networks, internet basics, and computer security. The presentation aims to provide a foundational understanding of computers to beginners, highlighting their essential components and functions in a clear and concise manner.The PowerPoint presentation on the basics of computers provides a comprehensive overview suitable for beginners. It covers fundamental concepts including hardware components like CPU, memory, and storage devices, alongside software such as operating systems and applications. Additionally, it explores input and output devices like keyboards, mice, and monitors, and delves into basic computer operations such as booting, file management, and software installation. The presentation also touches upon computer networks, internet basics, and computer security, offering a foundational understanding of these topics. With clear explanations and visual aids, the presentation aims to equip beginners with essential knowledge about computers and their functionalities in a concise and accessible manner.
It covers hardware components like the CPU, memory, and storage devices, as well as software including operating systems and applications. Furthermore, it explains input and output devices such as keyboards, mice, and monitors, and discusses basic computer operations like booting and file management. Additionally, the presentation touches on computer networks, internet fundamentals, and computer security, providing a well-rounded understanding of key aspects of computing. With clear explanations and visual aids, the presentation aims to demystify computers and empower beginners to navigate the digital world with confidence.
Basic concepts of computer & net work (1.25 mb)IMRAN KHAN
The document discusses the basic concepts of computers, including hardware and software components. It describes the typical functions and units of a computer system, such as input, storage, processing, control, and output. It also covers computer characteristics like speed, accuracy, versatility and storage capacity. The document defines different types of computer languages like machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages.
A computer is an electronic device that processes data under a set of instructions. Charles Babbage developed the Difference Engine in 1822, considered the first automatic computing engine. A computer consists of both hardware and software: hardware includes physical components like the cabinet and hard drive, while software includes system software, application software, and firmware embedded in hardware. A computer can accept input, store and process data, and provide output. It performs basic operations like arithmetic, logical operations, and data storage and retrieval under the control of the central processing unit.
Google Calendar is a versatile tool that allows users to manage their schedules and events effectively. With Google Calendar, you can create and organize calendars, set reminders for important events, and share your calendars with others. It also provides features like creating events, inviting attendees, and accessing your calendar from mobile devices. Additionally, Google Calendar allows you to embed calendars in websites or platforms like SlideShare, making it easier for others to view and interact with your schedules.
2. S.No. Grading
% of Total Marks
Theory Lab
1 Assignments 5 5
2 Quiz 10 -
3 Projects/ Presentation 10 -
4 Class Participation 5 -
5 Mid-Term 20 10
6 Final Exam 25 10
Total 75 25
3. Fundamentals Of Computer
Introduction to Computer Software and
Hardware
Components of a Computer (Input
devices, Output devices, System Unit,
Storage devices, Communication devices)
Characteristics of a Computer
4. Introduction to Computer Software
and Hardware
“A Computer is a machine that can be
programmed to accept data, process data into
useful information and store it for later use.”
5. Introduction to Computer
Software and Hardware
Computer word is derived from “compute” that
means to calculate.
Computer is used to perform arithmetic and
logical operations.
Input means to feed information into a
computer
Words, symbols, numbers, pictures
Data refers to the symbols that represent facts,
ideas and objects
6. Introduction to Computer
Software and Hardware
Processing is the way that a computer
manipulates data
performing calculations
sorting lists and numbers
drawing graphs
A computer processes data in a device called
the central processing unit (CPU).
A computer stores data so that it will be
available for processing.
7. Introduction to Computer
Software and Hardware
Memory is an area of a computer that holds
data that is waiting to be processed
Volatile memory
Non-volatile memory
Storage is the area where data can be left on a
permanent basis
8. Introduction to Computer
Software and Hardware
Computer output is the results produced by
the computer
Reports, numbers, documents, music,
graphs, pictures
An output device displays, prints or transmits
the results of processing.
10. Introduction to Computer
Software and Hardware
A computer consists of Software and
Hardware, that is the machine is known as
Hardware and Programs are called as Software.
Software
Software is a set of instructions that tells a
computer what to do, a computer works
according to the given instructions in the
software.
Software cannot be executed without
hardware.
Software is debugged in case of problem and is
reinstalled if the problem is not solved.
11. Introduction to Computer
Software and Hardware
Hardware
Hardware is physical parts of computer that
cause processing of data.
Hardware cannot perform any task without
software.
Hardware is repaired in case of problem and is
replaced if the problem is not solved.
13. Components of Computer
Input devices
The data or instructions given to the computer
is called input, and a hardware component
used to enter data and instruction into
computer is called input device.
Following are the most commonly used input
devices:
Keyboard: It is used to enter text, which
contains alphabetic, numeric and other keys for
entering different type of data.
14. Components of Computer
Mouse: It is a pointing device, that controls pointer
on the screen, user gives instructions to the
computer through mouse.
Microphone: It is used to enter voice into the
computer.
Scanner: It reads printed text and graphics and
translates the results in digital form.
Digital Camera: It is used to take and store picture
in digital form.
PC Camera: It is used to create movie and take
photos on the computer, and is also used to make a
video phone call.
15. Components of Computer
Output devices
The data processed in useful information is
called Output, and the hardware component
used to display information to the user is called
Output device.
Following are the most commonly used output
devices:
Monitor: Monitor is used to display text,
graphics and video output.
18. Components of Computer
Printer: It is used to display printed output on
paper or transparency.
Speaker: Speaker is used to hear sound, music and
voice output.
System Unit
System Unit is a box that contains different
electronic components of computer system, it is also
called System Cabinet or Chassis.
It protects the internal components from damage.
The electronic components in the system unit are
connected to motherboard.
19. Components of Computer
Mother board is also known as system board or
main board.
Important components of system unit are as
follows:
Central Processing Unit (CPU): It is also called as
Processor, that is the Brain of the Computer.
It is the most important component of a computer,
it interprets and executes instructions in the
computer.
Memory: The hardware component that stores data
and instructions temporarily is called memory, that
is also called primary memory or main memory.
20. Components of Computer
Main memory consists of electronic chips connected
to mother board, It is used to store data before
processing.
It also stores processed data after processing until
the data is sent to output device.
The main memory is also called volatile because its
contents are lost when the computer is turned off.
24. Components of Computer
Storage devices
The hardware components used to store data,
instructions and information permanently are called
storage devices.
It is called non - volatile storage because its
contents remain safe when the computer is turned
off.
Some important storage devices are floppy disk
drive, zip drive, hard disk drive, CD - ROM drive,
CD - RW drive, DVD - ROM drive etc.
25. Components of Computer
Communication devices
The hardware components used to communicate
and exchange data, instructions and information
with other computers are called communication
devices.
An important communication device is called
Modem, which enables the computer to
communicate with other computers via telephone
line or cable.
26. Characteristics of Computer
Following are important characteristics of
computer:
Speed
Computers work at a very high speed and are much
faster than humans.
A computer can perform billions of calculations in a
second.
The time used by a computer to perform an
operation is called as the processing speed, that is
measured in Mega Hertz (MHz) or Giga Hertz
(GHz).
27. Characteristics of Computer
Storage
A computer can store large amounts of data
permanently, which can be used at any time.
Any type of data such as text, graphics, pictures,
audio, and video files can be stored easily.
Processing
Computer can perform different types of processing
like addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division.
It can also perform logical functions.
28. Characteristics of Computer
Accuracy
Accuracy means to provide results without any
error, computer can process large amounts of data
and generate error-free results.
A modern computer can perform millions of
operations in one second without any error.
Recalling
A computer can recall the stored data and
information as and when required, in a few seconds.
29. Characteristics of Computer
Control Sequence
A computer works strictly according to the given
instructions, it follows the same sequence of
execution that is given in a program.
Consistency
Computer works in a consistent way, it does not lose
concentration due to heavy work, therefore it
performs all jobs with equal attention.
30. Characteristics of Computer
Communication
A computer can be connected with other computers
by a communication device such as a modem.
These computers can share data, instructions and
information (e.g. Internet).
Versatile
Computer can perform different type of task, it can
be used in hospital, bank or at home.
A variety of facilities are available through
computers.
31. Hierarchy of Computers
Computer
Digital computer Analog computer Hybrid Computer
Micro Computer
Mainframe
Computer
Super Computer
Desktop
Computer
Mini Computer
Tablet PC
Notebook
Computers
Handheld
Computers
Workstations
32. Analog computer
An analog computer does not operate with digital
signals. It recognizes a continuous measurement of
a physical property.
Has no state.
Difficult to operate & use.
Output is usually displayed on a meter or graphs
(e.g. voltage, pressure, speed & temperature)
Has low memory & fewer functions
Built for specific purposes & mainly used in field
of medicine & engineering
34. Digital Computers
A digital computer works with digits.
Everything is described using two states i.e.
either ON or an OFF (in binary 1 or 0
respectively).
It operates by calculating numbers or digits and
gives output in digital form.
These are very fast, can be reprogrammed, & can
compare values efficiently.
Store results in a digital format.
Have various sizes, speeds, capacities &
memories.
35. Difference between Analog and Digital
Computer
Analog Computers Digital Computers
Deals with continuous values,
hence have no state
Deals with Discrete values and have
two states.
Represent physical quantities in the
waves form or continuous form
Represents physical quantities in
numbers or symbols form
Difficult to use, Low memory, Slow
speed, less reliable
Easy to use, Large memory, High
Speed, more reliable
Used in engineering and science Used in all fields of life
Used to calculate analog quantities
like speed, weight, pressure etc
Used to calculate mathematical
and logical operations
Examples, Thermometer, analog
clock etc
Examples: Digital clock, laptops etc
36. Hybrid Computers
Combination of both analog & digital.
Some processing is done on analog part and some on the
digital form.
A hybrid PC combines the best characteristics of both
the other types & thus produces better results
Can take input in both digital & analog from.
In the hybrid types of computers, the Digital parts
convert the analog signals to perform operations and
Process control.
Example: Calculation of patient’s heart function,
temperature, blood pressure & other vital signs. The
measurement may then be converted into numbers &
may be processed for further assessment.
38. Micro Computer
Micro computers are the smallest computer
system. Its also known as Grand child Computer.
Their size range from calculator to desktop size.
Its CPU is microprocessor.
Personal Computer (PC)
A personal computer is a type of microcomputer
designed to meet the computing needs of an
individual.
It consists of one or more input devices, Output
device, storage device, memory and processor.
40. Classification of Micro Computers
Desktop computers
Notebook computers
Tablet PC
Handheld Computers
Workstations
41. Desktop Computer
It is designed in a way that all its components fit
on a desk or a table.
Notebook Computer
It is also called as Laptop Computer, it is small in
size and can be placed easily on lap.
It can be used using batteries, It can perform same
basic functions as a personal computer.
A notebook computer contains CPU, memory
capacity and disk drives.
42. The keyboard and touchpad in notebook
computer are placed on the top of the system unit.
They are easy to carry and can be used outdoors, in
airports and in classrooms without the need for
the nearby electrical outlet.
Tablet PC
A Tablet PC is a portable computing device
featuring a touch-sensitive screen that can be used
as a writing or drawing pad.
The user gives instructions with digital pen.
Many tablet PCs have built-in microphone.
44. Handheld Computers
A handheld computer is one that is designed to fit
into a pocket, run on batteries, and be used while
you are holding it
Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)
Send and receive e-mail
Use maps and global positioning
Maintain expense account, contacts, to-do lists,
memos, etc.
Make voice calls using cellular service (Smart
Phone)
47. Workstations
The term “workstation” has two meanings
Powerful desktop models designed for
specialized tasks
Ordinary personal computers connected to a
local area network.
A computer network is two or more computers or
other devices that are connected for the purpose of
sharing data and programs
49. Mini Computer
Mini Computer is a general purpose computer of a size
intermediate between a microcomputer and a mainframe.
Typically, minicomputers have been stand-alone computers
(computer systems with devices)
They are generally more powerful and useful as
compared to micro computer.
They have larger RAM and storage capacity
Mini computer are also known as mid range computer
or Child computer.
Application:- Departmental systems, Network Servers,
work group system.
51. Main Frame Computer
Mainframe computers are those computers that offer faster
processing and greater storage area.
• These are capable of supporting thousands of users
simultaneously.
• Mainframe computers can process several million instructions
per second
The word “main frame” comes from the metal frames. It is also
known as Father computer.
Application – Host computer, Central data base server.
53. Super Computer
Super computers are fastest and most
expensive.
A super computer contains a number of CPU’s
which operate in parallel to make it faster.
It is also known as grand father computer.
Application :- weather forecasting, weapons,
research and development.
55. Intelligent and Dumb Terminal
Dumb terminal does not have its own CPU and
storage devices.
Has very limited processing capabilities itself,
but allows you to connect to a large powerful
computer such as a mainframe or
minicomputer.
When you process your data from the dumb
terminal, it is the mainframe (or
minicomputer) at the other end of the
network that is performing all the
calculations.
56. Intelligent terminal has its own processor and can
perform some processing operations.
Usually, this type of terminal does not have its own
storage or have very limited storage capacity.
Typically, personal computers are used as intelligent
terminals. A personal computer as an intelligent terminal
gives facility to access data and other services from
mainframe system.
It also enables to store and process data locally at a smaller
level.
57. Data and Information
Data is the collection of raw facts and figures whereas
information is the useful result or inference etc.
obtained after processing some data. In other words
processed data is called information. For example the
observations obtained in the Chemistry lab is the
DATA and the result obtained after going through that
data is the INFORMATION.
59. Data Representation
How do computers represent data?
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
Most computers are digital
• Recognize only two discrete states:
on or off
• Computers are electronic devices
powered by electricity, which has only
two states, on or off
on
off
60. Data Representation
What is the binary system?
Binary
Digit (bit)
Electronic
Charge
Electronic
State
A number system that has just two unique digits, 0 and 1
• A single digit is called a bit (binary digit)
• A bit is the smallest unit of data the computer can represent
• By itself a bit is not very informative
The two digits represent the two off and on states
61. Data Representation
What is a byte?
8-bit byte for the number 3
8-bit byte for the number 5
8-bit byte for the capital letter T
Eight bits are grouped together to form a byte
0s and 1s in each byte are used to represent
individual characters such as letters of the
alphabet, numbers, and punctuation
62. A pdf document is provided in which
further details of bit, nibble, byte, KB,
MB, GB etc is given.
63. Data Representation
What are two popular coding systems to represent
data?
American Standard
Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII)
Extended Binary
Coded Decimal
Interchange Code
(EBCDIC)
• Sufficient for
English and
Western European
languages
64. Data Representation
How is a character sent from the keyboard to the
computer?
Step 1:
The user presses the letter T key
on the keyboard
Step 2:
An electronic signal for the letter
T is sent to the system unit
Step 3:
The signal for the letter T is
converted to its ASCII binary
code (01010100) and is stored in
memory for processing
Step 4:
After processing, the binary
code for the letter T is converted
to an image on the output device
65. Discrete & Continuous Data
Discrete Data: is the data that can only take certain
values.
For example: the number of students in a class (you
can't have half a student).
Continuous Data: is the data that can take any value
(within a range)
Examples: heights. People's heights could be any value
(within the range of human heights), not just certain
fixed heights.
66. Analog & Digital Signal
Analog signals are continuously varying whereas
digital signals are based on 0's and 1's.
67. Examples
consider a clock in which the second hand
smoothly circles the clock face (analog) versus
another clock in which the second hand jumps
as each second passes (digital).
consider a light switch that is either on or off
(digital) and a dimmer switch (analog) that
allows you to vary the light in different degrees
of brightness.