This document provides information about the Environmental Engineering II course offered by Tajkia Syeed Tofa of the CE Department at MIST. The course covers topics related to water, sanitation, hygiene and health. Assessment includes quizzes, a midterm exam worth 40% and a final exam worth 60%. The course syllabus outlines various topics to be covered including wastewater treatment methods, fecal sludge and solid waste management, and environmental pollution control. References for the course are also provided.
This document discusses solutions for providing clean drinking water and proper sanitation in India. It notes that over one third of India's population lacks access to basic sanitation and safe drinking water. Some of the key issues discussed include depleting groundwater resources, inadequate water supply even where infrastructure exists, and health impacts of unsafe water and lack of sanitation. Proposed solutions focus on innovative technologies for water supply and sanitation, including systems for emptying and treating waste from non-sewered areas. Community-led approaches, public-private partnerships, and generating demand for sanitation services are also recommended. The document advocates for institutional and policy reforms to support expanded access to clean water and sanitation.
This document provides an introduction to drinking water quality, waterborne diseases, and water quality monitoring. It discusses that while access to water has improved globally, water quality remains a major public health crisis as many improved water sources remain contaminated. Contaminated water can transmit deadly diseases and around 1 billion people lack access to clean water. The document outlines factors contributing to water contamination and corrective actions needed to improve water quality monitoring and ensure access to safe drinking water for all as targeted by UN Sustainable Development Goal 6.
Introduction to Drinking Water Quality: A Layperson’s Guide to Water Quality,...lhirsh
Poor water quality is a global health crisis. Not everyone who must help remedy this monumental problem is a scientist, or policy maker, or water, sanitation and hygiene expert, or public health professional. However, everyone at every level must have some understanding of the subject and science behind it.
Our booklet provides basic information to help people make intelligent decisions about safe drinking water.
This presentation covers water and sanitation as predictors of good health and wellbeing. Poor water and sanitary conditions permits the outbreaks of epidemics as well as infectious and communicable diseases. It is an important goal in the sustainable development goals and all efforts must be made to protect our water bodies and uphold the highest standards of sanitation
A STUDY ON SANITATION AND WOMEN S HEALTH PROBLEMS IN RURAL AREASBecky Gilbert
This document discusses sanitation issues in rural areas and its impact on women's health. It begins by defining sanitation and discussing the poor state of sanitation infrastructure in both urban and rural India. Over half of India's urban population lacks access to sewer systems and toilets. Open defecation is common and a major cause of disease. The objective of the study is to examine rural sanitation conditions, open defecation practices, and their effects on women's health. Globally, over 2 billion people lack access to adequate sanitation facilities, especially in Asia and Africa. Poor sanitation leads to widespread disease and death.
Over 1 billion people lack access to safe water and over 3 billion people lack adequate sanitation facilities. This number could rise to 5.5 billion within 20 years. Forty percent of people in developing countries do not have improved sanitation. There is a need to prioritize safe containment and disposal of human waste to reduce health risks from diseases caused by unsafe water and sanitation such as diarrhea. Providing access to adequate sanitation allows people to live with dignity and have their basic needs met. Efforts are needed to generate awareness of good hygiene and sanitation practices and ensure sustainability of related infrastructure.
Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and adequate treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage.[1] Preventing human contact with feces is part of sanitation, as is hand washing with soap. Sanitation system aim to protect human health by providing a clean environment that will stop the transmission of disease, especially through the fecal-oral route.[2] For example, diarrhea, a main cause of malnutrition and stunted growth in children, can be reduced through sanitation.[3] There are many other diseases which are easily transmitted in communities that have low levels of sanitation, such as ascariasis (a type of intestinal worm infection or helminthiasis), cholera, hepatitis, polio, schistosomiasis, trachoma, to name just a few.
A range of sanitation technologies and approaches exists. Some examples are community-led total sanitation, container-based sanitation, ecological sanitation, emergency sanitation, environmental sanitation, onsite sanitation and sustainable sanitation. A sanitation system includes the capture, storage, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta and wastewater.[4] Reuse activities within the sanitation system may focus on the nutrients, water, energy or organic matter contained in excreta and wastewater. This is referred to as the "sanitation value chain" or "sanitation economy
This document discusses solutions for providing clean drinking water and proper sanitation in India. It notes that over one third of India's population lacks access to basic sanitation and safe drinking water. Some of the key issues discussed include depleting groundwater resources, inadequate water supply even where infrastructure exists, and health impacts of unsafe water and lack of sanitation. Proposed solutions focus on innovative technologies for water supply and sanitation, including systems for emptying and treating waste from non-sewered areas. Community-led approaches, public-private partnerships, and generating demand for sanitation services are also recommended. The document advocates for institutional and policy reforms to support expanded access to clean water and sanitation.
This document provides an introduction to drinking water quality, waterborne diseases, and water quality monitoring. It discusses that while access to water has improved globally, water quality remains a major public health crisis as many improved water sources remain contaminated. Contaminated water can transmit deadly diseases and around 1 billion people lack access to clean water. The document outlines factors contributing to water contamination and corrective actions needed to improve water quality monitoring and ensure access to safe drinking water for all as targeted by UN Sustainable Development Goal 6.
Introduction to Drinking Water Quality: A Layperson’s Guide to Water Quality,...lhirsh
Poor water quality is a global health crisis. Not everyone who must help remedy this monumental problem is a scientist, or policy maker, or water, sanitation and hygiene expert, or public health professional. However, everyone at every level must have some understanding of the subject and science behind it.
Our booklet provides basic information to help people make intelligent decisions about safe drinking water.
This presentation covers water and sanitation as predictors of good health and wellbeing. Poor water and sanitary conditions permits the outbreaks of epidemics as well as infectious and communicable diseases. It is an important goal in the sustainable development goals and all efforts must be made to protect our water bodies and uphold the highest standards of sanitation
A STUDY ON SANITATION AND WOMEN S HEALTH PROBLEMS IN RURAL AREASBecky Gilbert
This document discusses sanitation issues in rural areas and its impact on women's health. It begins by defining sanitation and discussing the poor state of sanitation infrastructure in both urban and rural India. Over half of India's urban population lacks access to sewer systems and toilets. Open defecation is common and a major cause of disease. The objective of the study is to examine rural sanitation conditions, open defecation practices, and their effects on women's health. Globally, over 2 billion people lack access to adequate sanitation facilities, especially in Asia and Africa. Poor sanitation leads to widespread disease and death.
Over 1 billion people lack access to safe water and over 3 billion people lack adequate sanitation facilities. This number could rise to 5.5 billion within 20 years. Forty percent of people in developing countries do not have improved sanitation. There is a need to prioritize safe containment and disposal of human waste to reduce health risks from diseases caused by unsafe water and sanitation such as diarrhea. Providing access to adequate sanitation allows people to live with dignity and have their basic needs met. Efforts are needed to generate awareness of good hygiene and sanitation practices and ensure sustainability of related infrastructure.
Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and adequate treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage.[1] Preventing human contact with feces is part of sanitation, as is hand washing with soap. Sanitation system aim to protect human health by providing a clean environment that will stop the transmission of disease, especially through the fecal-oral route.[2] For example, diarrhea, a main cause of malnutrition and stunted growth in children, can be reduced through sanitation.[3] There are many other diseases which are easily transmitted in communities that have low levels of sanitation, such as ascariasis (a type of intestinal worm infection or helminthiasis), cholera, hepatitis, polio, schistosomiasis, trachoma, to name just a few.
A range of sanitation technologies and approaches exists. Some examples are community-led total sanitation, container-based sanitation, ecological sanitation, emergency sanitation, environmental sanitation, onsite sanitation and sustainable sanitation. A sanitation system includes the capture, storage, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta and wastewater.[4] Reuse activities within the sanitation system may focus on the nutrients, water, energy or organic matter contained in excreta and wastewater. This is referred to as the "sanitation value chain" or "sanitation economy
The document discusses the large problem of access to clean drinking water and sanitation in India, noting statistics on water-borne diseases and the hundreds of millions of people without access. It then provides details on various technologies and approaches that could help address this issue, such as rainwater harvesting techniques, water filters, and monitoring water quality. A group of 5 people aims to help solve this problem through their discussion on the topic.
The document discusses the global issues of water scarcity and lack of sanitation access. It provides statistics showing that by 2030, half the world's population will experience water stress and over 1 billion people currently lack access to safe drinking water. Improving access to water and sanitation has significant benefits for public health, economic development, and human dignity. The document then discusses specific programs and policies in India to expand rural water access and sanitation through community-managed schemes.
Sustainable Water (Safe Water and Improved Sanitation): Engaging the YouthsCharles Anukwonke
The slide presented the sustainable development goal number 6. and its concerns; Safe water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Financial innovation strategy is presented on how it will help achieve the said goal of sate water and sustainability.
How can we reduce open defecation in rural India?Yogesh Upadhyaya
The document discusses strategies for reducing open defecation in rural India. It notes that open defecation is a major public health issue, killing many children through diarrhea. Though toilet construction has increased access from 22% to 31% over 10 years, 69% of rural Indians still lack access. Key barriers include lack of toilets, poor quality construction, and social norms. Strategies proposed include improving delivery of subsidies for construction, ensuring quality construction with water supply and drainage, changing social norms among men, and monitoring usage not just construction. Addressing these issues could enable rural Indians to stop open defecation and improve health.
The document discusses issues related to drinking water and sanitation in India. It notes that about 70% of the population lacks basic sanitation and 226 million people lack access to safe drinking water. Some of the proposed solutions discussed include seeking new water sources, reducing demand from agriculture/industry, recycling grey water, and implementing low-cost sanitation systems with community involvement. The solutions could help provide access to clean drinking water and sanitation for many but also face challenges like social acceptance and proper treatment of wastewater. Mitigation strategies and continued education efforts are needed.
This document discusses water and sanitation challenges in India. It notes that water is essential for life but is often contaminated, and many people in India lack access to safe drinking water. Inadequate sanitation is also widespread and a major cause of disease. Some solutions proposed include seeking new water sources through desalination, reducing water demand in agriculture and industry, recycling water, and improving sanitation facilities and wastewater treatment. Proper sanitation is important for public health by preventing the spread of diseases.
This document discusses sustainable sanitation and sanitary conditions around the world. It notes that 2.5 billion people lack improved sanitation and many developing countries treat little of their wastewater. It also discusses diseases related to poor sanitation like diarrhea and ascariasis. Sustainable sanitation systems must protect human health, not harm the environment, be appropriate and affordable. Functions of sanitation include excreta containment and treatment, greywater management, and stormwater handling.
This document discusses issues related to water and sanitation in India. It notes that about 70% of the population lacks basic sanitation and access to safe drinking water, which costs India about 6.4% of its GDP annually. Several solutions are proposed, including seeking new water sources, reducing demand, recycling water, and improving sanitation through community-led programs. However, challenges remain in changing behaviors, ensuring access for all, and proper treatment of wastewater. Overall implementation will require increased infrastructure, education, community management, and addressing open defecation and lack of toilet use.
This document discusses sanitation, public health, and microbiology in Bangladesh. It covers several key points:
1) Public health microbiology deals with microbial pathogens and how they cause disease. Laboratory tests are used to identify bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi that cause illnesses.
2) Bangladesh faces challenges in water supply and sanitation. While most people have access to groundwater, many wells are contaminated with unsafe levels of arsenic. Lack of access to improved sanitation also contributes to health issues.
3) Proper disposal of human waste and treatment of wastewater/sewage is important for public health. However, Bangladesh still has many people without access to basic sanitation facilities and wast
This document is a case study examining accessibility to water supply and waste disposal facilities in Oworonshoki slum area of Lagos, Nigeria. It finds that private individuals provide 64% of daily water while public provision is only 36%. The slum area faces serious problems with sanitation and hygiene due to lack of facilities and open defecation. The study evaluates accessibility and usefulness of water and waste services for improved living standards through surveys and analysis of the local population. Key issues identified include water scarcity, overflowing drains, infrequent waste collection contributing to unhygienic conditions and health risks for residents.
India faces increasing water scarcity due to population growth, urbanization, and climate change. Agriculture, which uses 90% of India's water supply, and industry are major contributors to growing water demand. By 2050, water demand is expected to outstrip supply as population increases to 1.66 billion and urban population grows substantially. To address this, India must improve water management through conservation programs, rainwater harvesting, and policies around equitable water distribution between states.
The document summarizes solutions to address India's water and sanitation crisis. It proposes using sea water for certain applications to preserve fresh water. It also suggests providing packaged drinking water to infants and pregnant women. Other solutions include promoting dry cleaning to reduce water usage, requiring industries to install sewage treatment plants, and raising awareness about hand washing and proper garbage disposal. The proposals discuss implementation approaches including relevant government roles, funding sources, and challenges to effective implementation.
Drinking water is essential for life but can become contaminated through various sources, posing health risks. Sanitation through hygienic prevention of contact with waste is important for public health. In India, many lack access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation, which can have serious health repercussions like diarrhea, skin diseases, and various infections. The government has undertaken programs to improve rural sanitation and clean water access, but challenges remain in fully achieving these goals.
Drinking water is essential for life but can become contaminated through various sources, posing health risks. Sanitation through hygienic prevention of contact with waste is important for public health. In India, many lack access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation, which can have serious health repercussions like diarrhea, skin diseases, and various infections. The government has undertaken programs to improve rural sanitation and clean water access, but challenges remain in fully achieving these goals.
Drinking water is essential for life but can become contaminated through various sources, posing health risks. Sanitation through hygienic prevention of contact with waste is important for public health. In India, many lack access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation, which can have serious health repercussions like diarrhea, skin diseases, and various infections. The government has undertaken programs to improve rural sanitation and clean water access, but challenges remain in fully achieving these goals.
Drinking water is essential for life but can become contaminated through various sources, posing health risks. Sanitation through hygienic prevention of contact with waste is important for public health. In India, many lack access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation, which can have serious health repercussions like diarrhea, skin diseases, and various infections. The government has undertaken programs to improve rural sanitation and clean water access, but challenges remain in fully achieving these goals.
Drinking water is essential for life but can become contaminated through various sources, posing health risks. Sanitation through hygienic prevention of contact with waste is important for public health. In India, many lack access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation, which can have serious health repercussions like diarrhea, skin diseases, and various infections. The government has undertaken programs to improve rural sanitation and clean water access, but challenges remain in fully achieving these goals.
Drinking water is essential for life but can become contaminated through various sources, posing health risks. Sanitation through hygienic prevention of contact with waste is important for public health. In India, many lack access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation, which can have serious health repercussions like diarrhea, skin diseases, and various infections. The government has undertaken programs to improve rural sanitation and clean water access, but challenges remain in fully achieving these goals.
It is about sanitation and public health microbiology with special reference to Bangladesh. It covers: water supply, the use of safe water, sanitation, disposal of human excreta and refuse.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
The document discusses the large problem of access to clean drinking water and sanitation in India, noting statistics on water-borne diseases and the hundreds of millions of people without access. It then provides details on various technologies and approaches that could help address this issue, such as rainwater harvesting techniques, water filters, and monitoring water quality. A group of 5 people aims to help solve this problem through their discussion on the topic.
The document discusses the global issues of water scarcity and lack of sanitation access. It provides statistics showing that by 2030, half the world's population will experience water stress and over 1 billion people currently lack access to safe drinking water. Improving access to water and sanitation has significant benefits for public health, economic development, and human dignity. The document then discusses specific programs and policies in India to expand rural water access and sanitation through community-managed schemes.
Sustainable Water (Safe Water and Improved Sanitation): Engaging the YouthsCharles Anukwonke
The slide presented the sustainable development goal number 6. and its concerns; Safe water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Financial innovation strategy is presented on how it will help achieve the said goal of sate water and sustainability.
How can we reduce open defecation in rural India?Yogesh Upadhyaya
The document discusses strategies for reducing open defecation in rural India. It notes that open defecation is a major public health issue, killing many children through diarrhea. Though toilet construction has increased access from 22% to 31% over 10 years, 69% of rural Indians still lack access. Key barriers include lack of toilets, poor quality construction, and social norms. Strategies proposed include improving delivery of subsidies for construction, ensuring quality construction with water supply and drainage, changing social norms among men, and monitoring usage not just construction. Addressing these issues could enable rural Indians to stop open defecation and improve health.
The document discusses issues related to drinking water and sanitation in India. It notes that about 70% of the population lacks basic sanitation and 226 million people lack access to safe drinking water. Some of the proposed solutions discussed include seeking new water sources, reducing demand from agriculture/industry, recycling grey water, and implementing low-cost sanitation systems with community involvement. The solutions could help provide access to clean drinking water and sanitation for many but also face challenges like social acceptance and proper treatment of wastewater. Mitigation strategies and continued education efforts are needed.
This document discusses water and sanitation challenges in India. It notes that water is essential for life but is often contaminated, and many people in India lack access to safe drinking water. Inadequate sanitation is also widespread and a major cause of disease. Some solutions proposed include seeking new water sources through desalination, reducing water demand in agriculture and industry, recycling water, and improving sanitation facilities and wastewater treatment. Proper sanitation is important for public health by preventing the spread of diseases.
This document discusses sustainable sanitation and sanitary conditions around the world. It notes that 2.5 billion people lack improved sanitation and many developing countries treat little of their wastewater. It also discusses diseases related to poor sanitation like diarrhea and ascariasis. Sustainable sanitation systems must protect human health, not harm the environment, be appropriate and affordable. Functions of sanitation include excreta containment and treatment, greywater management, and stormwater handling.
This document discusses issues related to water and sanitation in India. It notes that about 70% of the population lacks basic sanitation and access to safe drinking water, which costs India about 6.4% of its GDP annually. Several solutions are proposed, including seeking new water sources, reducing demand, recycling water, and improving sanitation through community-led programs. However, challenges remain in changing behaviors, ensuring access for all, and proper treatment of wastewater. Overall implementation will require increased infrastructure, education, community management, and addressing open defecation and lack of toilet use.
This document discusses sanitation, public health, and microbiology in Bangladesh. It covers several key points:
1) Public health microbiology deals with microbial pathogens and how they cause disease. Laboratory tests are used to identify bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi that cause illnesses.
2) Bangladesh faces challenges in water supply and sanitation. While most people have access to groundwater, many wells are contaminated with unsafe levels of arsenic. Lack of access to improved sanitation also contributes to health issues.
3) Proper disposal of human waste and treatment of wastewater/sewage is important for public health. However, Bangladesh still has many people without access to basic sanitation facilities and wast
This document is a case study examining accessibility to water supply and waste disposal facilities in Oworonshoki slum area of Lagos, Nigeria. It finds that private individuals provide 64% of daily water while public provision is only 36%. The slum area faces serious problems with sanitation and hygiene due to lack of facilities and open defecation. The study evaluates accessibility and usefulness of water and waste services for improved living standards through surveys and analysis of the local population. Key issues identified include water scarcity, overflowing drains, infrequent waste collection contributing to unhygienic conditions and health risks for residents.
India faces increasing water scarcity due to population growth, urbanization, and climate change. Agriculture, which uses 90% of India's water supply, and industry are major contributors to growing water demand. By 2050, water demand is expected to outstrip supply as population increases to 1.66 billion and urban population grows substantially. To address this, India must improve water management through conservation programs, rainwater harvesting, and policies around equitable water distribution between states.
The document summarizes solutions to address India's water and sanitation crisis. It proposes using sea water for certain applications to preserve fresh water. It also suggests providing packaged drinking water to infants and pregnant women. Other solutions include promoting dry cleaning to reduce water usage, requiring industries to install sewage treatment plants, and raising awareness about hand washing and proper garbage disposal. The proposals discuss implementation approaches including relevant government roles, funding sources, and challenges to effective implementation.
Drinking water is essential for life but can become contaminated through various sources, posing health risks. Sanitation through hygienic prevention of contact with waste is important for public health. In India, many lack access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation, which can have serious health repercussions like diarrhea, skin diseases, and various infections. The government has undertaken programs to improve rural sanitation and clean water access, but challenges remain in fully achieving these goals.
Drinking water is essential for life but can become contaminated through various sources, posing health risks. Sanitation through hygienic prevention of contact with waste is important for public health. In India, many lack access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation, which can have serious health repercussions like diarrhea, skin diseases, and various infections. The government has undertaken programs to improve rural sanitation and clean water access, but challenges remain in fully achieving these goals.
Drinking water is essential for life but can become contaminated through various sources, posing health risks. Sanitation through hygienic prevention of contact with waste is important for public health. In India, many lack access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation, which can have serious health repercussions like diarrhea, skin diseases, and various infections. The government has undertaken programs to improve rural sanitation and clean water access, but challenges remain in fully achieving these goals.
Drinking water is essential for life but can become contaminated through various sources, posing health risks. Sanitation through hygienic prevention of contact with waste is important for public health. In India, many lack access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation, which can have serious health repercussions like diarrhea, skin diseases, and various infections. The government has undertaken programs to improve rural sanitation and clean water access, but challenges remain in fully achieving these goals.
Drinking water is essential for life but can become contaminated through various sources, posing health risks. Sanitation through hygienic prevention of contact with waste is important for public health. In India, many lack access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation, which can have serious health repercussions like diarrhea, skin diseases, and various infections. The government has undertaken programs to improve rural sanitation and clean water access, but challenges remain in fully achieving these goals.
Drinking water is essential for life but can become contaminated through various sources, posing health risks. Sanitation through hygienic prevention of contact with waste is important for public health. In India, many lack access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation, which can have serious health repercussions like diarrhea, skin diseases, and various infections. The government has undertaken programs to improve rural sanitation and clean water access, but challenges remain in fully achieving these goals.
It is about sanitation and public health microbiology with special reference to Bangladesh. It covers: water supply, the use of safe water, sanitation, disposal of human excreta and refuse.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
3. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 3
Assessment
Attendance
Quiz (2)
Mid term (1)
40%
Final exam 60%
4. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 4
Course Syllabus
Water, sanitation, hygiene, and health
Types of wastes and sanitation
Sanitation for low income communities
Low cost SBS system for rural areas
Design and construction of septic tank, soak pit, sub-surface drain fields
Introduction to Food Sanitation, Ecological Sanitation
Microbiology of wastewater, Treatment
- Preliminary, primary treatment
Waste stabilization pond
Effluent disposal method
Sludge type, characteristics, collection of sludge
Introduction to fecal Sludge management
Introduction to solid waste management
Environmental pollution, management and EIA
5. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 5
References
1. Environmental Engineering - Howard S. Peavy, Donald R. Rowe.
2. CE 333 Handouts and Class Lectures.
3. Water Supply, waste disposal and Sanitary Engineering - AK Chatterjee.
4. Water Supply and Sanitation - M Feroze Ahmed and MM Rahman.
5. Environmental Sanitation, Wastewater Treatment and Disposal – Tanveer Ferdous Saeed,
Abdullah Al-Muyeed, Tanvir Ahmed.
6. Wastewater Engineering- Metcalf and Eddy.
7. Water Supply and Sewerage- Terence J. McGhee.
6. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 6
WASH
stands for-
WASH (or Watsan, WaSH) is an acronym that
stands for "water, sanitation and hygiene".
Universal, affordable and sustainable
access to WASH is a key public health issue
within international development and is the focus of the first two targets of Sustainable
Development Goal 6 (SDG 6).
8. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 8
Figure depicts the interrelationship
between water, sanitation and hygiene
education.
Improvement
of Health
Hygiene
Education
Water
Supply
Sanitation
Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST
9. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 9
SOME KEY FACTS (UNICEF) OF WASH WORLDWIDE
Worldwide, 2.2
billion people still
lack access to safe
drinking water.
More than half of the
global population
does not have access
to safe sanitation.
3 billion people do
not have access to
handwashing
facilities with soap.
Still, 673 million
people practice open
defecation.
At least 10% of world
population consume
food irrigated by
wastewater
10. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 10
UN- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals
Adopted by the United Nations in 2015 to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that
by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
There are 17 SDGs goals and all are integrated
SDG 6
Link:
https://sdgs.un.org/goals
11. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 11
SDG- 6
To ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for
all.
The SDGs offer
unprecedented opportunities
to improve health by
dramatically increasing
the availability and use of
WASH services.
12. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 12
Figure: WASH-related SDG targets
WASH-related SDG targets
6.1: By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking
water for all.
6.2: By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all
and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls
and those in vulnerable situations.
13. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 13
SDG- 6: Targets
6.a: By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to
developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes,
including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment,
recycling and reuse technologies
6.b: Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water
and sanitation management
14. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 14
WASH AND HEALTH
Safe drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene are crucial to human health and wellbeing and
helps to create resilient communities living in healthy environments.
Drinking unsafe water impairs health through water related illnesses.
Emerging contaminants to drinking-water such as micropollutants, pharmaceuticals and
microplastics pose as significant risks to health as pathogens like Legionella.
Safe and sufficient WASH prevents numerous neglected tropical diseases such as trachoma,
soil-transmitted helminths etc.
15. 15
WATER AND HEALTH
Evidence suggests that improving service levels towards safely managed drinking water (indicators for SDG 6.1
and 6.2) such as regulated piped water or connections to sewers with wastewater treatment can dramatically
improve health by reducing diarrhoeal disease deaths.
16. 16
An hypothetical example of a population
that is drinking unimproved water with 100
diarrheal deaths partly due to the risks
associated with unimproved water.
Diarrheal deaths would be reduced
to 25 withwellmanaged piped water
(WHO 2018).
Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST
17. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 17
SANITATION AND HEALTH
Evidence suggests that improving service levels towards sanitation (indicators for SDG 6.1 and 6.2) such as
regulated piped water or connections to sewers with wastewater treatment can dramatically improve health by
reducing diarrhoeal disease deaths.
Figure 2 below illustrates a
similar hypothetical example for
sanitation (WHO 2018).
18. 18
Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST
DEFINITION OF SANITATION
Sanitation may be defined as the science and practice of effecting healthful and
hygienic conditions and involves the study and use of hygienic measures such as:
• Safe, reliable water supply
• Proper drainage of wastewater
• Proper disposal of all human wastes
• Prompt removal of all refuse
The word sanitation actually refers to all conditions that affect health, and according
to the World Health Organization (WHO) may include such things as food sanitation,
rainwater drainage, solid waste disposal and atmospheric pollution.
19. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 19
SANITATION AND HEALTH
Providing appropriate sanitation mainly has several important purposes:
a) Privacy
b) Convenience
c) Health
d) To keep environment clean
20. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 20
e) Matter of prestige
OBJECTIVES OF SANITATION
The principal objectives of providing sanitation facilities are:
To have improved public health
To minimize environmental pollution
21. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 21
SANITATION SCENERIO: BANGLADESH
Considering a very high population density, continuous population growth and the still omnipresent
poverty, the provision of adequate water supply and sanitation (WSS) services in sufficient quantities
presents one of the largest challenges Bangladesh is currently facing
22. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 22
Figure: Access to safe water supply and sanitation
23. 23
SANITATION SITUATION IN BANGLADESH: URBAN
In urban areas a range of on-site options such as septic tanks, single and double pit
pour-flush latrines are used.
Conventional sewerage systems are used only in parts of Dhaka and cover only 18%
of the city's 8.5 million people.
The sanitary condition of urban slums is deplorable. They often defecate on the
drains, in open fields, near the roads, or on the riverbanks. The problem is acute with
female residents who have to wait till sunset for defecation or use a neighbor’s latrine
if available.
Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST
Of about 30 million urban dwellers, sanitation coverage is only about 42%.
26. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 26
SANITATION SITUATION IN BANGLADESH: RURAL
Of which, 22% uses the so-called home-made pit latrines that are constructed by
placing a squatting slab made of bamboo over a manually dug pit.
RURAL SANITATION IN BANGLADESH
Rural sanitation suffers much from the poor understanding of the health benefits of
sanitary latrines.
In most cases, latrines are used for reasons of convenience and privacy rather
than health reasons.
About 16% of the 90 million rural population uses sanitary latrines.
32. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 32
SANITATION SITUATION IN BANGLADESH: CHILDREN
DEFECATION PRACTICES
Children younger than five years in households either having a latrine or no latrine defecate
in the open homestead compound. This is due either to the height of the latrine door, or
because the squatting plate is so designed that it is difficult for children to squat comfortably.
It is, however, unrealistic to expect that children should use a fixed place for defecation, while
their parents defecate indiscriminately.
Many mothers do not feel the necessity to enforce strict rules on children's defecation
practices, because they believe that children's faeces do not produce an offensive smell, and
that children's faeces are less harmful than those of adults. There is hardly any difference
between households with a latrine and those without a latrine in this respect.
33. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 33
IMPORTANT FACTORS FOR SANITATION IN BANGLADESH
Housing density
Water supply service level
Difficulties associated with pit latrines
Operation and maintenance
Soil permeability
Groundwater pollution
Pathogens
Pathogens: People who are already infected with diseases excrete harmful microorganisms,
called pathogens, which are then transmitted to other healthy person through various
environmental transmission routes.
34. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 34
Transmission of Pathogens
Excreta from infected persons can cause infection in other persons in different ways.
Fluids: Excreta may be washed away by rain and run into wells and streams, thereby
contaminating water used for drinking.
Fingers: Fingers or hands that haven’t been washed after going to the toilet can contain germs.
These unclean hands can transmit germs onto foods, which are then eaten; or to other people
when shaking hands.
35. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 35
Transmission of Pathogens
Flies: Flies and other insects may feed on
the excreta and carry small amounts of
it andits germs away on their
bodies. When flies or insects touch
water or food, the germs may be passed
on, potentially infecting the person
drinking or eating.
Floors/fields: Germs can spread onto
floors and seep into fields and crops and
other sources of food if excreta are not disposed of properly.
F diagram consist of 4F
36. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 36
Transmission Media
Sanitation prevents infection, which may occur in different forms through different transmission
media such as
1. Ingestion of food or drinking water contaminated with faeces
2. Ingestion of beef infected with tapeworms
3. Contact with contaminated water
4. Contact with contaminated soil
5. Insect vectors
Transmission of Pathogens: Factors
The number of pathogens excreted is termed the excreted load.
37. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 37
The changes in this number during environmental transmission are governed by three
key properties of pathogens:
Latency : How long it takes for an excreted pathogen to become infective
Persistence: How long the excreted pathogen can survive in the environment
Multiplication: Theability of the excreted pathogen to multiply in the
environment.
SANITATION RELATED DISEASES
Diarrhoea
Dysentery
Cholera
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis A
39. Environmental classification of various excreta-related diseases
Category Environmental Transmission Feature Examples of infection
Non-bacterial
diseases
faecal-oral Non-latent
Low to medium persistence
Unable to multiply
High infectivity
No intermediate host
Viral: Hepatitis A & E, Rotavirus diarrhea
Protozoan:
Ameoebiasis, Crystosoporidiasis, Giardiasis
Helminthic:
Enteribiasis, Hymenolepiasis
Bacterial faecal-oral Non-latent Campylobacteriosis Cholera diseases Medium to high persistence
Pathogenic E.Coli
Able to multiply Infection Salmonellosis
Medium to low infectivity Shigellosis
No intermediate host Typhoid Yersiniosis
Geohelminthiases latent very
persistence unable
to multiply Very
high infectivity
Intermediate host
Ascariasis
Hookworm
Storngyloidiasis
Trichuriasis
40. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST
Taeniases Latent persistence Taeniasis
Able to multiply
Very high infectivity
Intermediate host: cow or pig 35
Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST
Environmental classification of various excreta-related diseases
Water
Helminthiases
based Latent persistence
Able to multiply
High infectivity
Intermediate aquatic host
Schistosomiasis
Clonorchiasis
Fasciolopsiasis
41. Excreta related
vector diseases
insect- Infections 1-3
Transmitted mechanically by flies and cockroaches
Bancroftian
Filariasis transmitted by Culex
quinquefasciatus
42. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST
Category Environmental Transmission Feature Examples of infection
36
Excreta related
vector diseases
rodent- Infections 1-3
Transmitted mechanically by rodents
Leptospirosis