Lecture 1 science an introduction

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introduction to science

EVERYDAY SCIENCE
BY
Mr. AFZAAL HUSSAIN
PIONEER SCIENCE COLLEGE BHALWAL

SCIENCE AN
INTRODUCTION
The word ‘Science‘
It is derived from the Latin
(Roman) word ‘
Scientia’ or ‘Scire’
which means knowledge.

Definition
Science deals with the
understanding of natural
phenomena and the relations
between them and its end is
the rational interpretation of
facts of existence as
disclosed to us by our faculties
and senses.

Karl Pearson
 The hypotheses of Science
according to a great thinker, Karl
Pearson are formed
 On the basis of the observed
facts, which, when confirmed
by criticism and experiments
are turned into the "Law of
Nature".

J. Arthur Thomson
 In the words of J. Arthur Thomson.
 " Science is the well criticised body of
empirical knowledge declaring in the
Simplest and Tersest terms available
at the time what can be observed and
experimented with, and summing up
uniformities of change in formula
which are called laws verifiable by all
who can use methods.

Triangle of science
Hypothesis
Theory Law
Hypothesis, theory
and law seems to be
the vertices of the
triangle of science
based on experiments
and observations.

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-----GROVER MAXWELL------ The Ontological Status of Theoretical Entities That anyone today should seriously contend that the entities referred to by scientific theories are only convenient fictions, or that talk about such entities is translatable without remainder into talk about sense con- tents or everyday physical objects, or that such talk should be regarded as belonging to a mere calculating device and, thus, without cognitive con tent-such contentions strike me as so incongruous with the scientific and rational attitude and practice that I feel this paper should turn out to be a demolition of straw men. But the instrumentalist views of out- standing physicists such as Bohr and Heisenberg are too well known to be cited, and in a recent book of great competence, Professor Ernest Nagel concludes that "the opposition between [the realist and the in- slrumentalist] views [of theories] is a conflict over preferred modes of sp cch" and "the question as to which of them is the 'correct position' ha s only terminological interest." 1 The phoenix, it seems, will not be laid to rest. The literature on the subject is, of course, voluminous, and a compre- lt nsive treatment of the problem is far beyond the scope of one essay. I sl1all limit myself to a small number of constructive arguments (for a r lically realistic interpretation of theories) and to a critical examination of s me of the more crucial assumptions (sometimes tacit, sometimes · pli it) that seem to have generated most of the problems in this area.2 ' fo: . Nngcl, TJ1c Structure of Science (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, l ') il), h . 6. 1 l•'or th e ge nes is and part of the content of some of the ideas expressed herein, I 11n ind ·bled to a number of sources; some of the more influential are H. Feig!, " 11: IN! ·11t inl llypotheses," PI1ilosophy of Science, 17 : 35-62 ( 1950); P . K. Feyerabend , '' 11 Alt · 111pt nt n Rcnlistic Interpretation of Experience," Proceedings of the Aristo- 1 / 1111 Soi ty, 58 :144- 170 (1958); N . R . Hanson, Patterns of Discovery (Cam- 111 ii 1: ,n111hridgc University Press, 1958); E. Nagel, Joe . cit.; Karl Popper, The I 11 c• of S ·i 11tilic Dis ovcry (London : Hutchinson, 19 59); M. Scriven, "Definitions, f1,ph11111 t i11 11 s 1 :ind Th ·ori ·s," in Miuneso ta Studies in tlie Philosophy of Science, 3 Grover MaxweII The Problem Although this essay is not comprehensive, it aspires to be fairly self- contained. Let me, therefore, give a pseudohistorical introduction to the problem with a piece of science fiction (or fictional science). In the days before the advent of microscopes, there lived a Pas teur- like scien tist whom, following the usual custom, I shall call Jon es. Re- fl ecting on the fact that certain diseases seemed to be transmitted from one person to another by means of bodily contact or b y contact with articles handled previously by an afHicted person, Jones began to specu- late about ...

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Lecture 1 science an introduction

1. EVERYDAY SCIENCE BY Mr. AFZAAL HUSSAIN PIONEER SCIENCE COLLEGE BHALWAL

2. SCIENCE AN INTRODUCTION The word ‘Science‘ It is derived from the Latin (Roman) word ‘ Scientia’ or ‘Scire’ which means knowledge.

3. Definition Science deals with the understanding of natural phenomena and the relations between them and its end is the rational interpretation of facts of existence as disclosed to us by our faculties and senses.

4. Karl Pearson  The hypotheses of Science according to a great thinker, Karl Pearson are formed  On the basis of the observed facts, which, when confirmed by criticism and experiments are turned into the "Law of Nature".

5. J. Arthur Thomson  In the words of J. Arthur Thomson.  " Science is the well criticised body of empirical knowledge declaring in the Simplest and Tersest terms available at the time what can be observed and experimented with, and summing up uniformities of change in formula which are called laws verifiable by all who can use methods.

6. Triangle of science Hypothesis Theory Law Hypothesis, theory and law seems to be the vertices of the triangle of science based on experiments and observations.