This document discusses domestic violence and provides historical context on attitudes towards domestic violence. It notes that historically, domestic violence against wives was accepted in society and the law permitted husbands to physically discipline their wives. Over time, views have changed and domestic violence is now recognized as a crime. The document also discusses myths about domestic violence and notes that abuse is about power and control rather than anger. Domestic violence can include physical, emotional, sexual, and psychological abuse and tactics aim to dominate and control the victim.

1. D.V. – A Value Based Behavior and Attitude?LearningUnit1A mini content lecture designed as a supplemental learning resource for CRJ 461 by Bonnie Black.

2. What is a Value-Based Crime?Value-Based Criminal: Believes what they do is rightSelf-righteous in their commitment to their beliefsLittle deterrence Example: TerroristTraditional Criminal:Knows act is wrong but does it anywayBenefits outweigh consequences or believe they won’t get caughtSome deterrenceExample: Burglar 2

3. Historically - D.V. AcceptedWhat happens between a husband and wife was viewed as private.Acceptance by society; don’t interfere in family issues Husband viewed as having authority over his family (legally and culturally)3

4. Historically – D.V. Accepted ContinuedReligious values influenced roles of men and womenChildren and wife viewed as property of husband; possessionsLegal right of a husband to beat his wife.4

5. The Middle Ages“According to English Common Law, which developed from the 12th Century onward all property which a wife held at the time of a marriage became a possession of her husband. Eventually English courts forbid a husband's transferring property without the consent of his wife, but he still retained the right to manage it and to receive the money which it produced.”Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights5

6. The Enlightment – 18th Century“The philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau for example thought that it was the order of nature for woman to obey men. He wrote ‘Women do wrong to complain of the inequality of man-made laws’ and claimed that ‘when she tries to usurp our rights, she is our inferior’.”Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights6

7. In 1864 the North Carolina State Supreme Court wrote:“A husband is required to govern his household and for that purpose the law permits him to use …such a degree of force as is necessary to control an unruly temper and make her behave…; and unless some permanent injury be inflicted to gratify his own bad passions, the law will not invade the domestic forum.”Source: State vs. Black, 59-60 N.C. 2667

8. Laws Held Violence As Acceptable if Wife:behaved shamelessly and caused jealousywas lazyunwilling to work in the fieldsbecame drunkspent too much moneyneglected houseThink About it!When could you NOTbeat your wife?8

9. Concept of “Rule of Thumb”Husband can legally beat his wife with a stick or rod as long as it is no thicker than his thumb.9

10. Laws Change but Historical Values PrevailWomen’s place is in the homeSubservient to maleThink About it:Who is “head of household?” Why?10

11. You’ve Come a Long Way Baby!Guess the Year“Women are eternally wounded-unfit to work more than one week a month because of their monthly crisis, unfit to work the previous week because she’s troubled about the oncoming crisis, unfit to work the week after the crisis because she is recuperating from the crisis.” “Guys: a word of advice…whatever you do, don’t marry a woman with a career. Why?...Recent studies have found professional women are more likely to get divorced, more likely to cheat and less likely to have children.”3. “The only healthy woman was one who followed her biological destiny and procreated on a regular basis, learned to crochet, avoided higher education at all cost because it will make her frigid…….”Source: Pink Magazine, Dec-Jan 200711

12. You’ve Come a Long Way Baby!Guess the Year1850's“Women are eternally wounded-unfit to work more than one week a month because of their monthly crisis, unfit to work the previous week because she’s troubled about the oncoming crisis, unfit to work the week after the crisis because she is recuperating from the crisis.” “Guys: a word of advice…whatever you do, don’t marry a woman with a career. Why?...Recent studies have found professional women are more likely to get divorced, more likely to cheat and less likely to have children.”3. “The only healthy woman was one who followed her biological destiny and procreated on a regular basis, learned to crochet, avoided higher education at all cost because it will make her frigid…….”20061947Source: Pink Magazine, Dec-Jan 200712

13. D.V. is WidespreadEstimated that over a million women abused annually; one in four women will experience D.V. in a lifetime185% of victims are women3Is chronically underreported1 (estimated only one in ten report it)Approximately 20% of D.V. victims obtain protective orders.1In same sex relationships*, 47% were men, 48% were women and 5% were transgender.Source:1 National Coalition AgainstD.V.-”Domestic Violence Facts”2National Center for Victims of Crime, www.ncvc.org*Same sex = lesbians, gays, bisexualand transgender13

14. D.V. is Violent2008: Murder victims killed by an intimate235% females and 2% malesRepresents 37% of emergency room visits by women315% of teens in a relationship report date violence22007: Accounts for 23% of all violent crimes against females and 3% of violent crimes against males (excludes homicide)2Source: 2National Center for Victims of Crime, www.ncvc.org3Family Violence Prevention Fund, “Fact Sheet, Intimate Violence and Healthy People 2010”14

15. Arizona PicturePolice Reports= 58,979 (D.V. & O.P.)Arrests At Scene= 18,468Men-73% Women-22% Dual-5%Alcohol Involved= 6,661 (previous yr 8,062)Classification of Crimes92.5% Misdemeanors & 7.5% FeloniesConviction Rate = 39.9% (Maricopa)Think About it! 73% of D.V. charges involve what two crimes?Source: SACT Report 2005, Arizona Governor’s Division for Women & Morrison Institute for Public Policy-C. J. Issues for Arizona #1, May 200615

16. Answer to Think About it!AssaultDisorderly Conduct16

17. What Do Statistics Tell Us?Females victimized more often than males.Female victims suffer greater injuries than male victims.D.V. issues prevalent in cases charged with other crimes.Arrest and conviction rate low for D.V.Risks exist even if charged as a misdemeanor.Arrest records are not good indicators of abusive history.Secrecy makes risk assessment difficult.D.V. is deadly.17

18. An Obstacle To An Effective Criminal Justice Response: MythsBuying-in to misconceptions effects decisions.Perpetuates victim blaming.Allows abusers to avoid responsibility.Discretion is influenced and monitoring becomes lax because abuser appears compliant and cooperative.Risk/safety concerns seem unnecessary.Perceptions/beliefs about D.V. are culturally ingrained and value based.18

19. Myth= D.V. Effects the Uneducated and PoorFact=Victims and Abusers can be AnyoneNo Discrimination!Educated and High School Dropout

20. Professional and Blue Collar Worker

21. Wealthy and Poor

22. Teens and the Elderly19

23. Criminal Justice System May See A Different PictureWhy:More enforcement and police patrol in lower income and high crime areasNeighbors hear violence and call 911 more in housing projects and apartment livingHigh income areas less likely to call policeWhat else? *Most D.V. is Not reported!20

24. Myth: Substance use and abuse causes D.V.Fact: Alcohol can increase the frequency and severity of domestic violence but no causal relationship exists.21

25. Myth: D. V. is a private, family matter.Fact: Domestic violence is a crime!22

26. Myth: Abusers can easily be identified by their aggressive and mean behavior and demeanor.Fact: Approximately 80% of men who batter are generally not violent in other aspects of their lives23

27. Myth: D. V. is caused by an anger problem and a solution is learning how to control it.Fact: Domestic violence is not anger driven.It is a purposefuland deliberate act of controlling another person!Most Common belief24

28. Abuse Motivated Abuse MotivatedBy “ANGER”By“I’M IN CHARGE”Situational Pattern of ControlEmotional Uses Anger to Intimidate and Create FearReactive Deliberate/PurposefulOut of Control Exerting ControlImpulsive CalculatedTemper Impacts Most Abusive ResponsesAll Areas of Life Restricted to Intimate25

29. Abuse is About PowerTactics come in many forms NOT just physical abuse. Tactics center on domination, oppression and control. Emotional and psychological abuse has lingering impact.26

30. Abuse is Not Caused By:Illness (less than 5%) Genetics Alcohol or DrugsOut of Control Behavior Stress27

31. Physical Abuse Can Include:PushingChokingKicking PunchingThrowing objectsSlappingRestrainingUsing weaponsPulling HairHoldingEtc.28

32. Emotional and Psychological Abuse Can Include:IntimidationYellingCriticizingDemeaning remarksUsing childrenIsolationThreatsHumiliationIgnoringEtc.29

33. Sexual Abuse Can Include:Unwanted touchingFalse accusationsSexual name callingUnfaithfulnessHurtful sexRapeEtc.Think About it!Is spousal rapea crime in Arizona?30

34. Answer to Think About it!“Arizona was one of seven states that defined spousal rape as different from a sexual assault that was committed by a non-spouse. Arizona was considered to have the weakest spousal rape law in the country because of the sentence disparity between spousal rape and the rape of a person who is not a spouse. Spousal rape was a Class 6 felony and the punishment options ranged from probation to a maximum of 18 months imprisonment. In addition, judges had the option to lower the charge to a class 1 misdemeanor. In 2005, an Arizona woman was sexually assaulted by her husband. The brutal sexual assault raised awareness about Arizona’s spousal rape law. Through the coordinated efforts of county prosecutor’s and victims rights groups the law was challenged.”Sexual Assault is sexual assault regardless of who commits it!Source: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/2/6/0/2/p126022_index.html31

35. Power and Control is Gained by:Source: Developed by: Domestic Abuse Intervention Project, Duluth, MN32

36. D.V. in Same Sex RelationshipsMyth: Same-sex battering is mutual.Fact: D.V. is an imbalance of power.Myth: Battering in same-sex relationships is not as violent as heterosexual abuse.Fact: Gays and lesbians face the same kinds of violence and danger.Source: Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence, www.azcadv.org33