I do not have enough context to summarize this lengthy document in 3 sentences or less. The document contains detailed information about biological membranes and membrane proteins.
Introduction
Definition
Chemical composition
Molecular Structure of PM
Bilayel Model
Garter and Grendel s Model
Overton e Model
Fluid Mosaic Model
. Membrane Protein
Transmembrane Protein
Exterinsic Protein
non cytosolic Protein
6. Protein complex in pm.( cell coat)
7. Function of PM
8. Referance
Structure and function of plasma membrane 2ICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
Introduction
Definition
Chemical composition
Molecular Structure of PM
Bilayel Model
Garter and Grendel s Model
Overton e Model
Fluid Mosaic Model
. Membrane Protein
Transmembrane Protein
Exterinsic Protein
non cytosolic Protein
6. Protein complex in pm.( cell coat)
7. Function of PM
8. Referance
Structure and function of plasma membrane 2ICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
General overview of Plasma/ Cell membrane.
Definition of Plasma/ Cell membrane
Structure of Plasma membrane
1. Sandwitch model OR Danielli- Davson Model
2. Fluid mosaic model
Plasma Membrane Proteins
Chemical Composition of Plasma/ Cell Membrane
Movement across the Cell Membrane
Channels through cell membrane
General overview of Plasma/ Cell membrane.
Definition of Plasma/ Cell membrane
Structure of Plasma membrane
1. Sandwitch model OR Danielli- Davson Model
2. Fluid mosaic model
Plasma Membrane Proteins
Chemical Composition of Plasma/ Cell Membrane
Movement across the Cell Membrane
Channels through cell membrane
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. Surface view of
monolayers.
This sketch of a freeze-
fractured membrane
shows electron
micrographs of the E and
P faces from the plasma
membrane of a mouse
kidney tubule cell.
Individual proteins
imbedded in either face
show up as small
particles (TEMs).
Freeze-Fracture Analysis of a
Membrane.
Lecture 8 Biological Membranes
3. Figure 7-17 Freeze-fracture electron micrograph
of human red blood cells.
Note that the density of intramembrane particles
on the cytosolic (P) face is higher than on the
external (E) face.
4. Lecture 8 Biological Membranes
Fluid mosaic model of membranes
Three classes of membrane proteins:
Protein class Location Interactions
Integral
proteins (Y)
Embedded
within lipid
bilayer
Held in place by
the
hydrophobic
interactions
Peripheral
Proteins
(Z)
Located on
surface of
membrane
Linked
noncovalently
to the polar
groups of
phospholipids
and proteins
Lipid anchored
Proteins
(X)
On the
periphery but
anchored in the
lipid layer
hydrophilic
5. 11_21_proteins.associ.jpg
Lecture 8 Biological Membranes
Membrane proteins can associate with the lipid bilayer in
several different ways
(A) Transmembrane proteins can extend across the bilayer as a single a helix,
as multiple a helices, or as a rolled-up b sheet (called a b barrel).
(B) Some membrane proteins are anchored to the cytosolic surface by an
amphipathic a helix.
(C) Others are attached to either side of the bilayer solely by a covalent
attachment to a lipid molecule (red zigzag lines).
(D) Finally, many proteins are attached to the membrane only by relatively
6. Figure 7-19 The Main Classes of Membrane Proteins
Membrane proteins are classified according to their mode of attachment to the membrane. Integral
membrane proteins contain one or more hydrophobic regions that are embedded within the lipid
bilayer. Peripheral membrane proteins are too hydrophilic to penetrate into the membrane but are
attached to the membrane by electrostatic and hydrogen bonds that link them to adjacent
membrane proteins or to phospholipid head groups. Lipid-anchored proteins are hydrophilic and do
not penetrate into the membrane; they are covalently bound to lipid molecules that are embedded
in the lipid bilayer. (f) Proteins on the inner surface of the membrane are usually anchored by either a
fatty acid or a prenyl group. (g) On the outer membrane surface, the most common lipid anchor is
glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI).
Lecture 8 Biological Membranes
7. Transmembrane protein
Lecture 8 Biological Membranes
Hydrophobic amino acid
residues span membrane
Hydrophilic domains on both
sides of membrane
Only outer domain has
covalently attached carbohydrates
Extracted with detergents
Glycophorine one transmembrane span
9. Integral membrane protein
Lecture 8 Biological Membranes
Most membrane proteins have multiple
transmembrane spans.
More difficult to work with than water soluble
protein
Bacteriorodpsin
10. Peripheral protein
Lecture 8 Biological Membranes
No transmembrane spans.
Located on surface of membrane .
Usually bound electrostatically to membrane.
11. Peripheral protein
Lecture 8 Biological Membranes
No hydrophobic interactions with interior of
membrane
bind to other proteins
bind to lipid head groups.
Peripheral proteins much easier to isolate (like
water soluble protein)
12. Lipid anchored proteins
Lecture 8 Biological Membranes
Hydrophilic proteins that don’t penetrate into the
membranes.
Covalently bound to lipid molecules that are
embedded in lipid bilayer.
16. Figure 11–20 Plasma membrane
proteins have a variety of
functions.
Lecture 10, membranes
17. Light transduction
Lecture 10, membranes
Absorb light:
Rhodopsin: absorbed light triggers nervous
impulse.
Bacteriorhodopsin: uses light energy to
transport H+ across membrane.
Light harvesting proteins
Reaction center proteins
Transfer light
energy to other
protein
18. Electron transport proteins
Lecture 10, membranes
Transfer e- from one molecule to another
molecule
examples:
Cytochrome C
Ferredoxin
Plastocyanin
20. Membrane carbohydrates
Lecture 10, membranes
Approximately 2-10 % of mass
Confined mainly to the non-cytosolic surface:-
- On the extracellular surface of the cells
- Inward toward the lumen of the compartment
23. In many animal cells, the carbohydrate groups of
plasma membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids
protrude from the cell surface and form a surface coat
called the glycocalyx (meaning “sugar coat”).
they are important components of the recognition
sites of membrane receptors, in antibody-antigen
reactions, and in intercellular adhesion to form tissues.
Glycocalyx surrounding
animal egg cell
26. Glycocalyx of Streptococcus enables it to escape
detection & destruction by immune system
Lecture 10, membranes
27. Membrane carbohydrates bound to
the internal surface of lipid bilayer
Lecture 10, membranes
Covalently bound carbohydrates to the
internal surface of
Golgi vesicles
Secretion vesicles
Lysosomes also have
28. RBC plasma membrane composition
(by weight)
Lecture 10, membranes
1. 52% protein
2. 40% lipid
3. 8% carbohydrate by weight
Note: Most of the membrane mass IS NOT due to
lipids!!!
An erythrocyte is a small, disk-shaped cell with a diameter of
about 7 μm. A mammalian erythrocyte contains no nucleus or
other organelles, which makes it easy to obtain very pure
plasma membrane preparations without contamination by
organelle membranes.
30. Structural Features of the Erythrocyte
Plasma Membrane
Lecture 10, membranes
integral proteins
a.Glycophorin
b.Anion channel
peripheral
proteins
a)Spectrin
b)Ankyrin
c)Actin
d)Band 4.1
31. Lecture 10, membranes
FIGURE 7-28
demonstration of the
mobility of membrane
proteins by cell fusion.
The mobility of
membrane proteins
can be shown
experimentally by the
mixing of membrane
proteins that occurs
when cells from two
different species
(mouse and human)
are fused and the
membrane proteins
are labeled with
specific fluorescent
antibodies.
33. Lecture 10, membranes
Critical thinking
The effects of temperature and lipid composition on
membrane fluidity are often studied by using artificial
membranes containing only one or a few kinds of
lipids and no proteins. Assume that you have made
the following artificial membranes:
Membrane 1: Made entirely from
phosphatidylcholine with saturated 16-carbon fatty
acids.
Membrane 2: Same as membrane 1, except that
each of the 16-carbon fatty acids has a single cis
double bond.
Membrane 3: Same as membrane 1, except that
each of the saturated fatty acids has only 14
carbon atoms.
34. Lecture 10, membranes
After determining the transition temperatures of
samples representing each of the membranes, you
discover that your lab partner failed to record which
membranes the samples correspond to. The three
values you determined are –36°C, 23°C, and 41°C.
Assign each of these transition temperatures to the
correct artificial membrane, and explain your
reasoning.
