The document discusses various views and theories of leadership. It begins by looking at trait theories which focus on identifying inherent qualities of leaders. It then examines behavioral theories which emphasize that leadership skills can be learned and developed. Contingency theories suggest that effective leadership depends on matching a leader's style to specific situational factors. The document also explores different leadership styles like autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire approaches and analyzes how the optimal style depends on situational factors like the organization, task, and employees.

1. LEADERSHIP

2. LEADERSHIP
There is nothing more difficult to take in hand, more
perilous to conduct, or more uncertain in its success,
than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order
of things.
Machiavelli

3. THE DIFFERENT VIEWS OF
LEADERSHIP
Trait definition of leadership Process definition of leadership
Leader Leader
• Height
Leadership • Intelligence Leadership
• Extroversion
• Fluency
Interaction
• Other traits
Followers Followers

4. A LEADERSHIP STORY:
 “Management is doing things right,
leadership is doing the right things”
(Warren Bennis and Peter Drucker)

5. FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT VERSUS
LEADERSHIP 1/2
 Management produces  Leadership produces
Order and Consistency Change and Movement
 Planning / Budgeting  Establishing Direction
 Establish agendas  Create a vision
 Set time tables  Clarify big picture
 Allocate resources  Set strategies
 Organizing / Staffing  Aligning People
 Provide structure  Communicate goals
 Make job placements  Seek commitment
 Establish rules and procedures  Build teams and coalitions

6. FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT VERSUS
LEADERSHIP 2/2
 Management  Leadership
 Controlling / Problem  Motivating and Inspiring
Solving  Inspire and energize
 Develop incentives  Empower subordinates
 Generate creative solutions  Satisfy unmet needs
 Take corrective action
John P. Kotter 1990

7. LEADERSHIP

8. TYPES OF LEADERSHIP STYLE

9. TYPES OF LEADERSHIP STYLE
 Autocratic:
 Leader makes decisions without reference to anyone
else
 High degree of dependency on the leader
 Can create de-motivation and alienation
of staff
 May be valuable in some types of business where
decisions need to be made quickly and decisively

10. TYPES OF LEADERSHIP STYLE
 Democratic:
 Encourages decision making
from different perspectives – leadership may be
emphasised throughout
the organisation
 Consultative: process of consultation before decisions
are taken
 Persuasive: Leader takes decision and seeks to
persuade others that the decision
is correct

11. TYPES OF LEADERSHIP STYLE
 Democratic:
 May help motivation and involvement
 Workers feel ownership of the firm and its ideas
 Improves the sharing of ideas
and experiences within the business
 Can delay decision making

12. TYPES OF LEADERSHIP STYLE
 Laissez-Faire:
 ‘Let it be’ – the leadership responsibilities
are shared by all
 Can be very useful in businesses
where creative ideas are important
 Can be highly motivational,
as people have control over their working life
 Can make coordination and decision making
time-consuming and lacking in overall direction
 Relies on good team work
 Relies on good interpersonal relations

13. CHANGE LEADERSHIP

14. CHANGE LEADERSHIP
 The most challenging aspect of business is leading
and managing change
 The business environment is subject to fast-paced
economic and social change
 Modern business must adapt
and be flexible to survive
 Problems in leading change stem mainly from human
resource management
 Leaders need to be aware of how change impacts on
workers

15. THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP

16. TRAIT THEORIES
Leadership Traits: :
Leadership Traits
• • Ambition and energy
Ambition and energy
• • The desire to lead
The desire to lead
• • Honesty and integrity
Honesty and integrity
• • Self-confidence
Self-confidence
• • Intelligence
Intelligence
• • Job-relevant knowledge
Job-relevant knowledge

17. TRAIT THEORIES
Limitations: :
Limitations
• • No universal traits that predict leadership in all situations.
No universal traits that predict leadership in all situations.
• • Traits predict behavior better in “weak” than “strong”
Traits predict behavior better in “weak” than “strong”
situations.
situations.
• • Unclear evidence of the cause and effect of relationship of
Unclear evidence of the cause and effect of relationship of
leadership and traits.
leadership and traits.
• • Better predictor of the appearance of leadership than
Better predictor of the appearance of leadership than
distinguishing effective and ineffective leaders.
distinguishing effective and ineffective leaders.

18. BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
• • Trait theory:
Trait theory:
Leaders are born, not made.
Leaders are born, not made.
• • Behavioral theory:
Behavioral theory:
Leadership traits can be taught.
Leadership traits can be taught.

19. OHIO STATE STUDIES

20. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN STUDIES

21. PATH-GOAL THEORY

22. THE PATH-GOAL THEORY

23. CONTINGENCY APPROACH - FIEDLER (1967)
Defines L-effectiveness as behaviour that
Defines L-effectiveness as behaviour that
---> high task performance by group.
---> high task performance by group.
Depends on
Depends on  Respected leaders have to
personal power. No need
use position power (authority)
preferred style of leader
preferred style of leader
group situation as much as leader
group situation as much as leader
 High structure? non-
compliance? Easy
contextual variables
contextual variables intervention. Unstructured,
hard measure? Cannot easily
enforce. Less power
1. Quality of L-member relations
1. Quality of L-member relations
2. Work structure (high to low)
2. Work structure (high to low)
 extent of formal authority over
rewards and sanctions Power
3. Leader position power
3. Leader position power is not just dependent leader-
follower relationships.

24. THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP
 Trait theories:
 Is there a set of characteristics
that determine a good leader?
 Personality?
 Dominance and personal presence?
 Charisma?
 Selfconfidence?
 Achievement?
 Ability to formulate a clear vision?

25. THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP
 Trait theories:
 Are such characteristics
inherently gender biased?
 Do such characteristics
produce good leaders?
 Is leadership more than
just bringing about change?
 Does this imply that leaders are born not bred?

26. THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP
 Behavioural:
 Implythat leaders can be trained – focus on the
way of doing things
 Structure based behavioural theories – focus on the
leader instituting structures – task orientated
 Relationship based behavioural theories – focus on
the development and maintenance of relationships –
process orientated

27. THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP
 Contingency Theories:
 Leadership as being more flexible – different
leadership styles used at different times
depending on the circumstance.
 Suggests leadership is not a fixed series of
characteristics that can be transposed into
different contexts

28. THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP
 May depend on:
 Type of staff
 History of the business
 Culture of the business
 Quality of the relationships
 Nature of the changes needed
 Accepted norms within the institution

29. THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP
 Transformational:
 Widespread changes
to a business or organisation
 Requires:
 Long term strategic planning
 Clear objectives
 Clear vision
 Leading by example – walk the walk
 Efficiency of systems and processes

30. THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP
 Invitational Leadership:
 Improving the atmosphere and message sent out by
the organisation
 Focus on reducing negative messages
sent out through the everyday actions of the business
both externally and, crucially, internally
 Review internal processes to reduce these
 Build relationships and sense of belonging and
identity with the organisation –
that gets communicated to customers, etc.

31. THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP
 Transactional Theories:
 Focus on the management
of the organisation
 Focus on procedures and efficiency
 Focus on working to rules
and contracts
 Managing current issues
and problems

32. FACTORS AFFECTING STYLE

33. FACTORS AFFECTING STYLE
 Leadership style may be dependent
on various factors:
 Risk - decision making and change initiatives
based on degree of risk involved
 Type of business – creative business
or supply driven?
 How important change is –
change for change’s sake?
 Organisational culture – may be long embedded
and difficult to change
 Nature of the task – needing cooperation? Direction? Structure?