Pedagogical Grammar
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Devitt et al. used an authentic text approach to teach news report writing, taking real texts from newspapers and having students reconstruct them. David Little later enumerated the steps of their experiment, which had students take content from a text and categorize the words using Venn diagrams before arranging them into a linear sequence to form an outline and then expanding it into a full text, applying a lexicalist approach to text construction.
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What is pedagogical grammar?
This document discusses pedagogical grammar and how it differs from other types of grammar. Pedagogical grammar is defined as a hybrid grammar that draws from descriptive grammar, prescriptive grammar, grammar as an internalized system, and grammar as a set of axioms. It focuses on how to best present grammatical concepts to promote learning. The document provides examples of grammatical items and discusses which approach - prescription, description, innate system or axioms - would be best to teach each item.
pedagogical grammar
Pedagogical grammar is focused on making grammar accessible to language learners. It considers how people learn and is tailored for a specific audience, unlike reference grammars which only describe a language objectively. Pedagogical grammars analyze potential areas of difficulty for learners based on differences between their native language and the target language. The goal is to improve learners' fluency and accuracy in using grammar, rather than providing theoretical knowledge. It addresses concepts that are intuitive for native speakers but may need explicit explanation for language learners, like forming questions through subject-verb inversion in English.
Pedagogical grammar
Pedagogical grammar occupies a middle ground between the areas of prescriptive and descriptive grammar. Simply put, prescriptive grammar sets forth rules about how language should be used correctly. It prescribes language the way a doctor prescribes medicine by saying what ought to be done. Descriptive grammar, on the other hand, describes how speakers actually use language without consideration for whether it conforms to "proper" rules.
Since the goal of pedagogical grammar is to help non-native speakers achieve fluency, some of both approaches is necessary. In order for a language learner to speak well, most of his or her utterances will need to conform to the grammatical rules set forth in prescriptive grammar. On the other hand, it helps to understand the way native speakers actually use language; through descriptive grammar. This is necessary for the learner to make sense of slang or other non-standard ways of speaking, such as ending sentences with prepositions.
Grammar and its types
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the way words are arranged to show relationships of meaning within and between sentences. Grammar is defined as the art of writing, but is now used to study language. Generative grammar uses formal rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. It distinguishes between deep structure and surface structure. Tree diagrams are used to represent syntactic structures with symbols like S, NP, VP. Phrase structure rules, lexical rules, and movement rules are components of generative grammar. Complement phrases and recursion allow sentences to be embedded within other sentences.
PEDAGOGICAL Grammar
The document summarizes different approaches to teaching second languages throughout history. The grammar translation approach focused on memorization of rules without communication. The direct method aimed to acquire grammar through oral practice like first language learning. Audiolingualism was also structural and grammar-focused using drills. Later, cognitive approaches emphasized universal grammar and explicit instruction, while humanistic approaches prioritized meaningful interaction and communication through tasks.
Tdc 1 blended - class 1a
This document provides an overview of a Pedagogical Grammar course. It includes an icebreaker activity to get to know classmates, outlines the structure of the Teaching Development Certificate program which includes 5 courses over several semesters, and provides details on the first course including the syllabus, grading policy, and first homework assignments which involve introductory reading and self-study activities from the course textbook.
Pg lecture describing grammar1
The document provides an overview of pedagogical grammar and cognitive grammar. It discusses the challenges of learning grammar, the dimensions of grammar including form, meaning and use, and assumptions of cognitive grammar such as grammar reflecting human experiences and generalizations about the world. Key cognitive processes like categorization, metaphor and metonymy are described as shaping grammar.
Grammar
The document discusses the different perspectives on what constitutes grammar. It describes prescriptive grammars which define rules of correctness, and descriptive grammars which aim to describe how language is used. Applied linguistics focuses on pedagogical grammars for language learners. Theoretical models of grammar, like Chomsky's generative grammar and Hymes' functional model, influence applied linguistics. Descriptive grammars aim to describe language as used but must consider both spoken and written forms. The relationship between grammar and vocabulary is interdependent, and language consists of prefabricated chunks where the boundary is blurred. Views of grammar have changed over the years to recognize its complex and multidimensional nature in teaching.
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What is pedagogical grammar?
This document discusses pedagogical grammar and how it differs from other types of grammar. Pedagogical grammar is defined as a hybrid grammar that draws from descriptive grammar, prescriptive grammar, grammar as an internalized system, and grammar as a set of axioms. It focuses on how to best present grammatical concepts to promote learning. The document provides examples of grammatical items and discusses which approach - prescription, description, innate system or axioms - would be best to teach each item.
pedagogical grammar
Pedagogical grammar is focused on making grammar accessible to language learners. It considers how people learn and is tailored for a specific audience, unlike reference grammars which only describe a language objectively. Pedagogical grammars analyze potential areas of difficulty for learners based on differences between their native language and the target language. The goal is to improve learners' fluency and accuracy in using grammar, rather than providing theoretical knowledge. It addresses concepts that are intuitive for native speakers but may need explicit explanation for language learners, like forming questions through subject-verb inversion in English.
Pedagogical grammar
Pedagogical grammar occupies a middle ground between the areas of prescriptive and descriptive grammar. Simply put, prescriptive grammar sets forth rules about how language should be used correctly. It prescribes language the way a doctor prescribes medicine by saying what ought to be done. Descriptive grammar, on the other hand, describes how speakers actually use language without consideration for whether it conforms to "proper" rules.
Since the goal of pedagogical grammar is to help non-native speakers achieve fluency, some of both approaches is necessary. In order for a language learner to speak well, most of his or her utterances will need to conform to the grammatical rules set forth in prescriptive grammar. On the other hand, it helps to understand the way native speakers actually use language; through descriptive grammar. This is necessary for the learner to make sense of slang or other non-standard ways of speaking, such as ending sentences with prepositions.
Grammar and its types
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the way words are arranged to show relationships of meaning within and between sentences. Grammar is defined as the art of writing, but is now used to study language. Generative grammar uses formal rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. It distinguishes between deep structure and surface structure. Tree diagrams are used to represent syntactic structures with symbols like S, NP, VP. Phrase structure rules, lexical rules, and movement rules are components of generative grammar. Complement phrases and recursion allow sentences to be embedded within other sentences.
PEDAGOGICAL Grammar
The document summarizes different approaches to teaching second languages throughout history. The grammar translation approach focused on memorization of rules without communication. The direct method aimed to acquire grammar through oral practice like first language learning. Audiolingualism was also structural and grammar-focused using drills. Later, cognitive approaches emphasized universal grammar and explicit instruction, while humanistic approaches prioritized meaningful interaction and communication through tasks.
Tdc 1 blended - class 1a
This document provides an overview of a Pedagogical Grammar course. It includes an icebreaker activity to get to know classmates, outlines the structure of the Teaching Development Certificate program which includes 5 courses over several semesters, and provides details on the first course including the syllabus, grading policy, and first homework assignments which involve introductory reading and self-study activities from the course textbook.
Pg lecture describing grammar1
The document provides an overview of pedagogical grammar and cognitive grammar. It discusses the challenges of learning grammar, the dimensions of grammar including form, meaning and use, and assumptions of cognitive grammar such as grammar reflecting human experiences and generalizations about the world. Key cognitive processes like categorization, metaphor and metonymy are described as shaping grammar.
Grammar
The document discusses the different perspectives on what constitutes grammar. It describes prescriptive grammars which define rules of correctness, and descriptive grammars which aim to describe how language is used. Applied linguistics focuses on pedagogical grammars for language learners. Theoretical models of grammar, like Chomsky's generative grammar and Hymes' functional model, influence applied linguistics. Descriptive grammars aim to describe language as used but must consider both spoken and written forms. The relationship between grammar and vocabulary is interdependent, and language consists of prefabricated chunks where the boundary is blurred. Views of grammar have changed over the years to recognize its complex and multidimensional nature in teaching.
Grammar
Grammar can be defined as the systematic study and description of language. It involves the study of syntax, morphology, phonology, semantics and pragmatics. Noam Chomsky was one of the most influential linguists of the 20th century who was interested in grammaticality and how humans use a finite set of structures and rules to produce an infinite number of grammatically correct sentences. According to Chomsky, humans are born with an innate language acquisition device and universal grammar that helps children learn the rules of their native language.
Descriptive vs
Descriptive grammar observes and describes how language is actually used by speakers without making judgments, while prescriptive grammar prescribes rules for what is considered correct or incorrect usage. Descriptive grammar focuses on patterns in language, whereas prescriptive grammar establishes rules for syntax, word structures, and usage. Both are concerned with rules, but descriptive grammar describes patterns observed in linguistic studies, and prescriptive grammar aims to lay out authoritative rules for language use.
Traditional grammar
Traditional grammar provides a framework for analyzing the structure of language based on Latin concepts. It describes parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, subjects, predicates, objects, clauses, sentences, and conjunctions. While traditional grammar is prescriptive and based on written language rather than contemporary usage, it remains an important basic framework for understanding English grammar.
Subjectivization Exercise
This document discusses subjectivization exercises, which employ a lexicalist approach to grammar. The exercise takes a sentence and rewrites it with the underlined word or phrase occupying the subject position while making any necessary grammatical changes. Examples of sentences rewritten this way are provided, along with the original sentences and answers. The purpose is to practice rewriting sentences by changing the subject without changing any of the words used.
The lexical approach to pedagogical grammar
This document discusses the lexical approach to teaching grammar, which focuses on vocabulary and how words can be used to construct sentences and texts. It emphasizes nominalization, which is transforming verbs or adjectives into nouns. Nominalization, coupled with concepts like synonymy and collocation, can serve as a starting point for sentence construction. The document provides examples of nominalizations and their verb forms, and outlines a process for nominalizing verbs in sentences and making any necessary additional changes to the structure.
Descriptive and prescriptivism linguistics
Descriptive and prescriptivism linguisticsRivers of Joy Baptist Church, Pastor/Teacher Charles e Whisnant
The document summarizes key aspects of orality and linguistic description and prescription. It defines orality as thought and verbal expression in societies where writing and print are unfamiliar to most of the population. It describes linguistic description as the objective analysis and description of how a language is spoken by a group. Linguistic prescription seeks to define standard language forms and give advice on effective language use, drawing on descriptive research and subjective aesthetics. Prescriptivism is the practice of championing one variety of a language over others, implying some forms are incorrect or improper.The development of english grammar
The document discusses the development of English grammar from its West Germanic origins through four main stages of change. It began with the arrival of West Germanic tribes in Britain in the 5th century. English grammar was then influenced by Norse invaders in the 9th-10th centuries, Norman French invaders in the 11th century, and scholars in the 16th-17th centuries who helped standardize the rules of English grammar. English grammar continues to evolve and change in the 21st century.
Nominalization intro
Nominalization is the process of using nouns instead of verbs to describe events in formal written English. This makes the language less personal and more impersonal. Spoken English typically uses verbs to describe actions and events, while written English often expresses events as nouns or noun phrases. Nominalization allows writers to discuss topics in a less direct, more objective way that sounds more authoritative.
The early theroy of chomsky
The document discusses Noam Chomsky's early work developing transformational grammar. It explains that phrase structure rules break sentences down into constituent parts like noun phrases and verb phrases. Chomsky used these rules to generate the nonsense sentence "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously" to show they can create syntactically correct but semantically incorrect sentences. It then discusses how transformational grammar introduced the concepts of deep structure and surface structure, with deep structure representing core semantic relations and surface structure following phonological form, connected by transformations. Generative grammar aims to predict which word combinations form grammatical sentences.
Avram noam chomsky's services to syntax.
Noam Chomsky is an influential American linguist who revolutionized the field of linguistics with his theories of syntax and universal grammar. He introduced the concept of "competence", arguing that linguistics should study the innate linguistic knowledge in the brain rather than just observable speech. His major works include Syntactic Structures, which introduced transformational grammar, and Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, which developed his ideas about deep structure and surface structure. Chomsky's theories challenged the established views of the 1950s and sparked significant debate, but ultimately transformed the scientific study of language.
Language And Prescriptive Grammar
The document discusses language and prescriptive grammar. It argues that language is an innate human ability, not something with rigid rules. While some think languages like Latin or English should follow strict rules, the document notes that languages evolve naturally and no language is inherently "right" or "wrong." Prescriptive grammar rules often come from trying to make languages like English conform to Latin, when they are very different types of languages.
Prescriptive linguistics presentation
Prescriptive linguistics is the study of how language should be used based on established norms and rules, rather than only describing how language is actually used. It aims to establish standards for areas like spelling, grammar, pronunciation and syntax. Advocates of prescriptive linguistics, like Samuel Johnson and Robert Lowth, believe standardized languages aid communication and wish to provide guidelines for effective writing. The subfields of prescriptive linguistics include semantics, syntax, grammar, corpus linguistics, hypercorrection, language policy, language purism, and pleonasm.
Prescriptivism vs Descriptivism
This document discusses the differences between prescriptivism and descriptivism in IP translations and which approach is best. Prescriptivism emphasizes strict grammar rules while descriptivism is more fluid. Using only prescriptivism can increase costs and time on translations. A balance of both approaches is ideal, with prescriptivism for accurate language and descriptivism to convey meaning when strict grammar is not required to save resources. The best translation services can balance these approaches and manage the entire IP application process.
SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS - PRESUPPOSITIONS AND ENTAILMENTS
This document discusses the concepts of presupposition and entailment in linguistics. It defines presupposition as something the speaker assumes to be true prior to making an utterance, while entailment is something that logically follows from what is asserted in an utterance. The document provides examples and types of presuppositions including existential, factive, lexical, structural, non-factive, and counter-factual presuppositions. It also discusses entailments and how they differ from presuppositions in depending on sentence meaning rather than context. The document concludes by explaining the projection problem with presuppositions and how foreground and background entailments can indicate intended meaning.
Traditional grammar
- Traditional grammar is a prescriptive framework that describes language based on Latin rules of grammar rather than descriptive analysis of modern English usage.
- It focuses on elements like parts of speech, subjects, predicates, objects, clauses, adverbs, adjectives, verbs, nouns and conjunctions based on traditional definitions and categories.
- While traditional grammar has flaws and limitations, it remains an important part of teaching English language skills in schools, and does not need wholesale replacement but rather amendments to reflect contemporary linguistic understanding.
Limitations Of Traditional Grammar
1. Traditional grammar has many limitations as it is based on ancient Indo-European languages and does not account for differences in modern languages.
2. It fails to distinguish between different linguistic levels like phonetics, morphology, syntax and semantics.
3. Traditional grammar is prescriptive rather than descriptive and many of its rules have no rational justification or basis in how language is actually used.
Grammar-LET Review
The document discusses different approaches to and perspectives on grammar, including:
- Descriptive grammar studies language as actually used, while prescriptive grammar prescribes "correct" usage.
- Various types of grammar focus on different aspects, such as comparative grammar examining language relationships, generative grammar studying sentence structure rules, and reference grammars describing language principles.
- Theoretical debates include whether to prioritize rules or usage, and how best to teach grammar to facilitate language learning and communication.
Generative grammar
1) Generative grammar was first defined by Noam Chomsky in 1957 as a set of rules for producing grammatical sentences in a language based on universal grammar principles innate to humans.
2) Generative grammar includes finite state grammar, phrase structure grammar, and transformational grammar, which identifies rules that govern sentence structure beneath aspects like word order.
3) The document discusses differences between traditional grammar, focused on Latin instruction, and generative grammar, conceived to describe language in a way computers could process human language. It also provides the writer's positive reflection on learning about generative grammar.
Transformational grammar
This document summarizes key concepts from Transformational Grammar between pages 33-43. It discusses deep and surface structure, transformational rules that relate these levels of representation, and issues in grammatical theory including the centrality of syntax and debates around the innateness of language. The summary provides an overview of these core topics in the development of Transformational Grammar.
Generative grammar
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the arrangement of words in sentences and discusses different types of grammar including traditional, descriptive, and generative grammar. Generative grammar uses rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. The document also discusses deep and surface structure, structural ambiguity, tree diagrams, phrase structure rules, lexical rules, movement rules, complement phrases, and recursion.
Nrcpoetry
This document summarizes a study that examined the integration of technology to potentially enrich English classrooms through poetry activities. The study involved two activities in an 11th grade English class: 1) Responding to poems by identifying tone through key words and using internet images to represent and negotiate meaning. 2) Authoring multimodal extended metaphor poems using internet images and PowerPoint. The study found that these activities helped students build new understandings of poetry and provided a means for self-expression through non-traditional modes of response and multimodal composition.
Lessonplan
This unit teaches grammar rules to 3rd grade students through examining errors in media. Over 10 days, students will identify grammatical mistakes, discuss different rules, and create their own corrected advertisement. The goals are for students to understand inaccuracies in media, employ grammar concepts, and collaboratively edit an advertisement. Assessment includes monitoring time usage and lesson impact through observations of students applying grammar skills.
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Grammar
Grammar can be defined as the systematic study and description of language. It involves the study of syntax, morphology, phonology, semantics and pragmatics. Noam Chomsky was one of the most influential linguists of the 20th century who was interested in grammaticality and how humans use a finite set of structures and rules to produce an infinite number of grammatically correct sentences. According to Chomsky, humans are born with an innate language acquisition device and universal grammar that helps children learn the rules of their native language.
Descriptive vs
Descriptive grammar observes and describes how language is actually used by speakers without making judgments, while prescriptive grammar prescribes rules for what is considered correct or incorrect usage. Descriptive grammar focuses on patterns in language, whereas prescriptive grammar establishes rules for syntax, word structures, and usage. Both are concerned with rules, but descriptive grammar describes patterns observed in linguistic studies, and prescriptive grammar aims to lay out authoritative rules for language use.
Traditional grammar
Traditional grammar provides a framework for analyzing the structure of language based on Latin concepts. It describes parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, subjects, predicates, objects, clauses, sentences, and conjunctions. While traditional grammar is prescriptive and based on written language rather than contemporary usage, it remains an important basic framework for understanding English grammar.
Subjectivization Exercise
This document discusses subjectivization exercises, which employ a lexicalist approach to grammar. The exercise takes a sentence and rewrites it with the underlined word or phrase occupying the subject position while making any necessary grammatical changes. Examples of sentences rewritten this way are provided, along with the original sentences and answers. The purpose is to practice rewriting sentences by changing the subject without changing any of the words used.
The lexical approach to pedagogical grammar
This document discusses the lexical approach to teaching grammar, which focuses on vocabulary and how words can be used to construct sentences and texts. It emphasizes nominalization, which is transforming verbs or adjectives into nouns. Nominalization, coupled with concepts like synonymy and collocation, can serve as a starting point for sentence construction. The document provides examples of nominalizations and their verb forms, and outlines a process for nominalizing verbs in sentences and making any necessary additional changes to the structure.
Descriptive and prescriptivism linguistics
Descriptive and prescriptivism linguisticsRivers of Joy Baptist Church, Pastor/Teacher Charles e Whisnant
The document summarizes key aspects of orality and linguistic description and prescription. It defines orality as thought and verbal expression in societies where writing and print are unfamiliar to most of the population. It describes linguistic description as the objective analysis and description of how a language is spoken by a group. Linguistic prescription seeks to define standard language forms and give advice on effective language use, drawing on descriptive research and subjective aesthetics. Prescriptivism is the practice of championing one variety of a language over others, implying some forms are incorrect or improper.The development of english grammar
The document discusses the development of English grammar from its West Germanic origins through four main stages of change. It began with the arrival of West Germanic tribes in Britain in the 5th century. English grammar was then influenced by Norse invaders in the 9th-10th centuries, Norman French invaders in the 11th century, and scholars in the 16th-17th centuries who helped standardize the rules of English grammar. English grammar continues to evolve and change in the 21st century.
Nominalization intro
Nominalization is the process of using nouns instead of verbs to describe events in formal written English. This makes the language less personal and more impersonal. Spoken English typically uses verbs to describe actions and events, while written English often expresses events as nouns or noun phrases. Nominalization allows writers to discuss topics in a less direct, more objective way that sounds more authoritative.
The early theroy of chomsky
The document discusses Noam Chomsky's early work developing transformational grammar. It explains that phrase structure rules break sentences down into constituent parts like noun phrases and verb phrases. Chomsky used these rules to generate the nonsense sentence "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously" to show they can create syntactically correct but semantically incorrect sentences. It then discusses how transformational grammar introduced the concepts of deep structure and surface structure, with deep structure representing core semantic relations and surface structure following phonological form, connected by transformations. Generative grammar aims to predict which word combinations form grammatical sentences.
Avram noam chomsky's services to syntax.
Noam Chomsky is an influential American linguist who revolutionized the field of linguistics with his theories of syntax and universal grammar. He introduced the concept of "competence", arguing that linguistics should study the innate linguistic knowledge in the brain rather than just observable speech. His major works include Syntactic Structures, which introduced transformational grammar, and Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, which developed his ideas about deep structure and surface structure. Chomsky's theories challenged the established views of the 1950s and sparked significant debate, but ultimately transformed the scientific study of language.
Language And Prescriptive Grammar
The document discusses language and prescriptive grammar. It argues that language is an innate human ability, not something with rigid rules. While some think languages like Latin or English should follow strict rules, the document notes that languages evolve naturally and no language is inherently "right" or "wrong." Prescriptive grammar rules often come from trying to make languages like English conform to Latin, when they are very different types of languages.
Prescriptive linguistics presentation
Prescriptive linguistics is the study of how language should be used based on established norms and rules, rather than only describing how language is actually used. It aims to establish standards for areas like spelling, grammar, pronunciation and syntax. Advocates of prescriptive linguistics, like Samuel Johnson and Robert Lowth, believe standardized languages aid communication and wish to provide guidelines for effective writing. The subfields of prescriptive linguistics include semantics, syntax, grammar, corpus linguistics, hypercorrection, language policy, language purism, and pleonasm.
Prescriptivism vs Descriptivism
This document discusses the differences between prescriptivism and descriptivism in IP translations and which approach is best. Prescriptivism emphasizes strict grammar rules while descriptivism is more fluid. Using only prescriptivism can increase costs and time on translations. A balance of both approaches is ideal, with prescriptivism for accurate language and descriptivism to convey meaning when strict grammar is not required to save resources. The best translation services can balance these approaches and manage the entire IP application process.
SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS - PRESUPPOSITIONS AND ENTAILMENTS
This document discusses the concepts of presupposition and entailment in linguistics. It defines presupposition as something the speaker assumes to be true prior to making an utterance, while entailment is something that logically follows from what is asserted in an utterance. The document provides examples and types of presuppositions including existential, factive, lexical, structural, non-factive, and counter-factual presuppositions. It also discusses entailments and how they differ from presuppositions in depending on sentence meaning rather than context. The document concludes by explaining the projection problem with presuppositions and how foreground and background entailments can indicate intended meaning.
Traditional grammar
- Traditional grammar is a prescriptive framework that describes language based on Latin rules of grammar rather than descriptive analysis of modern English usage.
- It focuses on elements like parts of speech, subjects, predicates, objects, clauses, adverbs, adjectives, verbs, nouns and conjunctions based on traditional definitions and categories.
- While traditional grammar has flaws and limitations, it remains an important part of teaching English language skills in schools, and does not need wholesale replacement but rather amendments to reflect contemporary linguistic understanding.
Limitations Of Traditional Grammar
1. Traditional grammar has many limitations as it is based on ancient Indo-European languages and does not account for differences in modern languages.
2. It fails to distinguish between different linguistic levels like phonetics, morphology, syntax and semantics.
3. Traditional grammar is prescriptive rather than descriptive and many of its rules have no rational justification or basis in how language is actually used.
Grammar-LET Review
The document discusses different approaches to and perspectives on grammar, including:
- Descriptive grammar studies language as actually used, while prescriptive grammar prescribes "correct" usage.
- Various types of grammar focus on different aspects, such as comparative grammar examining language relationships, generative grammar studying sentence structure rules, and reference grammars describing language principles.
- Theoretical debates include whether to prioritize rules or usage, and how best to teach grammar to facilitate language learning and communication.
Generative grammar
1) Generative grammar was first defined by Noam Chomsky in 1957 as a set of rules for producing grammatical sentences in a language based on universal grammar principles innate to humans.
2) Generative grammar includes finite state grammar, phrase structure grammar, and transformational grammar, which identifies rules that govern sentence structure beneath aspects like word order.
3) The document discusses differences between traditional grammar, focused on Latin instruction, and generative grammar, conceived to describe language in a way computers could process human language. It also provides the writer's positive reflection on learning about generative grammar.
Transformational grammar
This document summarizes key concepts from Transformational Grammar between pages 33-43. It discusses deep and surface structure, transformational rules that relate these levels of representation, and issues in grammatical theory including the centrality of syntax and debates around the innateness of language. The summary provides an overview of these core topics in the development of Transformational Grammar.
Generative grammar
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the arrangement of words in sentences and discusses different types of grammar including traditional, descriptive, and generative grammar. Generative grammar uses rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. The document also discusses deep and surface structure, structural ambiguity, tree diagrams, phrase structure rules, lexical rules, movement rules, complement phrases, and recursion.
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This document summarizes a study that examined the integration of technology to potentially enrich English classrooms through poetry activities. The study involved two activities in an 11th grade English class: 1) Responding to poems by identifying tone through key words and using internet images to represent and negotiate meaning. 2) Authoring multimodal extended metaphor poems using internet images and PowerPoint. The study found that these activities helped students build new understandings of poetry and provided a means for self-expression through non-traditional modes of response and multimodal composition.
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This unit teaches grammar rules to 3rd grade students through examining errors in media. Over 10 days, students will identify grammatical mistakes, discuss different rules, and create their own corrected advertisement. The goals are for students to understand inaccuracies in media, employ grammar concepts, and collaboratively edit an advertisement. Assessment includes monitoring time usage and lesson impact through observations of students applying grammar skills.
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This document discusses using literacy strategies across different content areas like mathematics, science, and social studies. It provides examples of strategies like graphic organizers, math journals, word problems, flow charts and KWL charts that teachers can use. It also gives examples of classroom activities where students work collaboratively on problems, presentations, and debates to improve literacy and content knowledge.
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This lesson plan aims to teach students how to make inferences from the novel The Hunger Games. The lesson will begin with an image of a worn shoe to get students thinking about making inferences. Students will then be introduced to the concept of inference and how to support inferences with evidence from the text. Working individually and in pairs, students will practice making inferences from passages from the novel. To assess learning, students will write a paragraph making inferences and supporting them with evidence. The lesson caters to students with special needs through differentiation techniques such as writing frames, modeling, and scaffolding support. The teacher will evaluate student progress and reflect on what worked well and areas for improvement in the lesson.
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The document summarizes three reading models:
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Pedagogical Grammar
- 1. PEDAGOGICAL GRAMMAR
- 2. Devitt et.al (1989) Lexicalist approach to text construction Worked on news reports Used authentic texts taken from newspapers
- 3. David Little (1994) enumerated the steps followed by Devitt et.al in their experiment where they made use of Venn diagrams and linear flowchart as aid in text construction
- 4. Steps by Little 1. Learners are given a jumble of content words and phrases derived from authentic text. 2. The learner’s second task is to write each word or phrase on a separate Post-it (a small adhesive label that can be used many times. 3. The learner’s sort the words and phrases into overlapping categories of time, place, person and event by sticking the Post-its onto a large Venn diagram. 4. The learner then devise a schema, or story outline, by arranging their post-its in a linear sequence. 5. The learners expand the skeletal discourse into a text that exploits word meaning to generate sentence structures.