The document discusses various theories and aspects of leadership. It covers trait theories, behavioral theories, contingency theories like Fiedler's model and situational leadership. It also discusses transformational leadership and its key characteristics of vision, charisma, and empowerment. Current issues in leadership development discussed include emotional intelligence, gender differences in leadership styles, and Peter Drucker's view of "old-fashioned" leadership based on hard work.
The document discusses key concepts related to leadership. It covers:
1. The difference between leadership and management, with leadership focusing more on inspiration and vision while management focuses on processes and administration.
2. The nature of leadership as getting others to cooperate in accomplishing goals through persuasion, example, and motivation.
3. Different types of leaders, including formal leaders appointed to positions and emergent informal leaders who evolve based on expertise and influence.
4. Ways of identifying potential leaders such as assessing leadership traits and using personality assessments like the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
Leadership involves inspiring others to accomplish important tasks. Contemporary leadership faces challenges like short timeframes and complex problems. Leaders use power to influence others for the common good rather than personal gain. Important leadership traits include drive, confidence, and integrity. Leadership styles vary in their concern for tasks versus people. Contingency theories suggest the most effective leadership style depends on situational factors like follower readiness and control over the situation.
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 11 of Organizational Behavior regarding leadership. It discusses the differences between leadership and management, situational contingency approaches to leadership including Fiedler's contingency model and House's path-goal theory, attributional approaches focusing on leadership prototypes, and emerging perspectives such as charismatic, transformational, and self-managing team leadership. The summary provides an overview of the essential concepts covered in the chapter.
The document discusses leadership theories and styles. It defines leadership and outlines traits of effective leaders. It describes three skills identified by Robert Katz: technical, human, and conceptual skills. It examines leadership theories including trait, behavioral, contingency and situational theories. It also outlines different leadership styles such as autocratic, consultative, laissez-faire, and Likert's four systems of management.
Leadership and management differ in that management copes with complexity while leadership copes with change. Trait theories focus on personal qualities that differentiate leaders, such as ambition and integrity. However, traits alone do not predict leadership effectiveness in all situations. Behavioral theories examine specific leader behaviors like initiating structure and consideration. Contingency theories emphasize that leadership effectiveness depends on matching leader style to situational characteristics. Transformational leadership inspires followers to transcend self-interest for the organization. Authentic leaders act openly based on their true values and beliefs to build trust.
This document summarizes several theories and approaches to leadership, including:
1) Situational leadership theories like Fiedler's Contingency Theory, Path-Goal Theory, and Vroom's Decision Tree Approach that propose the most effective leadership style depends on situational factors.
2) The Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Approach which focuses on unique relationships between leaders and individual subordinates.
3) Trait, behavioral, and power-based perspectives on leadership attributes and styles.
Leadership involves social influence to achieve organizational goals through voluntary follower participation. Effective leadership depends on situational factors like task structure, stress levels, and follower characteristics like ability and motivation. Different leadership styles are more effective depending on the situation, such as directive styles for low ability/motivation followers and participative styles for high ability/motivation followers.
This document provides an overview of building leadership in a community. It discusses defining leadership and the importance of ethics for community leaders. It introduces the R.A.T.E. model for developing community leadership, which includes recruiting, assessing, teaching, and engaging leaders. The document also covers unique challenges for community leaders, such as working with volunteers, and presents hypothetical ethical situations for discussion. Overall, the document aims to help communities identify and develop new generations of leaders to sustain progress.
The document discusses key concepts related to leadership. It covers:
1. The difference between leadership and management, with leadership focusing more on inspiration and vision while management focuses on processes and administration.
2. The nature of leadership as getting others to cooperate in accomplishing goals through persuasion, example, and motivation.
3. Different types of leaders, including formal leaders appointed to positions and emergent informal leaders who evolve based on expertise and influence.
4. Ways of identifying potential leaders such as assessing leadership traits and using personality assessments like the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
Leadership involves inspiring others to accomplish important tasks. Contemporary leadership faces challenges like short timeframes and complex problems. Leaders use power to influence others for the common good rather than personal gain. Important leadership traits include drive, confidence, and integrity. Leadership styles vary in their concern for tasks versus people. Contingency theories suggest the most effective leadership style depends on situational factors like follower readiness and control over the situation.
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 11 of Organizational Behavior regarding leadership. It discusses the differences between leadership and management, situational contingency approaches to leadership including Fiedler's contingency model and House's path-goal theory, attributional approaches focusing on leadership prototypes, and emerging perspectives such as charismatic, transformational, and self-managing team leadership. The summary provides an overview of the essential concepts covered in the chapter.
The document discusses leadership theories and styles. It defines leadership and outlines traits of effective leaders. It describes three skills identified by Robert Katz: technical, human, and conceptual skills. It examines leadership theories including trait, behavioral, contingency and situational theories. It also outlines different leadership styles such as autocratic, consultative, laissez-faire, and Likert's four systems of management.
Leadership and management differ in that management copes with complexity while leadership copes with change. Trait theories focus on personal qualities that differentiate leaders, such as ambition and integrity. However, traits alone do not predict leadership effectiveness in all situations. Behavioral theories examine specific leader behaviors like initiating structure and consideration. Contingency theories emphasize that leadership effectiveness depends on matching leader style to situational characteristics. Transformational leadership inspires followers to transcend self-interest for the organization. Authentic leaders act openly based on their true values and beliefs to build trust.
This document summarizes several theories and approaches to leadership, including:
1) Situational leadership theories like Fiedler's Contingency Theory, Path-Goal Theory, and Vroom's Decision Tree Approach that propose the most effective leadership style depends on situational factors.
2) The Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Approach which focuses on unique relationships between leaders and individual subordinates.
3) Trait, behavioral, and power-based perspectives on leadership attributes and styles.
Leadership involves social influence to achieve organizational goals through voluntary follower participation. Effective leadership depends on situational factors like task structure, stress levels, and follower characteristics like ability and motivation. Different leadership styles are more effective depending on the situation, such as directive styles for low ability/motivation followers and participative styles for high ability/motivation followers.
This document provides an overview of building leadership in a community. It discusses defining leadership and the importance of ethics for community leaders. It introduces the R.A.T.E. model for developing community leadership, which includes recruiting, assessing, teaching, and engaging leaders. The document also covers unique challenges for community leaders, such as working with volunteers, and presents hypothetical ethical situations for discussion. Overall, the document aims to help communities identify and develop new generations of leaders to sustain progress.
Chapter 5-Leadership and Motivation.pdfabdulfetah2
Leadership and motivation are important management functions. The chapter discusses various theories of leadership, including:
1. Trait theories which examine personality traits of leaders. However, no universal traits predict leadership in all situations.
2. Behavioral theories propose leadership behaviors can be taught. Studies identified styles like democratic, autocratic, employee-oriented, and production-oriented.
3. Contingency theories state effective leadership depends on situational factors. Fiedler's model matches leadership styles to situations. Hersey and Blanchard's model prescribes leadership styles based on follower readiness.
Effective leadership describes leadership and management. It analyzes theories like Fiedler's contingency model and path-goal theory. It examines styles like situational leadership and discusses the power of leaders. Modern leadership requires setting strategy, motivating others, creating a mission, and building a culture to achieve results.
Leadership can be defined as influencing others to achieve goals. Effective leadership depends on both traits of the leader and contingencies of the situation. Trait theories study what makes an effective leader, focusing on qualities like intelligence and self-confidence. Contingency theories emphasize that leadership style should match aspects of the situation like task structure and follower readiness. Contemporary views include transactional leadership which guides followers via rewards and punishments, and transformational leadership which inspires followers to transcend self-interest. Developing trust and empowering employees are also important issues for modern leaders.
Leadership can be defined as influencing others to achieve goals. Effective leadership depends on situational factors and matching leadership style to follower readiness and the task environment. Several theories explore contingency factors like leader-member relations, task structure, and power. Contemporary views include transactional leadership through role clarification, transformational leadership by inspiring beyond self-interest, and charismatic, visionary, and team leadership with their defining characteristics. Developing trust through credibility, empowering employees, and addressing cultural differences are also important leadership issues.
This document discusses various leadership styles and theories. It describes authoritarian, participative, and free rein styles of leadership based on authority. Additionally, it covers task-oriented and people-oriented leadership styles. Transactional leadership uses rewards and punishments, while transformational leadership inspires followers through idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. Contingency theory states that leadership effectiveness depends on situational factors like task structure and leader-member relations. Overall, the document provides an overview of different conceptual frameworks for understanding leadership styles and approaches.
The document discusses various theories and approaches to leadership. It defines leadership as influencing others towards goals, and distinguishes leadership from management by focusing on vision versus tasks. Early theories examined traits of leaders and different leadership styles. Contingency theories state there is no single best style, and the situation determines the most effective approach. More recent approaches include transformational leadership that inspires change, and visionary leadership that articulates an attractive future. Developing trust, empowering followers, and acting ethically are also discussed as important leadership components.
This document discusses leadership and various leadership models. It begins by defining leadership as the process of influencing others to achieve goals. It then outlines several leadership models including trait models, behavioral models, contingency models like Fiedler's model and path-goal theory, and transformational leadership. The document emphasizes that effective leadership depends on both leader characteristics and situational factors. It also discusses sources of power, empowerment, and being a charismatic transformational leader.
This document provides an overview of leadership theories and frameworks. It discusses classic studies on trait, behavioral, and contingency theories of leadership. It also outlines modern theories including Fiedler's contingency model, situational leadership theory, path-goal theory, charismatic leadership, and the differences between transactional and transformational leaders. Finally, it identifies skills needed for effective leadership such as communication, problem solving, managing conflict, and motivating others.
Ongamo joe marshal - basic approaches to leadershipOngamoJoeMarshal
Ongamo Joe Marshal had worked with Asia TV under "chin sing film company ltd" as casting director and also recently he participated in arranging the kickboxing and k1 fights arranged by Asia TV in Hongkong.
1) The document discusses several leadership theories including trait, behavioral, situational, and contemporary theories. It outlines key aspects of theories like the managerial grid, Ohio State studies, and Fielder's model.
2) Contemporary theories discussed include transformational leadership, transactional leadership, charismatic leadership, and visionary leadership. Transformational leaders guide followers to prioritize organizational interests while transactional leadership focuses on the leader-follower relationship.
3) The document also compares styles like autocratic, democratic, and free rein leadership and discusses the importance of traits like honesty, communication skills, and passion in effective leaders. It examines the differences between managers and leaders and the need for leadership in organizations.
Session 2 - Early Leadership Theories.pptxssuserde1c26
Early theories of leadership focused on traits, behaviors, and situations. Trait theories proposed that great leaders possess certain innate qualities and traits, but this approach was criticized for failing to identify a definitive list of traits. Behavioral theories examined task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership styles, but found no universal best style. Situational theories like Hersey-Blanchard and Fiedler's contingency theory proposed that leadership style should match aspects of the situation like employee readiness or task structure, position power, and leader-member relations. More recent models emphasize leadership capabilities and skills over traits, behaviors, or situations.
This chapter discusses leadership and power in organizations. It defines leadership as the ability to lead a group and set challenging goals. The chapter then covers several theories of leadership, including trait theory and behavioral theories. It also discusses different leadership styles and the differences between leaders and managers. Finally, the chapter defines power as the ability to influence others and cause actions. It identifies six main types of power in leadership: legitimate, referent, expert, reward, coercive, and informational power.
This document discusses various leadership theories and concepts. It defines leadership as influencing others beyond expectations and describes effective leaders as those who influence, guide, and build goal-oriented teams. The document then summarizes theories such as Path-Goal theory, which states that leaders clarify paths and rewards to motivate followers, and Fiedler's contingency theory, which matches leadership styles to situational factors. Finally, it outlines four leadership behaviors in Path-Goal theory: directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented.
The document describes a group of workers clearing a road through dense jungle on a remote island under the direction of leaders. The leaders efficiently organize the labour and monitor progress and resource allocation, maintaining excellent progress. However, one day someone climbs a tree and sees the larger context, shouting "Wrong Way!" to indicate the group may be headed in the incorrect direction despite appearing busy and making progress under the current approach.
The document discusses leadership, motivation, groups, and teams. It covers key concepts such as different leadership styles (autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire), approaches to leadership (trait, behavioral, transformational), stages of group development (forming, storming, norming, performing), and differences between groups and teams. The document provides definitions and characteristics of these various management-related concepts to help understand leadership functions and group dynamics within organizations.
Leadership is defined as the process of influencing others towards achieving goals. It is characterized by influence over a specific situation and helping a group attain a common objective. Effective leadership requires good performance, communication, the ability to influence others, and acceptance by followers. Leaders must determine goals, organize activities, provide guidance, inspire employees, and facilitate change. While some traits like intelligence and problem-solving skills can contribute to strong leadership, the most effective leadership style depends on the particular situation.
The document discusses various aspects of leadership including definitions, characteristics, importance, styles, theories and skills. It defines leadership as a process to influence and guide others towards accomplishing goals. It describes key characteristics like being interpersonal and situation-dependent. Important leadership styles discussed include autocratic, laissez-faire, democratic and bureaucratic. Several theories of leadership are also summarized like the path-goal theory, great man theory, trait theory, transformational vs transactional leadership and Fiedler's contingency model. Effective leadership skills mentioned are time management, asking questions, work-life balance, growth opportunities, brainstorming, vision and courage.
1) Leadership involves influencing others and directing task-related activities, which requires an unequal distribution of power between leaders and followers.
2) Early approaches to studying leadership traits and behaviors found some common traits among effective leaders but also that leadership style must fit the situation.
3) Contingency models of leadership emphasize that the most effective leadership varies based on follower readiness, task structure, and other situational factors.
4) Transactional leaders focus on clarifying tasks and rewards, while transformational leaders inspire and motivate followers through personal vision and charisma.
The document provides an overview of leadership concepts including:
- The definition of leadership as the process of influencing others to achieve goals.
- Models of leadership including trait, behavioral, contingency and transformational leadership theories.
- Sources of power for managers including legitimate, reward, coercive, expert and referent power.
- Additional topics covered include gender and leadership, emotional intelligence, and tasks for new leaders such as creating momentum and managing oneself.
1) There are several theories of leadership including trait, behavioral, contingency, and contemporary theories. Trait theories focus on identifying distinguishing traits between leaders and non-leaders. Behavioral theories propose that specific, teachable behaviors differentiate leaders.
2) Contingency theories emphasize that leadership effectiveness depends on matching a leader's style to the context. For example, Fiedler's contingency model matches leader styles to situational favorableness. Hersey and Blanchard's model matches leader styles to follower readiness.
3) Contemporary theories examine charismatic, transformational, authentic, ethical, and trust-based leadership. Transformational leaders inspire and motivate followers through idealized influence, inspiration, intellectual stimulation and individualized
This document provides an overview of network protocols for a training course. It defines what protocols are, their basic functions, and examples of common protocols like HTTP, FTP, and IP. It also discusses how protocols are implemented, their levels, types (standard vs proprietary), key elements (syntax, semantics, timing), and how they allow devices to communicate by establishing rules for data transmission.
This document discusses ethics, corporate social responsibility, sustainability, and governance in international business. It covers the importance of ethical behavior, challenges that can arise, and approaches to dealing with relativism across cultures. Unethical practices like corruption, bribery, harmful sourcing, and IP infringement are challenges. Firms must balance cultural norms with their own standards to operate ethically abroad and avoid legal/reputational risks of unethical behavior.
Chapter 5-Leadership and Motivation.pdfabdulfetah2
Leadership and motivation are important management functions. The chapter discusses various theories of leadership, including:
1. Trait theories which examine personality traits of leaders. However, no universal traits predict leadership in all situations.
2. Behavioral theories propose leadership behaviors can be taught. Studies identified styles like democratic, autocratic, employee-oriented, and production-oriented.
3. Contingency theories state effective leadership depends on situational factors. Fiedler's model matches leadership styles to situations. Hersey and Blanchard's model prescribes leadership styles based on follower readiness.
Effective leadership describes leadership and management. It analyzes theories like Fiedler's contingency model and path-goal theory. It examines styles like situational leadership and discusses the power of leaders. Modern leadership requires setting strategy, motivating others, creating a mission, and building a culture to achieve results.
Leadership can be defined as influencing others to achieve goals. Effective leadership depends on both traits of the leader and contingencies of the situation. Trait theories study what makes an effective leader, focusing on qualities like intelligence and self-confidence. Contingency theories emphasize that leadership style should match aspects of the situation like task structure and follower readiness. Contemporary views include transactional leadership which guides followers via rewards and punishments, and transformational leadership which inspires followers to transcend self-interest. Developing trust and empowering employees are also important issues for modern leaders.
Leadership can be defined as influencing others to achieve goals. Effective leadership depends on situational factors and matching leadership style to follower readiness and the task environment. Several theories explore contingency factors like leader-member relations, task structure, and power. Contemporary views include transactional leadership through role clarification, transformational leadership by inspiring beyond self-interest, and charismatic, visionary, and team leadership with their defining characteristics. Developing trust through credibility, empowering employees, and addressing cultural differences are also important leadership issues.
This document discusses various leadership styles and theories. It describes authoritarian, participative, and free rein styles of leadership based on authority. Additionally, it covers task-oriented and people-oriented leadership styles. Transactional leadership uses rewards and punishments, while transformational leadership inspires followers through idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. Contingency theory states that leadership effectiveness depends on situational factors like task structure and leader-member relations. Overall, the document provides an overview of different conceptual frameworks for understanding leadership styles and approaches.
The document discusses various theories and approaches to leadership. It defines leadership as influencing others towards goals, and distinguishes leadership from management by focusing on vision versus tasks. Early theories examined traits of leaders and different leadership styles. Contingency theories state there is no single best style, and the situation determines the most effective approach. More recent approaches include transformational leadership that inspires change, and visionary leadership that articulates an attractive future. Developing trust, empowering followers, and acting ethically are also discussed as important leadership components.
This document discusses leadership and various leadership models. It begins by defining leadership as the process of influencing others to achieve goals. It then outlines several leadership models including trait models, behavioral models, contingency models like Fiedler's model and path-goal theory, and transformational leadership. The document emphasizes that effective leadership depends on both leader characteristics and situational factors. It also discusses sources of power, empowerment, and being a charismatic transformational leader.
This document provides an overview of leadership theories and frameworks. It discusses classic studies on trait, behavioral, and contingency theories of leadership. It also outlines modern theories including Fiedler's contingency model, situational leadership theory, path-goal theory, charismatic leadership, and the differences between transactional and transformational leaders. Finally, it identifies skills needed for effective leadership such as communication, problem solving, managing conflict, and motivating others.
Ongamo joe marshal - basic approaches to leadershipOngamoJoeMarshal
Ongamo Joe Marshal had worked with Asia TV under "chin sing film company ltd" as casting director and also recently he participated in arranging the kickboxing and k1 fights arranged by Asia TV in Hongkong.
1) The document discusses several leadership theories including trait, behavioral, situational, and contemporary theories. It outlines key aspects of theories like the managerial grid, Ohio State studies, and Fielder's model.
2) Contemporary theories discussed include transformational leadership, transactional leadership, charismatic leadership, and visionary leadership. Transformational leaders guide followers to prioritize organizational interests while transactional leadership focuses on the leader-follower relationship.
3) The document also compares styles like autocratic, democratic, and free rein leadership and discusses the importance of traits like honesty, communication skills, and passion in effective leaders. It examines the differences between managers and leaders and the need for leadership in organizations.
Session 2 - Early Leadership Theories.pptxssuserde1c26
Early theories of leadership focused on traits, behaviors, and situations. Trait theories proposed that great leaders possess certain innate qualities and traits, but this approach was criticized for failing to identify a definitive list of traits. Behavioral theories examined task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership styles, but found no universal best style. Situational theories like Hersey-Blanchard and Fiedler's contingency theory proposed that leadership style should match aspects of the situation like employee readiness or task structure, position power, and leader-member relations. More recent models emphasize leadership capabilities and skills over traits, behaviors, or situations.
This chapter discusses leadership and power in organizations. It defines leadership as the ability to lead a group and set challenging goals. The chapter then covers several theories of leadership, including trait theory and behavioral theories. It also discusses different leadership styles and the differences between leaders and managers. Finally, the chapter defines power as the ability to influence others and cause actions. It identifies six main types of power in leadership: legitimate, referent, expert, reward, coercive, and informational power.
This document discusses various leadership theories and concepts. It defines leadership as influencing others beyond expectations and describes effective leaders as those who influence, guide, and build goal-oriented teams. The document then summarizes theories such as Path-Goal theory, which states that leaders clarify paths and rewards to motivate followers, and Fiedler's contingency theory, which matches leadership styles to situational factors. Finally, it outlines four leadership behaviors in Path-Goal theory: directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented.
The document describes a group of workers clearing a road through dense jungle on a remote island under the direction of leaders. The leaders efficiently organize the labour and monitor progress and resource allocation, maintaining excellent progress. However, one day someone climbs a tree and sees the larger context, shouting "Wrong Way!" to indicate the group may be headed in the incorrect direction despite appearing busy and making progress under the current approach.
The document discusses leadership, motivation, groups, and teams. It covers key concepts such as different leadership styles (autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire), approaches to leadership (trait, behavioral, transformational), stages of group development (forming, storming, norming, performing), and differences between groups and teams. The document provides definitions and characteristics of these various management-related concepts to help understand leadership functions and group dynamics within organizations.
Leadership is defined as the process of influencing others towards achieving goals. It is characterized by influence over a specific situation and helping a group attain a common objective. Effective leadership requires good performance, communication, the ability to influence others, and acceptance by followers. Leaders must determine goals, organize activities, provide guidance, inspire employees, and facilitate change. While some traits like intelligence and problem-solving skills can contribute to strong leadership, the most effective leadership style depends on the particular situation.
The document discusses various aspects of leadership including definitions, characteristics, importance, styles, theories and skills. It defines leadership as a process to influence and guide others towards accomplishing goals. It describes key characteristics like being interpersonal and situation-dependent. Important leadership styles discussed include autocratic, laissez-faire, democratic and bureaucratic. Several theories of leadership are also summarized like the path-goal theory, great man theory, trait theory, transformational vs transactional leadership and Fiedler's contingency model. Effective leadership skills mentioned are time management, asking questions, work-life balance, growth opportunities, brainstorming, vision and courage.
1) Leadership involves influencing others and directing task-related activities, which requires an unequal distribution of power between leaders and followers.
2) Early approaches to studying leadership traits and behaviors found some common traits among effective leaders but also that leadership style must fit the situation.
3) Contingency models of leadership emphasize that the most effective leadership varies based on follower readiness, task structure, and other situational factors.
4) Transactional leaders focus on clarifying tasks and rewards, while transformational leaders inspire and motivate followers through personal vision and charisma.
The document provides an overview of leadership concepts including:
- The definition of leadership as the process of influencing others to achieve goals.
- Models of leadership including trait, behavioral, contingency and transformational leadership theories.
- Sources of power for managers including legitimate, reward, coercive, expert and referent power.
- Additional topics covered include gender and leadership, emotional intelligence, and tasks for new leaders such as creating momentum and managing oneself.
1) There are several theories of leadership including trait, behavioral, contingency, and contemporary theories. Trait theories focus on identifying distinguishing traits between leaders and non-leaders. Behavioral theories propose that specific, teachable behaviors differentiate leaders.
2) Contingency theories emphasize that leadership effectiveness depends on matching a leader's style to the context. For example, Fiedler's contingency model matches leader styles to situational favorableness. Hersey and Blanchard's model matches leader styles to follower readiness.
3) Contemporary theories examine charismatic, transformational, authentic, ethical, and trust-based leadership. Transformational leaders inspire and motivate followers through idealized influence, inspiration, intellectual stimulation and individualized
This document provides an overview of network protocols for a training course. It defines what protocols are, their basic functions, and examples of common protocols like HTTP, FTP, and IP. It also discusses how protocols are implemented, their levels, types (standard vs proprietary), key elements (syntax, semantics, timing), and how they allow devices to communicate by establishing rules for data transmission.
This document discusses ethics, corporate social responsibility, sustainability, and governance in international business. It covers the importance of ethical behavior, challenges that can arise, and approaches to dealing with relativism across cultures. Unethical practices like corruption, bribery, harmful sourcing, and IP infringement are challenges. Firms must balance cultural norms with their own standards to operate ethically abroad and avoid legal/reputational risks of unethical behavior.
This document outlines the course syllabus for an Organizational Behavior class. It includes 5 chapters to be covered over 3 weeks on topics such as leadership, diversity, and organizational culture. Two major assignments will focus on power and politics as well as organizational change and stress management. The class is taught by Dr. Yohannes, and will draw from the textbook Organizational Behavior by Robbins and Judge.
Chapter 5 The External, Industry, and Competitive Analysis.pptTeshome48
This document discusses analyzing a firm's external environment and industry competition. It covers performing external environmental analysis to identify opportunities and threats. Key parts of the analysis include scanning, monitoring, forecasting and assessing the general environment. The document also discusses Porter's five forces model of competition and how the bargaining power of suppliers and buyers, threat of substitutes, and intensity of rivalry impact industry attractiveness and profit potential. It defines strategic groups within an industry and notes the importance of competitor analysis.
Market segmentation involves dividing a market into distinct subgroups of customers with common needs or characteristics. It allows companies to target specific segments with tailored marketing strategies. Key steps include identifying segmentation bases, developing segment profiles, selecting target segments, and developing positioning and marketing mixes for each segment. Common bases for segmenting consumers include geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioral factors. Effective segmentation creates segments that are measurable, accessible, substantial and differential in their response to marketing strategies.
Chapter 1_ Overview of International Business.pptxTeshome48
This document provides an overview and introduction to an international business course. It defines international business as trade and investment activities across national borders. The main topics covered are the globalization of markets, international trade and investment, risks in international business, participants in international business, and strategies for entering international markets like exporting and foreign direct investment. The course objectives are to introduce students to international business and analyze how the global environment impacts international firms. Students will be evaluated based on assignments and a final exam.
This chapter discusses the globalization of markets and the internationalization of firms. It covers the key drivers of globalization like reductions in trade barriers and advances in technology. It also examines the phases of globalization and how firms are expanding their value chain activities internationally. The chapter analyzes the consequences of globalization for firms and societies. It provides examples of born global firms and discusses how globalization is impacting development in Africa.
Here are the key points of an exploratory research design using focus groups:
- A focus group consists of 6-10 people who are relevant to the research topic (e.g. current juice customers).
- The group is led by a moderator who facilitates an open discussion on people's views and experiences related to the juice selection and what might encourage them to purchase more juices.
- The discussion is recorded and analyzed for common themes, insights, and hypotheses that emerge from the participants' dialogue with each other.
- Focus groups allow exploratory research of people's perceptions in a social environment where they can consider their views in relation to others.
- The open discussion format is useful early in a research project to
This chapter discusses the characteristics and backgrounds of entrepreneurs. It explores who entrepreneurs are and examines their typical traits and motivations. Some key points covered include:
- Entrepreneurs are typically driven by a strong need for achievement and willingness to take risks. They exhibit traits like optimism, initiative, and perseverance.
- However, debates exist around whether entrepreneurs are "born" with these traits or if they can be "made" through environmental factors and training.
- Entrepreneurial motivations also stem from both "pull" factors like pursuing an opportunity or idea, or "push" factors like the need for employment or change.
- While entrepreneurship provides advantages like independence, it also
The document provides an overview of operations research (OR), including:
- The history and origins of OR which began in the late 1930s in the UK to study military operations problems.
- The key phases of a typical OR project: problem identification, mathematical modeling, model validation, solution of the model, and implementation.
- The wide range of applications of OR techniques across various fields such as accounting, construction, facilities planning, finance, manufacturing, and more.
- The types of models used in OR, classified based on the level of abstraction into physical, analog, and symbolic mathematical models. Deterministic and probabilistic/stochastic models are discussed.
This document provides an overview of an operations management course. It includes the course instructor's name and credentials, guiding principles, chapter outlines covering topics like operations strategy and quality management, assignment details, and a lecture schedule. The chapters will cover introduction to operations management, competitiveness and productivity, innovation, quality management, product design, just-in-time operations, and other key operations management topics. Students will complete two assignments involving summarizing course materials. The course aims to link operations and supply chain management concepts.
This study examines the effect of managerial efficiency on employee job satisfaction at the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia's Lega Tafo Subcity branches. The study uses a census sampling technique to collect primary data through questionnaires distributed to all 91 employees across four branches. Statistical analysis, including correlation coefficients and regression analysis, finds that managerial efficiency has a strong positive correlation with and 93.2% influence on employee job satisfaction. Specifically, leadership skill and teaming skill were found to significantly affect job satisfaction, while management skill had an insignificant effect. The study concludes that improving leadership skill, teaming skill, and overall managerial efficiency can enhance employee job satisfaction at the bank's branches.
The document discusses the transportation and assignment model, which is a type of linear programming problem dealing with transporting a commodity from sources to destinations at minimum cost. Key points:
- A product is transported from multiple sources to multiple destinations, with fixed supply quantities at sources and demand quantities at destinations.
- The model aims to determine shipping quantities from each source to each destination to satisfy all demands at minimum total shipping cost, subject to supply and demand constraints.
- Common solution methods include the northwest corner rule, least cost method, and Vogel's approximation method to find an initial feasible solution.
- The optimal solution is then tested using methods like the stepping stone or MODI method to evaluate empty cells and
This document discusses digital communication and data link control. It covers flow control methods like stop and wait and sliding windows to prevent buffer overflow. It also discusses fragmentation, error detection using cyclic redundancy checks, and error control protocols like automatic repeat request (ARQ) using stop and wait, go back N, and selective reject. Finally, it summarizes the High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol including frame structure, address fields, control fields, information fields, frame check sequences, and the initialization, data transfer, and disconnection phases of HDLC operation.
This document summarizes key aspects of classical management theory discussed in Chapter 1 of the textbook. It outlines the four categories of management theories, and focuses on pre-classical and classical management thought. Pre-classical management practices date back to ancient civilizations like Egypt and Greece, while influential early contributors included Robert Owen, Charles Babbage, and Adam Smith. Classical management theory had two broad perspectives: scientific management, whose chief proponents were Frederick Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, and Henry Gantt; and classical organization theory focusing on bureaucratic and administrative management.
This document discusses customer perceived value and customer satisfaction in business markets. It begins by providing background on the increased interest in customer value among researchers and practitioners. It then reviews the literature on customer satisfaction and customer perceived value. Specifically, it discusses how satisfaction has traditionally been viewed through the disconfirmation paradigm but its nature is ambiguous. It also discusses criticisms of satisfaction and arguments for viewing perceived value as a better predictor of behavioral outcomes in business markets. The document then outlines three research questions it aims to address regarding the relationship between value and satisfaction and which better predicts behavioral intentions.
This document discusses several economic theories used by economists to analyze and understand economic phenomena:
- Supply and demand theory explains how price is determined by the interaction of supply and demand in a market.
- Classical economics views markets as self-regulating systems governed by production and exchange.
- Keynesian economics focuses on how aggregate demand impacts output, employment, and inflation.
- Malthusian economics argues that population growth outpaces food supply growth.
- Marxism views capitalism as creating two socioeconomic classes that are in conflict.
- Market socialism incorporates elements of both socialist planning and free markets.
This document provides a review of a paper on production theory and the production possibility frontier. The paper was written by O.S. Suguna Sheela in 2007 and published in the journal General Economics. It discusses key concepts in production theory including the production function, factors of production, the production possibility frontier, the law of variable proportions, and the law of returns to scale. The review finds that cost analysis plays an important role in managerial decision making.
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Leading Function.ppt
1. Leading Function
Meaning – influencing the behavior of others
Leaders and leadership – person - process
Leadership Theories – trait, behavioural,
contingency/situational, transactional, transformational, goal
path, managerial grid etc..
Leadership styles – autocratic, democratic, laissez faire,
Principles of leadership – know yourself and seek to develop
yourself, build a team, lead the team, be technically proficient,
delegate authority, etc….
Management Fundamentals - Chapter
13
1
2. Management - Chapter 13 2
Leading Function
What is the nature of leadership?
What are the important leadership traits and
behaviors?
What are the contingency theories of
leadership?
What is transformational leadership?
What are current issues in leadership
development?
3. Management - Chapter 13 3
Study Question 1: What is the nature
of leadership?
Leadership.
– The process of inspiring others to work hard to
accomplish important tasks.
Contemporary leadership challenges:
– Shorter time frames for accomplishing things.
– Expectations for success on the first attempt.
– Complex, ambiguous, and multidimensional problems.
– Taking a long-term view while meeting short-term
demands.
4. Management - Chapter 13 4
Study Question 1: What is the nature
of leadership?
Visionary leadership.
– Vision
• A future that one hopes to create or achieve in order
to improve upon the present state of affairs.
– Visionary leadership
• A leader who brings to the situation a clear and
compelling sense of the future as well as an
understanding of the actions needed to get there
successfully.
5. Management - Chapter 13 5
Study Question 1: What is the nature
of leadership?
Meeting the challenges of visionary
leadership:
– Challenge the process.
– Show enthusiasm.
– Help others to act.
– Set the example.
– Celebrate achievements.
6. Management - Chapter 13 6
Figure 13.1 Leading viewed in relationship
to the other management functions.
7. Management - Chapter 13 7
Study Question 1: What is the nature
of leadership?
Power.
– Ability to get someone else to do something you want
done or make things happen the way you want.
Power should be used to influence and control
others for the common good rather seeking to
exercise control for personal satisfaction.
Two sources of managerial power:
– Position power.
– Personal power.
8. Management - Chapter 13 8
Study Question 1: What is the nature
of leadership?
Position power.
– Based on a manager’s official status in the
organization’s hierarchy of authority.
Sources of position power:
– Reward power.
• Capability to offer something of value.
– Coercive power.
• Capability to punish or withhold positive outcomes.
– Legitimate power.
• Organizational position or status confers the right to control
those in subordinate positions.
9. Management - Chapter 13 9
Study Question 1: What is the nature
of leadership?
Personal power.
– Based on the unique personal qualities that a person
brings to the leadership situation.
Sources of personal power:
– Expert power.
• Capacity to influence others because of one’s knowledge and
skills.
– Referent power.
• Capacity to influence others because they admire you and want
to identify positively with you.
10. Management - Chapter 13 10
Figure 13.2 Sources of position power
and personal power used by managers.
11. Management - Chapter 13 11
Study Question 1: What is the nature
of leadership?
Turning power into influence …
– Successful leadership relies on acquiring and using all
sources of power.
– Use of reward power or legitimate power produces
temporary compliance.
– Use of coercive power produces, at best, temporary
compliance, often accompanied by resentment.
– Use of expert power or referent power has the most
enduring results and generates commitment.
12. Management - Chapter 13 12
Study Question 1: What is the nature
of leadership?
Keys to building managerial power:
– There is no substitute for expertise.
– Likable personal qualities are very important.
– Effort and hard work breed respect.
– Personal behavior must support expressed values.
Power and influence are affected by workplace
structures and networks:
– Centrality.
– Criticality.
– Visibility.
13. Management - Chapter 13 13
Study Question 1: What is the nature
of leadership?
Acceptance theory of authority.
– For a leader to achieve true influence, the other
person must:
• Truly understand the directive.
• Feel capable of carrying out the directive.
• Believe the directive is in the organization’s best
interests.
• Believe the directive is consistent with personal
values.
14. Management - Chapter 13 14
Study Question 1: What is the nature
of leadership?
Leadership and empowerment.
– Empowerment.
• The process through which managers enable and help others to
gain power and achieve influence.
– Effective leaders empower others by providing them
with:
• Information.
• Responsibility.
• Authority.
• Trust.
15. Management - Chapter 13 15
Study Question 1: What is the nature
of leadership?
How leaders can empower others:
– Involve others is selecting their work assignments and task
methods.
– Create an environment of cooperation, information sharing,
discussion, and shared ownership of goals.
– Encourage others to take initiative, make decisions, and use their
knowledge.
– Find out what others think and let them help design solutions.
– Give others the freedom to put their ideas and solutions into
practice.
– Recognize successes and encourage high performance.
16. Management - Chapter 13 16
Study Question 2: What are the important
leadership traits and behaviors?
Traits that are important for leadership success:
– Drive
– Self-confidence
– Creativity
– Cognitive ability
– Business knowledge
– Motivation
– Flexibility
– Honesty and integrity
17. Management - Chapter 13 17
Study Question 1: What is the nature
of leadership?
Leadership behavior …
– Leadership behavior theories focus on how leaders
behave when working with followers.
– Leadership styles are recurring patterns of behaviors
exhibited by leaders.
– Basic dimensions of leadership behaviors:
• Concern for the task to be accomplished.
• Concern for the people doing the work.
18. Management - Chapter 13 18
Study Question 2: What are the important
leadership traits and behaviors?
Task concerns
– Plans and defines work to
be done.
– Assigns task
responsibilities.
– Sets clear work standards.
– Urges task completion.
– Monitors performance
results.
People concerns
– Acts warm and supportive
toward followers.
– Develops social rapport
with followers.
– Respects the feelings of
followers.
– Is sensitive to followers’
needs.
– Shows trust in followers.
19. Management - Chapter 13 19
Study Question 2: What are the important
leadership traits and behaviors?
Blake and Mouton Leadership Grid
– Team management.
• High task concern; high people concern.
– Authority-obedience management.
• High task concern; low people concern.
– Country club management.
• High people concern; low task concern.
– Impoverished management.
• Low task concern; low people concern.
– Middle of the road management.
• Non-committal for both task concern and people concern.
20. Management - Chapter 13 20
Figure 13.3 Managerial styles in Blake
and Mouton’s Leadership Grid.
21. Management - Chapter 13 21
Study Question 2: What are the important
leadership traits and behaviors?
Classic leadership styles:
– Autocratic style.
• Emphasizes task over people, keeps authority and information
within the leader’s tight control, and acts in a unilateral
command-and-control fashion.
– Laissez-faire style.
• Shows little concern for task, lets the group make decisions,
and acts with a “do the best you can and don’t bother me”
attitude.
– Democratic style.
• Committed to task and people, getting things done while
sharing information, encouraging participation in decision
making, and helping people develop skills and competencies.
22. Management - Chapter 13 22
Study Question 3: What are the contingency
theories leadership?
Fiedler’s contingency model.
– Good leadership depends on a match between
leadership and situational demands.
– Determining leadership style:
• Low LPC task-motivated leaders.
• High LPC relationship-motivated leaders.
– Leadership is part of one’s personality, and therefore
relatively enduring and difficult to change.
– Leadership style must be fit to the situation.
23. Management - Chapter 13 23
Study Question 3: What are the contingency
theories leadership?
Fiedler’s contingency model (cont.).
– Diagnosing situational control:
• Quality of leader-member relations (good or poor).
• Degree of task structure (high or low).
• Amount of position power (strong or weak).
– Task oriented leaders are most successful in:
• Very favorable (high control) situations.
• Very unfavorable (low control) situations.
– Relationship-oriented leaders are most successful in:
• Situations of moderate control.
24. Management - Chapter 13 24
Figure 13.4 Matching leadership style
and situation: summary predictions from
Fiedler’s contingency theory.
25. Management - Chapter 13 25
Study Question 3: What are the contingency
theories leadership?
Hersey-Blanchard situational leadership
model.
– Leaders adjust their styles depending on the
readiness of their followers to perform in a
given situation.
• Readiness — how able, willing and confident
followers are in performing tasks.
26. Management - Chapter 13 26
Figure 13.5 Leadership implications of
the Hersey-Blanchard situational leadership
model.
27. Management - Chapter 13 27
Study Question 3: What are the contingency
theories leadership?
Hersey-Blanchard leadership styles:
– Delegating.
• Low-task, low-relationship style.
• Works best in high readiness-situations
– Participating.
• Low-task, high-relationship style.
• Works best in low- to moderate-readiness situations.
28. Management - Chapter 13 28
Study Question 3: What are the contingency
theories leadership?
Hersey-Blanchard leadership styles (cont.):
– Selling.
• High-task, high-relationship style.
• Work best in moderate- to high-readiness situations.
– Telling.
• High-task, low-relationship style.
• Work best in low-readiness situations.
29. Management - Chapter 13 29
Study Question 3: What are the contingency
theories leadership?
House’s path-goal leadership theory.
– Effective leadership deals with the paths
through which followers can achieve goals.
– Leadership styles for dealing with path-goal
relationships:
• Directive leadership.
• Supportive leadership.
• Achievement-oriented leadership.
• Participative leadership.
30. Management - Chapter 13 30
Figure 13.6 Contingency relationships in
the path-goal leadership theory.
31. Management - Chapter 13 31
Study Question 3: What are the contingency
theories leadership?
House’s leadership styles:
– Directive leadership.
• Communicate expectations.
• Give directions.
• Schedule work.
• Maintain performance standards.
• Clarify leader’s role.
– Supportive leadership.
• Make work pleasant.
• Treat group members as equals.
• Be friendly and approachable.
• Show concern for subordinates’ well-being.
32. Management - Chapter 13 32
Study Question 3: What are the contingency
theories leadership?
House’s leadership styles:
– Achievement-oriented leadership.
• Set challenging goals.
• Expect high performance levels.
• Emphasize continuous improvement.
• Display confidence in meeting high standards.
– Participative leadership.
• Involve subordinates in decision making.
• Consult with subordinates.
• Ask for subordinates’ suggestions.
• Use subordinates’ suggestions.
33. Management - Chapter 13 33
Study Question 3: What are the contingency
theories leadership?
When to use House’s leadership styles:
– Use directive leadership when job assignments
are ambiguous.
– Use supportive leadership when worker self-
confidence is low.
– Use participative leadership when performance
incentives are poor.
– Use achievement-oriented leadership when task
challenge is insufficient.
34. Management - Chapter 13 34
Study Question 3: What are the contingency
theories leadership?
Substitutes for leadership.
– Aspects of the work setting and the people
involved that can reduce the need for a leader’s
personal involvement.
– Possible leadership substitutes:
• Subordinate characteristics.
• Task characteristics.
• Organizational characteristics.
35. Management - Chapter 13 35
Study Question 3: What are the contingency
theories leadership?
Vroom-Jago leader-participation theory.
– Helps leaders choose the method of decision
making that best fits the nature of the problem
situation.
– Basic decision-making choices:
• Authority decision.
• Consultative decision.
• Group decision.
37. Management - Chapter 13 37
Study Question 3: What are the contingency
theories leadership?
Decision-making options in the Vroom-
Jago leader-participation theory:
– Decide alone.
– Consult individually.
– Consult with group.
– Facilitate.
– Delegate.
38. Management - Chapter 13 38
Study Question 3: What are the contingency
theories leadership?
Contingency factors in the Vroom-Jago leader-
participation theory:
– Decision quality.
• Who has the information needed for problem solving.
– Decision acceptance.
• Importance of subordinate acceptance to eventual
implementation.
– Decision time.
• Time available to make and implement the decision.
39. Management - Chapter 13 39
Study Question 3: What are the contingency
theories leadership?
According to Vroom-Jago leader-participation
theory, a leader should use authority-oriented
decision methods when …
– The leader has greater expertise to solve a problem.
– The leader is confident and capable of acting alone.
– Others are likely to accept and implement the decision.
– Little or no time is available for discussion.
40. Management - Chapter 13 40
Study Question 3: What are the contingency
theories leadership?
According to Vroom-Jago leader-participation
theory, a leader should use group-oriented and
participative decision methods when …
– The leader lacks sufficient information to solve a
problem by himself/herself.
– The problem is unclear and help is needed to clarify the
situation.
– Acceptance of the decision and commitment by others
is necessary for implementation.
– Adequate time is available for true participation.
41. Management - Chapter 13 41
Study Question 4: What is transformational
leadership?
Benefits of participative decision methods:
– Help improve decision quality.
– Help improve decision acceptance.
– Helps develop leadership potential.
Potential disadvantages of participative decision
methods:
– Lost efficiency.
– Not particularly useful when problems must be solved
immediately.
42. Management - Chapter 13 42
Study Question 4: What is transformational
leadership?
Superleaders.
– Persons whose vision and strength of
personality have an extraordinary impact on
others.
Charismatic leaders.
– Develop special leader-follower relationships
and inspire others in extraordinary ways.
43. Management - Chapter 13 43
Study Question 4: What is transformational
leadership?
Transactional leadership.
– Someone who directs the efforts of others
through tasks, rewards, and structures
Transformational leadership.
– Someone who is truly inspirational as a leader
and who arouses others to seek extraordinary
performance accomplishments.
44. Management - Chapter 13 44
Study Question 4: What is transformational
leadership?
Characteristics of transformational leaders:
– Vision.
– Charisma.
– Symbolism.
– Empowerment.
– Intellectual stimulation.
– Integrity.
45. Management - Chapter 13 45
Study Question 5: What are current issues in
leadership development?
Emotional intelligence.
– The ability of people to manage themselves and
their relationships effectively.
– Components of emotional intelligence:
• Self-awareness.
• Self-regulation.
• Motivation.
• Empathy.
• Social skill.
46. Management - Chapter 13 46
Study Question 5: What are current issues in
leadership development?
Gender and leadership.
– Both women and men can be effective leaders.
– Women tend to use interactive leadership.
• A style that shares qualities with transformational
leadership.
– Men tend to use transactional leadership.
– Interactive leadership provides a good fit with
the demands of a diverse workforce and the
new workplace.
47. Management - Chapter 13 47
Study Question 5: What are current issues in
leadership development?
Gender and leadership (cont.).
– Future leadership success will depend on a
person’s capacity to lead through :
• Openness.
• Positive relationships.
• Support.
• Empowerment.
48. Management - Chapter 13 48
Study Question 5: What are current issues in
leadership development?
Drucker’s “old-fashioned” leadership.
– Leadership is more than charisma; it is “good
old-fashioned” hard work.
– Essentials of “old-fashioned” leadership:
• Defining and establishing a sense of mission.
• Accepting leadership as a “responsibility” rather
than a rank.
• Earning and keeping the trust of others.
49. Management - Chapter 13 49
Study Question 5: What are current issues in
leadership development?
Moral leadership.
– Ethical leadership adheres to moral standards meeting
the test of “good” rather than “bad” and “right” rather
than “wrong.”
– All leaders are expected to maintain high ethical
standards.
– Long-term, sustainable success requires ethical
behavior.
– Integrity involves the leader’s honesty, credibility, and
consistency in putting values into action.
50. Management - Chapter 13 50
Study Question 5: What are current issues in
leadership development?
Moral leadership (cont.).
– Leaders with integrity earn the trust of their followers.
– Leaders have a moral obligation to build performance
capacities by awakening people’s potential.
– Authentic leadership activates performance through the
positive psychological states of confidence, hope,
optimism, and resilience.
– Authentic leadership helps in clearly framing and
responding to moral dilemmas, and serving as ethical
role models.
103. Leadership style is the approach for
providing the right way to the team
members, implementing planning
strategies and motivating people by
including all the three leadership
styles.
104. Effective leadership is not
about making speeches or
being liked; leadership is
defined by results not
attributes.
Peter
Drucker
107. Theories
Trait Approach
Skills Approach
Style Approach
Situational Approach
Contingency Theory
Path-Goal Theory
Leader Member
Exchange
Transformational
Transactional
Team Leadership
108. Style Approach
Emphasizes the behavior of the leader
Style approach seeks to explain how leaders
combine task and relationship behaviors to
influence subordinates in their efforts to reach a
goal.
Style Approach reminds leaders that their
actions toward others occur on a task level and a
relationship level. Some situations demand
more task orientated style and others a more
relationship style based orientation.
109. Style Theory
Two General kinds of behaviors
– Task behaviors - facilitate goal
accomplishment
– Relationship behaviors - help
subordinates feel comfortable with
themselves, with each other, and with the
situation they find themselves
110. Style Approach
Ohio State
Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire
(LBDQ) - composed of 150 questions
Found that there are two general types of
leader behavior
Initiating structure - task behaviors
Consideration- relationship behaviors
111. Style Approach
University of Michigan Studies
Research identified two types of leadership behaviors
Employee orientation- behavior of leaders who
approach subordinates with strong human
relations emphasis (similar to consideration)
Production orientation- leadership behaviors
that stress the technical and production aspects
of a job (similar to production orientation)
112. Style Approach
Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid
9,1 Authority compliance- heavy emphasis on task
and job requirements and less emphasis on people
1,9 Country Club Management- low concern for task
accomplishment coupled with high concern for
interpersonal relationships
1,1 Impoverished Management- unconcerned with
both task and interpersonal relationships
5,5 Middle of the Road Management- leaders who are
compromisers
9,9 Team Management- strong emphasis on both tasks
and interpersonal relationships
113. Style Approach
Pros
– Expanded research to include what leaders did and how
they acted
– Research has been validated by several studies and
researchers
– Task and relationship behaviors work together to form
the core of the leadership process
– Leaders can learn a lot about themselves by looking at
their behaviors in the light of task and relationship
dimensions
114. Style Approach
Cons
– Research has not shown the connection from
leader’s styles to performance outcomes
– Theory fails to find a universal style of
leadership that could be effective in almost
every situation
– Theory implies that 9,9 is most effective
leadership style however that may not be the
case in all situations
116. Situational Approach
Focuses on leadership in situations
Composed of a directive and supportive dimension
A leader must match his or her style to the competence
and commitment of the subordinates.
Effective leaders are those who can recognize what
employees need and then adapt their own style to meet
those needs
Effective leadership occurs when the leader can
accurately diagnose the development level of the
subordinates in a task situation and then exhibit the
prescribed leadership style that matches that situation
117. Situational Approach
Directive Behavior
helps group members accomplish goals by
giving directions, defining roles, setting time
lines, evaluating and showing how goals will be
met.
Explains what is to be done, how it is to be
done, and who is responsible for doing it
One way communication
118. Situational Approach
Supportive Behavior
helps coworkers feel comfortable
about themselves, their coworkers and
the situation.
Asking for input, praising, listening,
sharing information about oneself
Two way communication
119. Situational approach
Four Leadership Styles
High supportive High Directive and
And low directive High Supportive
Behavior Behavior
(Supporting) (Coaching)
Low Supportive and High Directive and
Low Directive Behavior low supportive
(Delegating) Behavior
(Directing)
↑
S
U
P
P
O
R
T
I
V
E
↓
←Directive Behavior→
120. Situational approach
Four Development Levels
Low competence variable competence
and some commitment and high
commitment
High commitment and High commitment and
high competence some competence
↑
H
I
G
H
L
O
W
↓ ←Developed Developing→
High Moderate Low
121. Situational Approach
Constructed around the idea that employees
move forward and backward along the
developmental continuum
In any situation the leader must first determine
the nature of the situation
– Leader asks him/herself questions like:
What is the task I need to ask the subordinates
complete?
How complex is the task?
Are the subordinates sufficiently skilled to complete
the task?
122. Situational Leadership: A Brief
Questionnaire
Situation 1:
Because of budget restrictions imposed on your department it is
necessary to consolidate. You are thinking of asking a highly
capable and experience member of your department to take charge
of the consolidation. This person has worked in all areas of your
department and has the trust and respect of most of the staff. She is
willing to help with the consolidation.
A. Assign the project to her and let her determine how to accomplish it
B. Assign the task to her, indicate to her precisely what must be done,
and supervise her work closely.
C. Assign the task to her and provide support and encouragement as
needed.
D. Assign the task to her and indicate to her precisely what needs to be
done and make sure you incorporate her suggestions
123. Situational Approach
Pros
– Has stood the test of time in the marketplace
• More than 400 fortune 500 companies use it in training
programs
– It is practical and has straight forward approach
– It is prescriptive – it tells you what you should and
should not do in various contexts
– Emphases leader flexibility – leaders need to find
out about their subordinates needs and adapt their
style accordingly
– Forces leader to treat each subordinate differently
based on the task at hand
124. Situational Approach
Cons
– Only a few research studies have been completed on
this approach
– Not a clear connection between commitment and
competency or how this is determined
– Why do subordinates who learn a task (become
more competent) become less committed?
– Fails to take into account certain demographics
(education, experience, age, and gender)
– Also fails to address how one on one leadership vs
group leadership is taken into account- Should the
leader match each subordinate or the overall group