The document discusses the various political offices that existed in the late Roman Republic, including the tribune of the people, quaestor, aedile, praetor, and consul, which comprised the cursus honorum or ladder of political offices one could seek. It describes the roles and responsibilities of each office, the requirements to hold them, and how citizens progressed through the system. The ultimate goal for ambitious Romans was to reach the highest office of consul after starting as a lower magistrate and gaining experience.
The Roman Republican Senate existed from 509 BCE to 27 BCE and was the predominant law-making body of the Roman Republic. It consisted of officials appointed by consuls or censors and only male citizens could be members. Senators debated bills from dawn until dusk in the Senate building and could block legislation through filibusters. The Senate held powers of legislation, finances, foreign policy, and administration until the rise of the Roman Empire.
1. The document provides an overview of the foundations of democratic thought in Athens, Rome, and the Judeo-Christian tradition.
2. It summarizes the key figures and developments in Athenian democracy under Solon, Cleisthenes, and Pericles, including the government structure and philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
3. It then discusses the Roman Republic and its social classes, branches of government, and development of law, before concluding with notes on the monotheistic legacy of Judaism and Christianity.
World foundations of democracy - greek & roman contributionsjyounger2
Early societies included bands, tribes, and chiefdoms that evolved into states with different forms of government. The Greeks established some of the first city-states and experiments with different systems of rule, including monarchy, oligarchy, democracy and republics. Key Greek thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle influenced Western political philosophy through examining different forms of government and their impacts on society. The Romans established a republic with elected representatives and laws governing citizens and state affairs.
The document outlines the various political institutions and roles in ancient Rome. Tribunes protected the interests of common people (plebs) and could veto laws passed by the Senate. The Assembly of Plebs was presided over by tribunes and expanded democracy by allowing plebs to elect officials, try criminal cases, and pass legislation. Censors conducted censuses to collect taxes and organize the military. The branches of government were the executive Consuls, legislative Assemblies and Senate, and judicial courts. The Twelve Tables codified laws to avoid arbitrary rulings, and punishments were harsh. The Senate was comprised of those with 10 years military experience, serving for life. Consuls served as military commanders and chiefs. Dictators
This document provides an overview of citizenship and political careers in ancient Rome. It describes the different classes of citizens - patricians, plebeians, equites, and nobles. Non-citizens included women, slaves, and foreigners. The path to a political career was the cursus honorum, beginning with positions like quaestor and advancing to higher offices like praetor and consul. Other roles discussed include tribunes, dictators, and censors. The document also outlines the major governmental assemblies - the senate, comitia curiata, comitia centuriata, comitia tributa, and concilium plebis - and their functions. In the end, students are
Ancient Greece was influenced by its mountainous terrain which led to small independent city-states. These states shared a common language, culture, and religion. Athenian democracy lasted around 200 years in the 5th century BC and allowed native born men to participate directly in governing. It was a direct democracy where citizens voted directly on legislation and executive offices were filled by lot. However, democracy failed in Athens as the people grew greedy and conflict between city-states led to war and instability for centuries. Philosophy developed during this time, with Socrates being executed for challenging Athenian ideals, and Plato believing people should not directly rule and be assigned roles by leaders.
Sub6cd the roman republic and the punic warskrich28
Rome was well protected from invaders due to its location surrounded by rivers. The arch was an important engineering development for Romans that allowed for large structures like aqueducts and buildings. The saying "all roads lead to Rome" refers to how Rome dominated trade and transportation routes throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. The Pantheon is a temple in Rome dedicated to all the gods of ancient Rome. The 12 Tables were Rome's earliest law code that established basic legal principles and is still influential today.
The United Nations War Crimes Commission was established in 1943 by allied nations to investigate and prosecute war crimes committed during World War II. It was comprised of 17 nations and worked to collect evidence, identify suspected war criminals, and advise governments on legal matters regarding trials. The Commission reviewed over 37,000 alleged war criminals and influenced the development of international law. It ceased operations in 1948 as international and national tribunals began prosecuting war criminals.
The Roman Republican Senate existed from 509 BCE to 27 BCE and was the predominant law-making body of the Roman Republic. It consisted of officials appointed by consuls or censors and only male citizens could be members. Senators debated bills from dawn until dusk in the Senate building and could block legislation through filibusters. The Senate held powers of legislation, finances, foreign policy, and administration until the rise of the Roman Empire.
1. The document provides an overview of the foundations of democratic thought in Athens, Rome, and the Judeo-Christian tradition.
2. It summarizes the key figures and developments in Athenian democracy under Solon, Cleisthenes, and Pericles, including the government structure and philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
3. It then discusses the Roman Republic and its social classes, branches of government, and development of law, before concluding with notes on the monotheistic legacy of Judaism and Christianity.
World foundations of democracy - greek & roman contributionsjyounger2
Early societies included bands, tribes, and chiefdoms that evolved into states with different forms of government. The Greeks established some of the first city-states and experiments with different systems of rule, including monarchy, oligarchy, democracy and republics. Key Greek thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle influenced Western political philosophy through examining different forms of government and their impacts on society. The Romans established a republic with elected representatives and laws governing citizens and state affairs.
The document outlines the various political institutions and roles in ancient Rome. Tribunes protected the interests of common people (plebs) and could veto laws passed by the Senate. The Assembly of Plebs was presided over by tribunes and expanded democracy by allowing plebs to elect officials, try criminal cases, and pass legislation. Censors conducted censuses to collect taxes and organize the military. The branches of government were the executive Consuls, legislative Assemblies and Senate, and judicial courts. The Twelve Tables codified laws to avoid arbitrary rulings, and punishments were harsh. The Senate was comprised of those with 10 years military experience, serving for life. Consuls served as military commanders and chiefs. Dictators
This document provides an overview of citizenship and political careers in ancient Rome. It describes the different classes of citizens - patricians, plebeians, equites, and nobles. Non-citizens included women, slaves, and foreigners. The path to a political career was the cursus honorum, beginning with positions like quaestor and advancing to higher offices like praetor and consul. Other roles discussed include tribunes, dictators, and censors. The document also outlines the major governmental assemblies - the senate, comitia curiata, comitia centuriata, comitia tributa, and concilium plebis - and their functions. In the end, students are
Ancient Greece was influenced by its mountainous terrain which led to small independent city-states. These states shared a common language, culture, and religion. Athenian democracy lasted around 200 years in the 5th century BC and allowed native born men to participate directly in governing. It was a direct democracy where citizens voted directly on legislation and executive offices were filled by lot. However, democracy failed in Athens as the people grew greedy and conflict between city-states led to war and instability for centuries. Philosophy developed during this time, with Socrates being executed for challenging Athenian ideals, and Plato believing people should not directly rule and be assigned roles by leaders.
Sub6cd the roman republic and the punic warskrich28
Rome was well protected from invaders due to its location surrounded by rivers. The arch was an important engineering development for Romans that allowed for large structures like aqueducts and buildings. The saying "all roads lead to Rome" refers to how Rome dominated trade and transportation routes throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. The Pantheon is a temple in Rome dedicated to all the gods of ancient Rome. The 12 Tables were Rome's earliest law code that established basic legal principles and is still influential today.
The United Nations War Crimes Commission was established in 1943 by allied nations to investigate and prosecute war crimes committed during World War II. It was comprised of 17 nations and worked to collect evidence, identify suspected war criminals, and advise governments on legal matters regarding trials. The Commission reviewed over 37,000 alleged war criminals and influenced the development of international law. It ceased operations in 1948 as international and national tribunals began prosecuting war criminals.
And this is how the story of Rome begins the story of the city of the twins, born of diversity sons of Mars and mothered by a vestal virgin. A shepherd found the twins in the bushes near the Tiber river. Suckled by a wolf one of the twins would be killed by his brother who would build the most magnificent nation ever known. Romulas and Remus as the children were called, both wanted to build a new city. Romulus would create a truly unique civilization that confounds people even today. The city would become an empire to never be forgotten. Today, we still look back, and we see the legendary nation of Rome.
It has impacted our very lives, and changed the way early society would operate. Today students still all over the world still study Rome. American Students study Julius Caesar, English scholars hypothesis the possibility of the legendary King Arthur, perhaps being a Roman; Italian students study the twelve tablets of Roman law. The Romans, while not unique unto the land they lived, are unique in the way they put together knowledge, and instituted into their system. Roman government, Roman laws and pieces of Roman society can still be seen in today’s society...
The document discusses ancient Roman political thought and law. It was influenced by Stoicism, which had three stages of development and principles of universal brotherhood. While Roman thinkers were not as sophisticated as Greeks, they established a worldwide empire and spread Greek ideas. Romans were the first in Europe to establish a codified, systematic set of laws. Their legal system was influenced by Greek philosophy and traditions. Notable aspects of Roman law included the 12 Tables codification, distinction between citizen and foreigner law, and natural law. The Code of Justinian later systematized Roman legal achievements. Significant Roman contributions to law included secularization of law, universal applicability, focus on individual rights, view of state as legal person, contractual view of
The document discusses the history and development of judicial motivation (providing reasons for decisions) in Roman law and modern legal systems. It notes that while Roman judges likely provided some reasoning, there was no strict obligation to do so. Motivation became mandatory in France after the French Revolution and laws passed in 1790. Italian law also makes motivation a constitutional and procedural requirement. The document examines theories around the purposes of motivation and discusses debates around flexibility versus formalism in administrative law motivation requirements.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Constitution of Greece in 3 sentences or less:
The Constitution of Greece establishes Greece as a democratic republic that is a member of the European Union. It guarantees human rights and has been amended 3 times since first being established in the 19th century after Greece gained independence from foreign rule. The constitution outlines the government as having 3 independent powers, led by a President and Prime Minister, and recognizes the Greek Orthodox Church while protecting freedom of religion.
The document summarizes the social classes in ancient Rome and the political changes that resulted from conflict between the patricians and plebeians. The patricians were Rome's wealthy ruling class while the plebeians were the lower-class citizens with few rights and power. The plebeians went on strike and threatened to form their own republic to demand more political representation. As a result, tribunes were elected to represent plebeian interests and over time plebeians gained equal legal rights and the ability to hold high offices, making Rome's government more representative.
The document discusses the origins and development of Athenian democracy under Solon and Pericles. It addresses criticisms of calling Athens a democracy by examining its foundations and governance. Solon established democratic reforms in the 6th century BC that distributed power among property classes and created bodies like the Assembly and courts. This helped lay the groundwork for the more radical democracy that emerged under Pericles, who provided pay for participation, strengthening the power of the lower classes through the navy. While aspects of its citizenship laws and use of slavery are problematic by modern standards, Athens met ancient definitions of rule by the citizen body and its democracy cannot be judged by present-day values alone.
Cicero was a prominent Roman politician, lawyer, orator and philosopher. He served as consul of Rome in 63 BC and exposed the Catilinarian conspiracy, sentencing the conspirators to death. This later led to his exile from Rome. Upon his return, he opposed Mark Anthony and Octavian, leading the Second Triumvirate to proscribe him. He was hunted down and killed in 43 BC. Despite facing challenges, Cicero established himself as one of Rome's greatest orators and his works were highly influential on European culture and the study of Roman history.
Rome began as a small city-state but eventually ruled the Mediterranean world. It established a republic with elected leaders to prevent any one person from gaining too much power. Citizens were actively involved in their government. The Roman government had legislative, executive, and judicial branches with separation of powers. It differed from Athens by being representative rather than direct. Roman law, including the Twelve Tables, assured citizens rights and protections. Rome's conquests enriched it but caused unrest, leading to civil wars over power. Eventually Augustus Caesar brought stability by opening government jobs to all and establishing justice through law, with principles still used today.
The document discusses the origins and evolution of democracy from ancient times to modernity. It begins by defining democracy as rule by the people, either directly or through elected representatives. The first democracy emerged in ancient Athens around 508-507 BC, where citizens participated directly in governance. However, women, slaves and foreigners were excluded. Early democracies also existed in other places like ancient India. The document then contrasts early and modern democracy, noting that modern democracy involves competitive elections and universal suffrage through representatives rather than direct participation. It analyzes factors like state strength that influenced different political systems developing in places like Europe, China and the Muslim world.
The Twelve Tables were the first written laws of ancient Rome from 451-450 BC. They were inscribed on 12 bronze tablets and established basic rights for Roman citizens. The laws covered civil and criminal legal matters and were meant to be understood by common people. Some key provisions included debt repayment timelines, inheritance rules, and penalties for theft, false testimony, and accepting bribes.
The document discusses the United Nations Organization and its role in promoting and protecting human rights. It provides background on the establishment of the UN after World War II, with the aims of preventing future wars and succeeding the ineffective League of Nations. Key points covered include the UN Charter which defines the purposes and structure of the UN, the six main organs of the UN including the General Assembly and Security Council, and the role of the UN in establishing international agreements on human rights such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar and philosopher born in 106 BC. He had a long political career in which he served as consul and helped uncover the Catiline conspiracy. However, he made enemies by opposing the authoritarian rule of Julius Caesar and was eventually exiled. Upon returning to Rome, Cicero continued speaking out for the republic but was assassinated in 43 BC on the orders of Mark Antony for his opposition.
Ppt 6 election of the estates general, the pamphletKathleen Paris
The document summarizes the events leading up to the meeting of the Estates General in 1789. It describes how King Louis XVI tried to implement tax reforms through his ministers Calonne and Brienne, but they were rejected by the Assembly of Notables. This increased tensions between the crown, the nobility, and the ministers over reforms. The document also discusses the cahiers, or lists of grievances compiled in each region, and how they expressed demands for reform and contributed to the revolutionary atmosphere. It notes how the Third Estate deputies were predominantly bourgeois rather than peasants, and outlines some of the major demands presented in the cahiers of each estate.
Solon was an Athenian statesman and poet in the 7th century BC who enacted significant reforms that reduced social tensions in Athens. As legislator, he abolished debt slavery, released those enslaved for debt, and prohibited debtors from being pledged as security. His other reforms included establishing a new judicial system, popular courts, and allowing all citizens to participate in the assembly, while only granting voting rights. To avoid modifying his own laws, Solon exiled himself for 10 years after implementing his reforms.
The Roman government transitioned from a monarchy to a republic after the Etruscan king Tarquin was overthrown. Power was held by elected representatives and citizens. The Roman Senate consisted of aristocratic elders who had previously held elected office. Conflict arose between patricians (aristocrats) and plebeians (commoners) over civil rights and representation. Plebeians demanded laws apply equally and be written down, creating the Twelve Tables. The government was divided into the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches. Consuls led the military and government as the executive branch. The legislative branch included the Senate and Assemblies who made laws. Praetors led the judiciary branch.
The document discusses key terms and aspects of the early Roman republican government. It begins by defining important terms like tribunes, republic, senate, and the conflict of the orders between patricians and plebeians. It then summarizes Rome's conversion to a republic after the overthrow of the last king, Tarquin the Proud. The branches of government are outlined including the executive consuls, legislative assemblies and senate, and judiciary courts and praetors. The plebeians demanded and received the Twelve Tables law code in 449 BC. The document also discusses Roman military strength, traditions, and legislation being made by the assemblies according to historian Polybius.
The Roman Republic had a complex system of government with power shared between several bodies and positions. The Senate was the most powerful political body and was made up of patricians. There was conflict between the patrician and plebeian classes over civil rights and representation. Over time, in response to plebeian demands, new positions and assemblies were created including military tribunes, the Assembly of the Plebs, censors, praetors, and the Twelve Tables codified laws. A cursus honorum system established a ladder of executive offices with consul being the highest position.
The Roman Republic was established after the overthrow of the monarchy. The Senate, composed of aristocratic elders, became the most powerful political body, gaining influence over lawmaking, military affairs, and executive appointments. Citizens were divided between the ruling patrician class and the majority plebeian commoners, who struggled for civil rights and political representation. The Republic established several branches of government, including consuls as executive leaders and commanders-in-chief, tribunes elected to advocate for plebeians, and assemblies for legislation. Over time, the Republic developed a complex system of elected offices and laws that impacted the governance of Rome and modern democratic societies.
According to legend, the city of Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus. Romulus killed Remus and became Rome's first king, establishing the city's first government. Rome grew from a small settlement populated by outcasts and criminals to a major city due to its advantageous location on the Tiber River and by adopting aspects of culture and religion from neighboring Greeks and Etruscans. The Roman Republic was established in 509 BC after the last Etruscan king was overthrown. The Republic was governed by elected consuls and an advisory Senate dominated by patrician families, though political reforms over time increased power for plebeian commoners.
This document provides an overview of the roots of democracy in ancient Greece and Rome. It begins with notes on Athens in ancient Greece, which originated as a monarchy but later transitioned to a direct democracy under the reforms of Cleisthenes. All male citizens were able to participate directly in the Assembly and help make decisions. The document then discusses the origins and government of the Roman Republic, which was ruled by a combination of elected patrician Senators and Consuls, with checks and balances between the groups. Over time, plebeians gained more rights and representation in government as well. By the 1st century BC, Roman rule extended across the Mediterranean region.
The Roman Republic was established in 509 BCE after the overthrow of the Etruscan monarchy, organizing the government into a combination of aristocracy, oligarchy, and democracy with citizens electing consuls and a senate to advise them. Society was divided between the wealthy patrician class and the plebeian majority, who engaged in occasional strikes to gain more political power. The republican government structure consisted of two annually elected consuls, the senate which controlled finances and foreign policy, and plebeian tribunes who could veto consular decisions and advocate for the common people.
The Roman Republic had a Senate that served for life and two Consuls who were elected military commanders and public officials. In emergencies, a Dictator could temporarily rule for six months. Tribunes protected and advocated for the plebeians and could veto senate laws. Rome had a republic with executive, legislative, and judicial branches. There was conflict between the Patrician higher class and lower class Plebeians over civil rights until the Assembly of the Plebs expanded democracy for plebeians. Other offices included the Censor to collect taxes and organize military duties, and annual Praetors to lead the judiciary and armies. Laws were written on the Twelve Tables tablets.
And this is how the story of Rome begins the story of the city of the twins, born of diversity sons of Mars and mothered by a vestal virgin. A shepherd found the twins in the bushes near the Tiber river. Suckled by a wolf one of the twins would be killed by his brother who would build the most magnificent nation ever known. Romulas and Remus as the children were called, both wanted to build a new city. Romulus would create a truly unique civilization that confounds people even today. The city would become an empire to never be forgotten. Today, we still look back, and we see the legendary nation of Rome.
It has impacted our very lives, and changed the way early society would operate. Today students still all over the world still study Rome. American Students study Julius Caesar, English scholars hypothesis the possibility of the legendary King Arthur, perhaps being a Roman; Italian students study the twelve tablets of Roman law. The Romans, while not unique unto the land they lived, are unique in the way they put together knowledge, and instituted into their system. Roman government, Roman laws and pieces of Roman society can still be seen in today’s society...
The document discusses ancient Roman political thought and law. It was influenced by Stoicism, which had three stages of development and principles of universal brotherhood. While Roman thinkers were not as sophisticated as Greeks, they established a worldwide empire and spread Greek ideas. Romans were the first in Europe to establish a codified, systematic set of laws. Their legal system was influenced by Greek philosophy and traditions. Notable aspects of Roman law included the 12 Tables codification, distinction between citizen and foreigner law, and natural law. The Code of Justinian later systematized Roman legal achievements. Significant Roman contributions to law included secularization of law, universal applicability, focus on individual rights, view of state as legal person, contractual view of
The document discusses the history and development of judicial motivation (providing reasons for decisions) in Roman law and modern legal systems. It notes that while Roman judges likely provided some reasoning, there was no strict obligation to do so. Motivation became mandatory in France after the French Revolution and laws passed in 1790. Italian law also makes motivation a constitutional and procedural requirement. The document examines theories around the purposes of motivation and discusses debates around flexibility versus formalism in administrative law motivation requirements.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Constitution of Greece in 3 sentences or less:
The Constitution of Greece establishes Greece as a democratic republic that is a member of the European Union. It guarantees human rights and has been amended 3 times since first being established in the 19th century after Greece gained independence from foreign rule. The constitution outlines the government as having 3 independent powers, led by a President and Prime Minister, and recognizes the Greek Orthodox Church while protecting freedom of religion.
The document summarizes the social classes in ancient Rome and the political changes that resulted from conflict between the patricians and plebeians. The patricians were Rome's wealthy ruling class while the plebeians were the lower-class citizens with few rights and power. The plebeians went on strike and threatened to form their own republic to demand more political representation. As a result, tribunes were elected to represent plebeian interests and over time plebeians gained equal legal rights and the ability to hold high offices, making Rome's government more representative.
The document discusses the origins and development of Athenian democracy under Solon and Pericles. It addresses criticisms of calling Athens a democracy by examining its foundations and governance. Solon established democratic reforms in the 6th century BC that distributed power among property classes and created bodies like the Assembly and courts. This helped lay the groundwork for the more radical democracy that emerged under Pericles, who provided pay for participation, strengthening the power of the lower classes through the navy. While aspects of its citizenship laws and use of slavery are problematic by modern standards, Athens met ancient definitions of rule by the citizen body and its democracy cannot be judged by present-day values alone.
Cicero was a prominent Roman politician, lawyer, orator and philosopher. He served as consul of Rome in 63 BC and exposed the Catilinarian conspiracy, sentencing the conspirators to death. This later led to his exile from Rome. Upon his return, he opposed Mark Anthony and Octavian, leading the Second Triumvirate to proscribe him. He was hunted down and killed in 43 BC. Despite facing challenges, Cicero established himself as one of Rome's greatest orators and his works were highly influential on European culture and the study of Roman history.
Rome began as a small city-state but eventually ruled the Mediterranean world. It established a republic with elected leaders to prevent any one person from gaining too much power. Citizens were actively involved in their government. The Roman government had legislative, executive, and judicial branches with separation of powers. It differed from Athens by being representative rather than direct. Roman law, including the Twelve Tables, assured citizens rights and protections. Rome's conquests enriched it but caused unrest, leading to civil wars over power. Eventually Augustus Caesar brought stability by opening government jobs to all and establishing justice through law, with principles still used today.
The document discusses the origins and evolution of democracy from ancient times to modernity. It begins by defining democracy as rule by the people, either directly or through elected representatives. The first democracy emerged in ancient Athens around 508-507 BC, where citizens participated directly in governance. However, women, slaves and foreigners were excluded. Early democracies also existed in other places like ancient India. The document then contrasts early and modern democracy, noting that modern democracy involves competitive elections and universal suffrage through representatives rather than direct participation. It analyzes factors like state strength that influenced different political systems developing in places like Europe, China and the Muslim world.
The Twelve Tables were the first written laws of ancient Rome from 451-450 BC. They were inscribed on 12 bronze tablets and established basic rights for Roman citizens. The laws covered civil and criminal legal matters and were meant to be understood by common people. Some key provisions included debt repayment timelines, inheritance rules, and penalties for theft, false testimony, and accepting bribes.
The document discusses the United Nations Organization and its role in promoting and protecting human rights. It provides background on the establishment of the UN after World War II, with the aims of preventing future wars and succeeding the ineffective League of Nations. Key points covered include the UN Charter which defines the purposes and structure of the UN, the six main organs of the UN including the General Assembly and Security Council, and the role of the UN in establishing international agreements on human rights such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar and philosopher born in 106 BC. He had a long political career in which he served as consul and helped uncover the Catiline conspiracy. However, he made enemies by opposing the authoritarian rule of Julius Caesar and was eventually exiled. Upon returning to Rome, Cicero continued speaking out for the republic but was assassinated in 43 BC on the orders of Mark Antony for his opposition.
Ppt 6 election of the estates general, the pamphletKathleen Paris
The document summarizes the events leading up to the meeting of the Estates General in 1789. It describes how King Louis XVI tried to implement tax reforms through his ministers Calonne and Brienne, but they were rejected by the Assembly of Notables. This increased tensions between the crown, the nobility, and the ministers over reforms. The document also discusses the cahiers, or lists of grievances compiled in each region, and how they expressed demands for reform and contributed to the revolutionary atmosphere. It notes how the Third Estate deputies were predominantly bourgeois rather than peasants, and outlines some of the major demands presented in the cahiers of each estate.
Solon was an Athenian statesman and poet in the 7th century BC who enacted significant reforms that reduced social tensions in Athens. As legislator, he abolished debt slavery, released those enslaved for debt, and prohibited debtors from being pledged as security. His other reforms included establishing a new judicial system, popular courts, and allowing all citizens to participate in the assembly, while only granting voting rights. To avoid modifying his own laws, Solon exiled himself for 10 years after implementing his reforms.
The Roman government transitioned from a monarchy to a republic after the Etruscan king Tarquin was overthrown. Power was held by elected representatives and citizens. The Roman Senate consisted of aristocratic elders who had previously held elected office. Conflict arose between patricians (aristocrats) and plebeians (commoners) over civil rights and representation. Plebeians demanded laws apply equally and be written down, creating the Twelve Tables. The government was divided into the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches. Consuls led the military and government as the executive branch. The legislative branch included the Senate and Assemblies who made laws. Praetors led the judiciary branch.
The document discusses key terms and aspects of the early Roman republican government. It begins by defining important terms like tribunes, republic, senate, and the conflict of the orders between patricians and plebeians. It then summarizes Rome's conversion to a republic after the overthrow of the last king, Tarquin the Proud. The branches of government are outlined including the executive consuls, legislative assemblies and senate, and judiciary courts and praetors. The plebeians demanded and received the Twelve Tables law code in 449 BC. The document also discusses Roman military strength, traditions, and legislation being made by the assemblies according to historian Polybius.
The Roman Republic had a complex system of government with power shared between several bodies and positions. The Senate was the most powerful political body and was made up of patricians. There was conflict between the patrician and plebeian classes over civil rights and representation. Over time, in response to plebeian demands, new positions and assemblies were created including military tribunes, the Assembly of the Plebs, censors, praetors, and the Twelve Tables codified laws. A cursus honorum system established a ladder of executive offices with consul being the highest position.
The Roman Republic was established after the overthrow of the monarchy. The Senate, composed of aristocratic elders, became the most powerful political body, gaining influence over lawmaking, military affairs, and executive appointments. Citizens were divided between the ruling patrician class and the majority plebeian commoners, who struggled for civil rights and political representation. The Republic established several branches of government, including consuls as executive leaders and commanders-in-chief, tribunes elected to advocate for plebeians, and assemblies for legislation. Over time, the Republic developed a complex system of elected offices and laws that impacted the governance of Rome and modern democratic societies.
According to legend, the city of Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus. Romulus killed Remus and became Rome's first king, establishing the city's first government. Rome grew from a small settlement populated by outcasts and criminals to a major city due to its advantageous location on the Tiber River and by adopting aspects of culture and religion from neighboring Greeks and Etruscans. The Roman Republic was established in 509 BC after the last Etruscan king was overthrown. The Republic was governed by elected consuls and an advisory Senate dominated by patrician families, though political reforms over time increased power for plebeian commoners.
This document provides an overview of the roots of democracy in ancient Greece and Rome. It begins with notes on Athens in ancient Greece, which originated as a monarchy but later transitioned to a direct democracy under the reforms of Cleisthenes. All male citizens were able to participate directly in the Assembly and help make decisions. The document then discusses the origins and government of the Roman Republic, which was ruled by a combination of elected patrician Senators and Consuls, with checks and balances between the groups. Over time, plebeians gained more rights and representation in government as well. By the 1st century BC, Roman rule extended across the Mediterranean region.
The Roman Republic was established in 509 BCE after the overthrow of the Etruscan monarchy, organizing the government into a combination of aristocracy, oligarchy, and democracy with citizens electing consuls and a senate to advise them. Society was divided between the wealthy patrician class and the plebeian majority, who engaged in occasional strikes to gain more political power. The republican government structure consisted of two annually elected consuls, the senate which controlled finances and foreign policy, and plebeian tribunes who could veto consular decisions and advocate for the common people.
The Roman Republic had a Senate that served for life and two Consuls who were elected military commanders and public officials. In emergencies, a Dictator could temporarily rule for six months. Tribunes protected and advocated for the plebeians and could veto senate laws. Rome had a republic with executive, legislative, and judicial branches. There was conflict between the Patrician higher class and lower class Plebeians over civil rights until the Assembly of the Plebs expanded democracy for plebeians. Other offices included the Censor to collect taxes and organize military duties, and annual Praetors to lead the judiciary and armies. Laws were written on the Twelve Tables tablets.
The Roman Republic had a Senate that served for life and two Consuls who were elected military commanders and public officials. In emergencies, a Dictator could temporarily rule for six months. Tribunes protected and advocated for the plebeians and could veto senate laws. Rome had a republic with executive, legislative, and judicial branches. There was conflict between the Patrician higher class and lower class Plebeians over civil rights until the Assembly of the Plebs expanded democracy for plebeians. Other offices included the Censor to collect taxes and organize military duties, and annual Praetors to lead the judiciary and armies. Laws were written on the Twelve Tables tablets.
The document summarizes the government of the Roman Republic. It describes the republic as a state where supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives rather than a monarch. It discusses the powerful Senate of Rome made up of patricians. It also describes the conflict between the plebeians and patricians, with the plebeians seeking political equality. Key political roles like consul, dictator, tribune, and censor are also summarized.
The Roman Republic - Law and Society of Romekriskutateli
This document provides guidance and questions for students to learn about various aspects of the Roman Republic and Empire. It includes discussion questions about how geography helped the Romans, the difference between patricians and plebeians, the structure of the Roman Republic, Roman law including the Twelve Tables and Law of Nations. Students are asked to consider why Rome was a successful republic and predict problems that could arise from its government format. The document also summarizes the political crisis of the late republic, the reforms of Julius Caesar, his assassination, and the transition from republic to empire.
The document summarizes the transition of Rome's government from a monarchy to a republic after overthrowing the last king. Under the republic, power was shared between the patrician and plebeian classes. The plebeians gained new rights and institutions like the Plebeian Council and tribunes to protect their interests against the patricians. Roman law was also codified in the Twelve Tables. The republican government consisted of legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Over time Rome expanded its territory through military conquests of neighboring lands and conflicts with Carthage.
The Roman Republic had three branches of government: the Senate as the advisory branch, legislative branch composed of three assemblies (Curiate, Centuriate, and Tribal), and executive branch made up of annually elected magistrates like consuls and praetors. The most important legislative assembly was the Centuriate Assembly, which was based on wealth and age and elected censors and magistrates. The executive branch offices were collegial with annual tenure and imperium.
The Roman government was created with three parts: magistrates, the Senate, and assemblies with tribunes. The magistrates like the consuls administered the city and led the army, while the Senate advised leadership and grew very powerful over time. Assemblies elected magistrates and tribunes protected common people by having the power to veto, or prohibit, other politicians' actions. This system of checks and balances helped distribute power and keep any one group from becoming too dominant.
The document summarizes the origins and early government of ancient Rome. It describes how Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus and was settled by Latins, Etruscans, and Greeks. Rome developed a republican government with citizens electing leaders like consuls and tribunes. Power was split between the patrician aristocrats and plebeian commoners, and the institutions of the Senate and assemblies allowed citizens to participate in rule. The Roman army was made up of citizen soldiers who were required to serve.
Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus on the banks of the Tiber River. According to legend, the twins were abandoned and raised by a she-wolf. Romulus later killed Remus and became Rome's first king. Rome transitioned from a monarchy to a republic with elected magistrates and grew powerful through military conquests. It eventually became an empire under Augustus in 27 BC, spanning the Mediterranean world. The Roman Empire fell in 476 AD as the western half declined due to military and economic issues while the eastern half continued as the Byzantine Empire.
Early inspirations for american governmentFredrick Smith
Early American government was inspired by ancient Greek democracy, the Roman Republic, and English constitutionalism. Athenian democracy lasted over 100 years and involved all free adult males voting directly on laws. However, it had flaws like the wealthy swaying public opinion. The Roman Republic used a representative system with elected senators and assemblies making laws. It failed when military leaders gained too much power. England developed constitutionalism after its civil war, limiting royal power and establishing parliament's right to tax and petition the king. These systems influenced America's founding fathers.
The document provides an overview of Mediterranean society during the Roman phase, from the rise of the Etruscans and establishment of the Roman Republic through the transition to the Roman Empire. Key events and developments discussed include the overthrow of the last Etruscan king and founding of the Roman Republic in 509 BCE, the establishment of republican institutions like the senate and consuls, the Punic Wars with Carthage culminating in Rome's victory in 146 BCE, the transition from republic to empire under figures like Caesar and Augustus, the establishment of Pax Romana under the emperors, and the rise of Christianity as the empire's official religion under Constantine.
This document provides an overview of citizenship and the political career path in ancient Rome. It describes the different classes of citizens - patricians, plebeians, equites, and nobles. Non-citizens included women, slaves, and foreigners. The cursus honorum, or sequential political offices, are outlined starting with quaestor and advancing to consul. Key details are provided about eligibility requirements and responsibilities for each office. Military tribunes and plebeian tribunes are also discussed. The Roman assemblies, including the senate, comitia curiata, comitia centuriata, comitia tributa, and concilium plebis are summarized. Finally, the document describes the
The document provides an overview of ancient Roman civilization from its origins to its fall. It discusses:
- The founding of Rome in the 8th century BC according to legend by Romulus on the Palatine Hill.
- The early systems of government including the Roman Kingdom and Republic which transitioned to the Roman Empire beginning in the 1st century BC.
- The expansion of the Roman Empire throughout the Mediterranean and organization into provinces.
- Roman culture including architecture, art, literature, philosophy, engineering works, religion and the influence of Latin.
- The eventual decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD marking the end of the ancient period.
The document discusses the various political offices that existed in the late Roman Republic, including the tribune of the people, quaestor, aedile, praetor, and consul, which comprised the cursus honorum or ladder of political offices one could seek. It describes the roles and responsibilities of each office, the requirements to hold them, and how citizens progressed through the system. The ultimate goal for ambitious Romans was to reach the highest office of consul after starting as a lower magistrate and gaining experience.
The document provides a summary of the author's creative works focused on French language and culture. It includes sections on why the author is studying French, details about the French language, thoughts on the French national anthem, a reflection on French poetry including an analysis of a poem by Guillaume Apollinaire, a summary of the fairy tale "Bluebeard", and impressions of the French film "The Kid with a Bike".
The document is a student's Hindi class project containing Hindi proverbs, poems, short stories and bibliographic sources. It includes the translations and meanings of 3 Hindi proverbs. A short story is presented about a thirsty crow, along with its English translation. A nursery rhyme is also translated. The bibliography cites online sources used to research the project. Software such as Google Translate and an online Hindi dictionary were utilized.
Athens has been continuously inhabited for at least 7,000 years and became rich due to valuable resources like silver, lead, and marble. It was a beautiful and busy city where people came from all over Greece and other countries to study and trade. Athens' most famous building was the Parthenon temple located on the Acropolis hill housing a statue of the goddess Athena.
Olympia was first settled around the 3rd millennium BC and hosted the first Olympic games in 776 BC as a peace treaty between city-states. It grew to include participants from all Greek states under a truce lasting three months each summer, allowing leaders to meet unarmed and facilitating trade and politics.
The original Olympic
The document provides an overview of German Christmas traditions, including gift giving, Christmas trees, songs, dinner, desserts, and festive drinks. It notes that gift giving occurs on Christmas Eve and involves stockings or gifts under the tree. Traditional Christmas trees are decorated with lights, tinsel, and ornaments. Common Christmas meals include roast goose, carp, red cabbage, and potato dumplings. Popular desserts and treats include marzipan, lebkuchen, and fruit breads. Festive drinks include mulled wine, hot rum punch, and non-alcoholic children's punch.
The document describes some German Christmas traditions that the author experienced growing up in Scotland with a German mother. These included lighting candles on an Advent wreath each Sunday before Christmas, polishing shoes for St. Nicholas on December 6th, and attending Christmas markets in German towns. The author now lives in Canada and helps organize a Christmas market in their community that blends local and German customs. The markets feature traditional foods like glühwein, stollen, and spritzgebäck. The document shares memories of Christmas Eve celebrations with the Christmas tree, carols, and a nativity scene from the author's childhood.
Square Enix is a major entertainment company that develops and distributes video games, manga, and anime. Their corporate philosophy is to spread happiness through unforgettable experiences. They aim to authentically share Japanese culture and values through their creative works across multiple mediums. Square Enix blends visual art, music, and gameplay that reflect Japanese aesthetics and storytelling traditions to engage audiences worldwide.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
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The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
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Gopinath Rebala
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Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
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Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
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Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
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- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
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* Live demos with code snippets
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In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
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While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
2. Roman Republic Background
• The Roman Republic spanned from 509 BCE to 27 BCE.
• It began with the overthrow of monarchy led by Lucius Junius Brutus (ancestor of the Brutus
who assassinated Julius Caesar).
• The government of the Republic was originally dominated by the Patricians (Roman
aristocracy), but over time, the plebeians (Romans of non-aristocratic birth) gained more
influence and power within the Senate.
• The main body of government was the Senate (ran by senators)—which worked with other
assemblies with a system of checks and balances. Once a man was admitted as a senator (he
automatically became one after holding the most junior magistracy), he was senator for life.
• The Senate was responsible for passing decrees (called the Senatus Consultum), which were
implemented by magistrates. It also oversaw foreign policy and to some extent, military policy,
in the appointment of military commanders.
• Roman citizens had two choices when running for political office:
1) Start as a Tribunus Plebis (Tribune of the People)
2) Follow the Cursus Honorum (Course of Honour)—This was a series of steps on the political
ladder. One would usually start as a military tribune, then advance as a quaestor, aedile,
praetor, and ultimately the consul.
• Other offices that one could hold outside the Cursus Honorum were:
1) The Censor 2)Exceptional cases: Dictator and Master of the Horse.
- Only Roman men citizens could run for office. Office was usually held for a year, with the
exception of a few.
4. A Note on
Legislative
During the Roman Republic, there were two types of legislative assemblies:
1) The Comitia (committee)—The comitia included all Roman citizens.
Assemblies
This was the type of assembly called up to ratify laws, elect magistrates
and try judicial cases.
The comitia was further divided into two categories:
a) The Comitia Tributa (Tribal Assembly)—It arranged citizens based on
geographical area.
b) The Comitia Centuriata (Centuriate Assembly)—Arranged citizens
based on class—wealth and status.
2) The Concilium (Council)—This was just an assembly of a specific group
of citizens.
e.g.) The Plebeian council— This council was composed of Roman
citizens of plebeian heritage who gathered to elect Plebeian magistrates,
enact laws only applicable for plebeians and try cases involving
plebeians.
*Note: Not all families of the ruling class of Rome were Patricians.
There were also many powerful noble political families which had plebeian roots, such as the
Caecilii Metelli.
5. Tribunus Plebis
(Tribune of the
This was a very powerful political office even though it was not part of the Cursus
Honorum. The Tribunes of the People)
People were not considered magistrates, but rather, officials.
The role of the tribune in government was to represent the interests of the common people
(the plebs) against the arbitrary power of the Senate and the magistrates (mostly made up of
the elite ruling class).
Each year, ten members were elected by the Plebeian Council. Only a man of plebeian blood
could be a tribune of the people.
In law, the body of a tribune was sacrosanct—no one was allowed to attack him. Whoever
attacked a tribune could be executed.
The People’s Tribunes had a special right called the ius auxiliandi, which enabled them to
provide aid to any plebeian from the power of a magistrate.
They were also given the right to propose legislation, which could be passed if the proposed
law was popular.
The special power of the tribune lay in his “veto.” He was allowed to veto anyone
(including senators, magistrates and other tribunes) except for the dictator (if there was one).
Veto means “I forbid.”
Because tribunes were regarded as the champions of the common people, it was important
that people had access to them at all times, so they were not allowed to lock the doors of their
houses. They were also not allowed to be absent from the city for an entire day.
8. Tribunus Militum
Each year, twenty-four young menTribune)
(Military were elected to serve as
military tribunes.
Military tribunes were elected by the Comitia Tributa (the
Tribal Assembly of Roman people based on geographical area).
By being a military tribune, one could gain military
experience.
Technically, it was not necessary to be a military tribune in
order to advance on the ladders of the Cursus Honorum.
However, military experience was always an asset, so many
young men ambitious for political office would start out as a
military tribune.
Of the 24 tribunes, six were distributed to each of the two
consuls’s two legions. They held the rank of legion officers.
9. Tribuni Militi
(Military
Tribunes)
Militar
y
Tribune
s in
Uniform
10. Quaestor
• The quaestorship was technically considered to be the
first step of the Cursus Honorum. It was the most junior of
all the magistracies.
•Twenty quaestors were elected every year by the Roman
people through the Comitia Tributa (the same assembly
through which military tribunes were elected).
•Their responsibility was mainly financial—they
administered the finances of the state treasury. However,
they also supervised public games as an extra task.
•One quaestor often accompanied a governor to help the
governor oversee finances of the province given to the
governor.
•Being quaestor automatically enrolled that office holder
into the Senate—he became a senator; however usually as
a backbencher who was not allowed to voice his opinions
during debates.
11. Quaestor
Since quaestors
were official
magistrates, they
were entitled to
wear the toga
praetexta (the
toga reserved for
magistrates
only).
12. Aedilis (Aedile)
• Four aediles were elected each year (two of which had to be of plebeian heritage [the Plebeian
Aediles], while the other two could be either Plebeian or Patrician—these were called the Curule
Aediles.
•The Plebeian Aediles were elected by the Concilium Plebis (the Plebeian Council).
•The Curule Aediles, on the other hand, were elected by the Comitia Tributa (the assembly that
arranged all Roman citizens based on geographic area). Unlike the Plebeian Aediles, Curule
Aediles were vested with imperium (in this case, it was the executive power given to them by the
Senate which enabled the Curule Aediles to do anything that they considered would be beneficial
to the state.)
• The aediles looked after the dreary aspects of city management—corn supplies, municipal
regulations, sewage treatment, maintenance of buildings, street sanitation etc.
•Another important responsibility of the aedile was to provide public entertainment for
everyone—in the form of public games, feasts, mock battles or gladiatorial shows. The games
were often very, very expensive, and a lot of aediles ran into debt while in office.
• It was not necessary to be an aedile to run for Praetor (the next rung on the political ladder);
however, many ambitious Romans would still run for aedile in order to make themselves well-
known and to shore up public support for the future.
- People were more likely to remember and vote for those who provided good games and food.
13. Praetor
Eight praetors were elected each year by the Comitia Centuriata (the assembly of all the Roman
people organized by wealth and status.)
Praetors were mostly responsible for presiding over law courts; they served as judges.
It was the job of the praetors to take on the duty of the consuls if the consuls were absent from Rome.
It was the praetors’ responsibility to make sure that people obeyed the laws. In Rome, the Praetor
Urbanus (Urban Praetor) was responsible for hearing cases in the city—he was not allowed to be away
from Rome for more than 10 days.
The Praetor Peregrinus was responsible for hearing cases for foreigners living in Italy. The other
respective praetors were assigned to their own provinces.
Outside the city, Praetors were entitled to six bodyguards, called lictors, who carried ceremonial rods
with axes fixed to them. Within Rome, Praetors could only have two lictors.
Praetors had imperium (in this case, slightly different from the imperium given to the Curule Aediles;
praetorial imperium was also a state-conferred power, but it allowed the Praetors to command and raise
armies legally.)
After serving a year as a praetor, the magistrate could become pro-praetor (having all the powers of a
praetor) and be sent by the Senate to govern foreign provinces and become governors.
- Many ambitious Praetors who ran into debt while being an aedile looked forward to becoming
governors, because becoming governors supplied them with wealth from their provinces.
14. *Consul*
Only two consuls were elected each year. This office was considered as the most prestigious of
all the magistracies. Many old Roman families would boast of the number of family members
who had held the office of consuls in order to enhance the family name and prestige.
The consulship was the highest rung on the political ladder. Consuls were elected by the
Comitia Centuriata (the same assembly that elected the Praetors).
Their responsibility included convening and presiding over discussions in the Senate. They
could also introduce legislation, and they often represented Rome in foreign policy. During
times of conflict, the two consuls also became generals—each one in charge of two legions.
To run or serve as consul, one had to be at least 42 years old and had to have held the office of
praetor.
A senator was allowed to run for consul again after being consul; however, ten years had to
have elapsed before they do so—this was to prevent corruption and power-grabbing.
Like praetors, consuls were allowed lictors as body-guards (since they also had imperium).
However, instead of having just six lictors, they had twelve.
After their term of office was over, consuls could also become proconsuls (similar to pro-
praetor except with powers of the consul) and be sent out to govern a province.
Since years during the Roman Republic were referred to as “The Year of the Consulship of ...
and...,” being consul ensured that one’s name became ingrained into Roman history for
posterity.
15. Famous Consuls
Marcus Tullius Cicero
(Consul of 63 BCE—exposed the Catiline Gaius Marius
Conspiracy) Consul for Seven Times (Unconstitutional;
however, he was also well-known for his military reforms)
16. Gold Coin of a Roman Consul Walking with Lictors
18. Censor part of the
The office of a censor was not really
Cursus Honorum; however, this was also a much
esteemed, prestigious office.
Two censors were elected and occupied the office for
a term of five years (called a lustrum).
To be a censor, one had to be a consul first and be
voted in by the Comitia Centuriata.
Censors had the right to expel or induce anyone into
the Senate. If they thought a senator was unfit to be a
senator, they could expel him.
Their responsibilities also included governing the
moral life of the Roman people and conducting the
census to gain information about the number of all
Roman citizens (important for conscription) living in
Italy and abroad.
It was also part of their job to manage and fund public
19. Cato the
Censor Marcus Porcius
Cato the Elder—
He was also well
known for his
manuals on
farming.
20. Princeps Senatus
The Princeps Senatus was a title given to a senator rather than a political office.
The senator who was the Princeps Senatus had no imperium whatsoever, except
for an extra degree of respect and some privileges accorded to him.
If translated, Princeps Senatus means “First Citizen or Leader of the Senate.”
Whoever held the title was deeply respected, and in any discussion or debate
within the senate, the Princeps Senatus was always invited to be the first one to voice
his thoughts.
The Princeps Senatus was not voted in, but rather chosen by the pair of censors.
Since the censors changed every five years, the holder of “Princeps Senatus” also
changed every five years.
- However, the new censors could accord him another five years to hold the title if
they wished.
Only Patrician Senators could be the Princeps Senatus—whoever held the title
also had to have an impeccable political record, untarnished reputation and
commanded a lot of respect from his peers.
21. Notable Principes Senatus
Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
- A general best known for defeating - He established the colonies of Parma and
Hannibal during the Second Punic War. Modena as well as constructed the Via Aemilia
(a really important road in Northern Italy).
22. Dictator
•The office of the dictator was very special, and
only implemented in very special
circumstances—mostly during times of crisis
(war).
• Since consuls could be very competitive with
each other (if they were elected from different
factions) they were not that effective in
managing major crises; they would have
disagreed on policies and ideologies.
•An elected dictator was a Senate-appointed
man who could only hold his office for six
months or less—if the state emergency was
solved in a short time.
•A special thing about the dictator was that he
23. Notable Dictators
Lucius Quinctius
Cincinnatus
--An early Republican
dictator who was
CLICK HERE TO regarded as a virtuous
Roman hero.
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Republican
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dictators, Cincinnatus
was not power-hungry;
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he willingly relinquished
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his dictatorial powers
after sixteen days and
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returned to his farm to
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plow his fields.
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here to add text.
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here to add text.
24. Notable
Dictators Lucius Cornelius Sulla
—Sulla was an
unconstitutional dictator
who made the Senate give
him a dictatorship without
time limit. He simply
retired after he grew tired
of politics.
Under his dictatorship,
Rome underwent a reign of
terror.
25. Notable Dictators
Julius Caesar
—He was proclaimed
“Dictator Perpetuo”
(Dictator in
Perpetuity).
This was probably a
factor that
contributed to his
assassination in 44
BCE.
26. Magister Equitum
(Master of the
The Master of the Horse was appointed by
the dictator.
Horse)
His term expired along with the dictator’s.
The Master of the Horse was granted some
imperium—typically equivalent to that of a
Praetor’s.
If the dictator was absent, the Master of the
Horse assumed the powers of the dictator and
governed in his stead.
Generally, one should have held the office of
a praetor previously, in order to be appointed
Master of the Horse, but this was not
27. A Notable Master
of the Horse
Marcus Antonius (Marc Antony)
While Julius Caesar was dictator, he appointed Marc Antony as his
Master of the Horse. Antony was in charge of Rome while Caesar
was off fighting his enemies during the civil war. As a Master of the
Horse, Antony was not very effective; he often resorted to violence
to put down conflicts and the city descended into a state of anarchy.
28. Political
Factions
During the Roman Republic, there were no recognizable political
parties; however, many powerful senatorial families usually allied
themselves into factions—either with the populares or the optimates.
The populares appealed to the interests of the people, and their power
support stemmed from tribunes and the common people.
The optimates (also known as the boni [good men]) belonged to the
ultra-conservative faction, whose power came from the support of the
wealthy and the old aristocratic families. Their interests lay in preserving
the old privileges of the nobles.
30. Bibliography
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012011-Magistrates-with-Imperium.htm>
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cs/consul/consul.html>
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“Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (Consul 187 BC).” Wikipedia 2 Augustus 2012. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(consul_187_BC)>
“Marc Antony.” Wikipedia 2 August 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony>
“Master of the Horse.” Wikipedia 1 August 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_the_Horse>
McManus, Barbara F. “Roman Cursus Honorum.” The VRoma Project 1 August 2012. <http://www
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