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Lecture1<br />Operating systems:<br />,[object Object],SolarisSUN’s UNIX operating system [Express: Solaris 11]<br />HP-UX    HP's UNIX operating system [HP-UX 11.3]<br />AIX    IBM’s UNIX operating system [AIX 6.1]<br />MACApple operating system [MAC 10.6]<br />Ass: Check for latest version<br />,[object Object],Fedora12<br />Redhat6.1<br />Ubuntuubuntu 9 boot in 25 second while ubuntu 10 boot in 10 sec presto  need no time<br />Debianboot in 13 sec     9.10<br />SUSE10   latest version<br />,[object Object],Windows 3.1 and NT <br />Windows 95 <br />Windows NT 4.0 <br />Windows 98 <br />Windows 2000 <br />Windows Millennium Edition (Me) <br />Windows XP <br />Windows Server 2003 <br />Windows Vista <br />Windows 7<br />All of the previous competitors wanna the operating system to be: <br />,[object Object]
Multi-users
Network for data sharingHistory of UNIX <br />   Check for the link outside<br />Points: <br />- General electric / MIT / bell labs all participate in MULTICS OS project from 1964 till 1969 (SLOW)<br />- Then Bell Labs  which is now research and development organization of Alcatel-Lucent and previously of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company AT&T [largest provider of local, long distance telephone services in the United States, and also Internet access and digital television and second largest provider of wireless service in the United States separated from the MULTICS project and begin its own project UNIX <br />- Ken Thompson: Begin to rewrite the MULTICS and rename it with UNIX using assembler (1971)<br />- Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson rewrite the source code using c language (1974) then publishing the source code among the universities and a lot of developers begin to fix some bugs and develop in the code <br />- (1989) AT&T and Sun micro system make SVR4 [BSD(which is made by Berkeley university ) +  xenix +        SUN OS) <br />- Then other UNIX system begins to be used: <br />BSD (Berkeley University)    <br />HP-UX (hp)<br />Solaris (Sun Microsystems)<br />AIX (IBM)<br />,[object Object], History of LINUX<br />,[object Object]
Richard Stallman (1983) begin GNU project to make OS similar to UNIX but for free  so the LINUX is UNIX like but for free
Linus Torvalds (1991) begin Linux which depends on MINIX and POSIX standardUNIX features<br />,[object Object],UNIX (and even Linux) is NOT virus free. Although rare, there are viruses for such systems. One of the primary reasons that Unix / Linux do not get as many viruses is that the ability of different users is limited. Non-technical users will be restricted in their ability to install, run, or modify software. More experienced users will usually be given more privileges. Without inexperienced users installing software at a whim, over 90 % of the threat of viruses and malware is removed<br />,[object Object],Any single failure can be detected without interrupting the system<br />,[object Object],More than one user can use the machine at a time supported via terminals (serial or network connection)   authentication & authorization one of UNIX main issue in UNIX multi-user is only available for windows server<br />,[object Object],TREE<br />,[object Object],/<br />/var/adm/messageetc          bin          usrcdromoptvar             export<br />passwdSAM file in windowshome<br />groupshadow<br />                           bin                 man                 sbin           dtxy        z<br />etc:  Directory reside in it the configuration files of the systemshadow-passwd-system<br />bin:  Shortcut for /usr/bin<br />opt:  Default directory or mount point for add-on application packages and patches(optional software) as the program files in windowsfor third party application<br />var:  The directory for varying files, which usually includes temporary, logging, or status files<br />It is important that the /var directory has sufficient disk space available to store software package information, log files, spool files, mails and so on<br />Ex:spooling”printer” +  logging”system” /var/adm/message<br />Usr:     similar to windows dir in windows<br />At login:<br />Take care of the login name to root and no restriction for password but if you are normal user there is restrictions <br />At login look at /etc/passwd then /etc/shadow<br />,[object Object],username : x : user id : primary group id : comment : home directory : shell of user<br />Any user can be in many groups [1 primary group and the rest secondary groups which can be known from /etc/group] <br />The first measure is to authenticate a user’s login by verifying that the user name and password exist in the /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files.<br />0-99  Reserved for system users <br />100   60000 It can be more than that but it’s for compatibility with older versions<br />Open it gui and check it rootid should be zeroooooo :D<br />,[object Object],Login name: encrypted password: last change : min : max : warn : inactive : expire : flag<br />You should refrain from editing it directly<br />Only the root user can read the /etc/shadow file<br />,[object Object],          Shell:  Interface between the user and the kernel<br />Accepts the commands that a user enters, interprets these commands, and passes them to the kernel<br />open terminalright click terminal<br />Commands:      case/syntax/spelling/space<br />,[object Object]
Clear : To clear the terminal
cal     : To display the calendar of current year
cal year : To display calendar of this year
cal month : To display calendar of this month
date   : To set the time(root)       display(user)
pwd    : Print working directory
cd   directory : Change to this directory
cd   . : Still in the current directory

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lec1.docx

  • 1.
  • 3.
  • 4. Richard Stallman (1983) begin GNU project to make OS similar to UNIX but for free so the LINUX is UNIX like but for free
  • 5.
  • 6. Clear : To clear the terminal
  • 7. cal : To display the calendar of current year
  • 8. cal year : To display calendar of this year
  • 9. cal month : To display calendar of this month
  • 10. date : To set the time(root) display(user)
  • 11. pwd : Print working directory
  • 12. cd directory : Change to this directory
  • 13. cd . : Still in the current directory
  • 14. cd .. : Go to the parent of directory
  • 15. cd - : Go to the previous directory you were stood on
  • 16. cd [Without dir name] : Go to the home directory
  • 17. cd ~ : Go to home directory
  • 18. ls as dir in windows ls directory : list the contents of this directory
  • 19. ls -l file : List information about this file
  • 20. ls -ld directory : List the information about this directory
  • 21. PS1=’$PWD>’ To change the prompt to be as the current working directory
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25. Display all the file at once
  • 26.
  • 27. Displays the contents of a text file one screen at a time
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31. mkdir –p : to make dir inside dir in one step
  • 32. mkdir –p dir1/dir11 dir1/dir12
  • 33.
  • 34. rmdir –p : to remove all the directories in the given path if and only if these directories are empty
  • 36.
  • 37. If we add an option to the wc so you need specific result
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.