This paper analyzes the characteristics of broadband services offered in Latin America and the Caribbean. The analysis is based on a survey conducted in 24 countries of the region, to the leading operators of mobile and fixed broadband in each market, and was then compared to OECD countries. Data refers to Q2 2011, and comparisons are made against the same survey in Q2 2010.
Broadband tariffs in latin america: Benchmarking and analysis - Hernán Galper...ACORN-REDECOM
We analyze tariffs for fixed broadband services in Latin America and benchmark against tariffs in the OECD. We also
develop a new broadband development indicator (the Broadband Performance Index) that compares actual penetration rates
with those predicted by our regression model. The results shows that broadband services in Latin America are generally
expensive and of poor quality when benchmarked against OCED countries, and that Latin American countries are
underperforming in broadband development after wealth, education and demographics factors are accounted for. We also
provide price elasticity estimators for broadband demand in Latin America. The results reveal that an average price reduction
of 10% would result in an increase of almost 19% in the penetration rate, equivalent to 4.7 million additional broadband
connections. Finally we estimate the affordability of broadband services for households in a sample of countries in the region.
The results reveal that sharp price reductions would be needed to achieve household penetration rates comparable to the
OECD, and that public access initiatives will still be needed to provide services for the lowest-income households.
Tariffs and the affordability gap in mobile telephone services in latin ameri...ACORN-REDECOM
This study analyzes the cost of a low volume basket of mobile telephony services in Latin America and the Caribbean, and
compares results against other regions. The main purpose is to monitor tariff trends as markets mature and estimate service
affordability for lower-income users. We develop an affordability gap estimator to measure service affordability at different
income levels. Overall, the results reveal that mobile telephony tariffs in Latin America are significantly higher than those of
OECD countries and other emerging markets. High tariffs result in low levels of affordability for users at the bottom of the
pyramid. High penetration levels in the region therefore contrast with low levels of usage and persistent gaps in universal
access among low-income households. Several recommendations are put forth to increase competition and reduce tariffs,
including the implementation of number portability, greater availability of radio spectrum, reserving frequencies for new
operators, encouraging infrastructure sharing, and reducing taxation on the mobile industry.
Community Networks: Kenya Telecoop Project Concept Njiraini Mwende
Now referred to as Community Networks, this is concept is based on values of voluntary associations, resources and expertise available in local cooperatives and communities to provide telecommunication services. The rural Tel-coop concept is proposed for implementation in selected rural areas with the objective of improving connectivity and contributing to the achievement of the government’s policy objective universal access to ICT services.
This paper presents new data on
existing levels of service in LMICs
and the policy and regulatory
steps that governments and their
partners can employ to improve
the quality of those services. It
represents the first in a series of
research designed to understand
what constitutes meaningful
access, i.e., the level of service
quality needed for people to access
the internet in a way to improve
their lives. Further research on this
issue will be published in 2019.
Broadband tariffs in latin america: Benchmarking and analysis - Hernán Galper...ACORN-REDECOM
We analyze tariffs for fixed broadband services in Latin America and benchmark against tariffs in the OECD. We also
develop a new broadband development indicator (the Broadband Performance Index) that compares actual penetration rates
with those predicted by our regression model. The results shows that broadband services in Latin America are generally
expensive and of poor quality when benchmarked against OCED countries, and that Latin American countries are
underperforming in broadband development after wealth, education and demographics factors are accounted for. We also
provide price elasticity estimators for broadband demand in Latin America. The results reveal that an average price reduction
of 10% would result in an increase of almost 19% in the penetration rate, equivalent to 4.7 million additional broadband
connections. Finally we estimate the affordability of broadband services for households in a sample of countries in the region.
The results reveal that sharp price reductions would be needed to achieve household penetration rates comparable to the
OECD, and that public access initiatives will still be needed to provide services for the lowest-income households.
Tariffs and the affordability gap in mobile telephone services in latin ameri...ACORN-REDECOM
This study analyzes the cost of a low volume basket of mobile telephony services in Latin America and the Caribbean, and
compares results against other regions. The main purpose is to monitor tariff trends as markets mature and estimate service
affordability for lower-income users. We develop an affordability gap estimator to measure service affordability at different
income levels. Overall, the results reveal that mobile telephony tariffs in Latin America are significantly higher than those of
OECD countries and other emerging markets. High tariffs result in low levels of affordability for users at the bottom of the
pyramid. High penetration levels in the region therefore contrast with low levels of usage and persistent gaps in universal
access among low-income households. Several recommendations are put forth to increase competition and reduce tariffs,
including the implementation of number portability, greater availability of radio spectrum, reserving frequencies for new
operators, encouraging infrastructure sharing, and reducing taxation on the mobile industry.
Community Networks: Kenya Telecoop Project Concept Njiraini Mwende
Now referred to as Community Networks, this is concept is based on values of voluntary associations, resources and expertise available in local cooperatives and communities to provide telecommunication services. The rural Tel-coop concept is proposed for implementation in selected rural areas with the objective of improving connectivity and contributing to the achievement of the government’s policy objective universal access to ICT services.
This paper presents new data on
existing levels of service in LMICs
and the policy and regulatory
steps that governments and their
partners can employ to improve
the quality of those services. It
represents the first in a series of
research designed to understand
what constitutes meaningful
access, i.e., the level of service
quality needed for people to access
the internet in a way to improve
their lives. Further research on this
issue will be published in 2019.
Neither Fish Nor Fowl: New Strategies for Selective Regulation of Information Services, presented at 35th Annual Telecommunications Policy Research Conference
George Mason University School of Law, Arlington, Virginia September 28-30, 2007
'Response By UKRD Group Limited To United Kingdom Government Department For C...Grant Goddard
Response by UKRD Group Limited to United Kingdom government Department For Culture Media & Sport's Communications Review of Radio Regulation, written by Grant Goddard for UKRD Group Limited in September 2012.
'United Kingdom Commercial Radio Consolidation' by Grant GoddardGrant Goddard
Analysis of the potential for further consolidation through mergers and acquisitions of the United Kingdom commercial radio broadcasting industry and the lack of evidential data that previous consolidation produced the promised benefits for owners, listeners or advertisers, written by Grant Goddard for Enders Analysis in September 2007.
Tim Denton is the Commissioner of the CRTC (Canadian FCC). He spoke on Session 5: Muni Fiber Super Session at the Freedom to Connect 2009 conference.
If you'd like more info about the conference, see
http://freedom-to-connect.net/
Communications Regulatory Agency, Bosnia and HerzegovinaAlexMinov
"Benchmarking of Emerging Technologies and Applications, Internet Related Performance Measurements in Bosnia and Herzegovina", Irma Sokolović, Senior Expert in Radio Monitoring Department [ Biography ] and Mia Petrović, Senior Expert, Division of Control of Compliance with License Terms and Conditions, Communications Regulatory Agency, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Cuba - Telecoms, Mobile, Broadband and Digital Media - Statistics and AnalysesMarketResearch.com
Normalisation of relations with the US lifts restrictions in telecom equipment importsCuba still has the lowest mobile phone and internet penetration rates in the region, and is also among the lowest for fixed-line teledensity. Fixed-line and mobile services remain a monopoly of the government-controlled Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba (ETESCA Cubacel).
Fast and reliable broadband service is a critical resource for regional economic development, growing and sustaining local businesses, and improving overall quality of life in communities. Developing broadband infrastructure and influencing policy have become increasingly important since the onset of the pandemic. Learn from members who will share promising practices from communities working to develop and assure coverage throughout the country.
-Jim Baldwin, Executive Director, Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission, Lebanon, VA
-David Cleveland, Executive Director, East Texas Council of Governments, Kilgore, TX
-Ryan Collins, Broadband Coordinator, Buckeye Hills Regional Council, Marietta, OH
-Moderator: Monique Boulet, CEO, Acadiana Planning Commission, Lafayette, LA
Fast and reliable broadband service is a critical resource for regional economic development, growing and sustaining local businesses, and improving overall quality of life in communities. Developing broadband infrastructure and influencing policy have become increasingly important since the onset of the pandemic. Learn from members who will share promising practices from communities working to develop and assure coverage throughout the country.
-Jim Baldwin, Executive Director, Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission, Lebanon, VA
-David Cleveland, Executive Director, East Texas Council of Governments, Kilgore, TX
-Ryan Collins, Broadband Coordinator, Buckeye Hills Regional Council, Marietta, OH
-Moderator: Monique Boulet, CEO, Acadiana Planning Commission, Lafayette, LA
This study is part of the discussion on the impact of the adoption of information technologies (ICTs), particularly broadband, on poverty reduction. It identifies the opportunities and challenges regarding the impact of ICT adoption in rural communities with different levels of marginalization and connectivity: Las Margaritas in Catorce, San Luis Potosí; Santiago Nuyoo in Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca and Cruz del Palmar, Estancia de Canal and Los Torres in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato.
Neither Fish Nor Fowl: New Strategies for Selective Regulation of Information Services, presented at 35th Annual Telecommunications Policy Research Conference
George Mason University School of Law, Arlington, Virginia September 28-30, 2007
'Response By UKRD Group Limited To United Kingdom Government Department For C...Grant Goddard
Response by UKRD Group Limited to United Kingdom government Department For Culture Media & Sport's Communications Review of Radio Regulation, written by Grant Goddard for UKRD Group Limited in September 2012.
'United Kingdom Commercial Radio Consolidation' by Grant GoddardGrant Goddard
Analysis of the potential for further consolidation through mergers and acquisitions of the United Kingdom commercial radio broadcasting industry and the lack of evidential data that previous consolidation produced the promised benefits for owners, listeners or advertisers, written by Grant Goddard for Enders Analysis in September 2007.
Tim Denton is the Commissioner of the CRTC (Canadian FCC). He spoke on Session 5: Muni Fiber Super Session at the Freedom to Connect 2009 conference.
If you'd like more info about the conference, see
http://freedom-to-connect.net/
Communications Regulatory Agency, Bosnia and HerzegovinaAlexMinov
"Benchmarking of Emerging Technologies and Applications, Internet Related Performance Measurements in Bosnia and Herzegovina", Irma Sokolović, Senior Expert in Radio Monitoring Department [ Biography ] and Mia Petrović, Senior Expert, Division of Control of Compliance with License Terms and Conditions, Communications Regulatory Agency, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Cuba - Telecoms, Mobile, Broadband and Digital Media - Statistics and AnalysesMarketResearch.com
Normalisation of relations with the US lifts restrictions in telecom equipment importsCuba still has the lowest mobile phone and internet penetration rates in the region, and is also among the lowest for fixed-line teledensity. Fixed-line and mobile services remain a monopoly of the government-controlled Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba (ETESCA Cubacel).
Fast and reliable broadband service is a critical resource for regional economic development, growing and sustaining local businesses, and improving overall quality of life in communities. Developing broadband infrastructure and influencing policy have become increasingly important since the onset of the pandemic. Learn from members who will share promising practices from communities working to develop and assure coverage throughout the country.
-Jim Baldwin, Executive Director, Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission, Lebanon, VA
-David Cleveland, Executive Director, East Texas Council of Governments, Kilgore, TX
-Ryan Collins, Broadband Coordinator, Buckeye Hills Regional Council, Marietta, OH
-Moderator: Monique Boulet, CEO, Acadiana Planning Commission, Lafayette, LA
Fast and reliable broadband service is a critical resource for regional economic development, growing and sustaining local businesses, and improving overall quality of life in communities. Developing broadband infrastructure and influencing policy have become increasingly important since the onset of the pandemic. Learn from members who will share promising practices from communities working to develop and assure coverage throughout the country.
-Jim Baldwin, Executive Director, Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission, Lebanon, VA
-David Cleveland, Executive Director, East Texas Council of Governments, Kilgore, TX
-Ryan Collins, Broadband Coordinator, Buckeye Hills Regional Council, Marietta, OH
-Moderator: Monique Boulet, CEO, Acadiana Planning Commission, Lafayette, LA
This study is part of the discussion on the impact of the adoption of information technologies (ICTs), particularly broadband, on poverty reduction. It identifies the opportunities and challenges regarding the impact of ICT adoption in rural communities with different levels of marginalization and connectivity: Las Margaritas in Catorce, San Luis Potosí; Santiago Nuyoo in Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca and Cruz del Palmar, Estancia de Canal and Los Torres in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato.
This study builds on the findings of an extensive quantitative survey, led by the Regional Dialogue on the Information Society and conducted in seven countries across the region including Jamaica. Among the findings was that 93.8% of Jamaicans surveyed were mobile users. The study also yielded rich results in relation to the use of mobile services among youth, finding that they had above average adoption levels of text messaging and other mobile services. In light of this data on Jamaica’s unique situation, this paper seeks to answer the questions: What value-added features and mobile services are young people using and what are they using them for? The goal was to determine how these services and features fulfill needs in their day-to-day lives covering various aspects such as security, social interaction, cost-saving, recreation and commercial activities.
Access to telephony for low-income groups is largely based on different strategies of mobile telephony usage. The main goal of this research project is to explore the strategies employed by the poor in Latin America and the Caribbean to access and use mobile telephony services, as well as to identify the major market and regulatory
barriers for increased penetration and usage. More generally, it seeks to contribute to the discussion on how access to mobile telephony contributes to improving the livelihoods of the poor –what we call mobile opportunities.
Our results show that mobile telephony is highly valued by the poor as a tool for strengthening social ties and for increased personal security, and that it is beginning to prove useful for enhancing business and employment opportunities. Overall, the survey results suggest that the acquisition of mobile phones by the poor has an economic
impact reflected mainly in improved social capital variables such as the strengthening of trust networks and better coordination of informal job markets. These findings reveal the continued need to develop innovative business models that extend the market frontier for mobile telephony. They
also highlight the urgent need to rethink public policies that are premised on the mobile phone as a luxury good. Clearly, for the poor, mobile telephony has long been the most cost-effective and accessible alternative.
As in other regions of the world, the use of mobile telephony in Latin America increased dramatically during the last decade surpassing all expectations for the industry. Mobile telephony was initiated as a premium service used mostly by professionals and during the mid-1990s it became a device used by very low income groups. In Latin America, mobile telephony provides the only source of access to some of the poorest segments of the population and it has become the central mode of communications. Mobile networks will provide coverage to
90% of the world's population by 2010, compared with 80% in 2005. In the region, despite several economic slumps, the number of mobile subscribers increased from 4 million in 1995 to close to 300 million in 2005.
Nooren net neutrality_tvx_in_industry_2017_v2.2_final_paperpanooren
Net neutrality regulation is important for media companies, Internet service providers and consumers as it affects the conditions for distribution of streaming music and video. This paper analyzes and visualizes the dependencies between media companies and ISPs in two cases that involve zero-rating of data, an arrangement in which the data for specific services does not count against a data allowance. The cases show that zero-rating brings a substantial change to the distribution segment of the media-Internet ecosystem. For the many consumers that have subscriptions with a data allowance, the Internet access is effectively divided in two parts, one where data is metered and counts against their monthly allowance and one where they have unlimited flat fee data – for selected applications. Furthermore, the cases show that net neutrality is an important factor, but also clearly not the only factor affecting competition in the media-Internet ecosystem.
Reducing the cost per gigabyte - a 3d b consult white paperToomas Sarv
As mobile data usage is growing rapidly each year, and is expected to grow even more aggressively by 2020, the price per Gigabyte for the subscriber is reducing over time across all markets... At the same time, it is increasingly challenging for operators to find monetization schemes for their LTE networks that are in correlation with traffic growth and price drops in one formula. Their own cost of Gigabyte is not decreasing at the same pace as the price per Gigabyte for their subscribers.
Year 2016 will see 3G subscription surpassing 2G subscription and will be more than 220million.
Countrywide launch by 3G/4G/LTE Services by Indian Telecom Operators will take Broadband Subscriber base to 600million by 2020. Further Digital India Initiative by Government of India to Rural India will take Broadband Subscriber to 1 Billion by 2023.
Business Brief that shows the adoption rate of residential high speed internet and broadband services among the households that actually have access to services. There are breakdowns by state with example maps of availablity.
Broadband economic impact in Brazil - Hildebrando Rodrigues (2011)ACORN-REDECOM
This study evaluated the broadband economic impact in Brazil by using simultaneous equation analysis with endogenous
variables. It was found that each 1p.p. increase in the broadband penetration is related to between 0.038p.p and 0.18p.p. GDP
growth, and between 0.196p.p. and 0.362p.p. GDP per capita growth. Data regarding the number of broadband accesses,
disaggregated by each State as well as the investment in the telecommunications sector, consolidated nationwide, for the
period 2000 to 2008 came from ANATEL, the Brazilian telecommunications regulatory agency. Some of these data had to be
estimated as well the prices charged, which can be partially credited for the high economic impact found. The effort to
overcome the lack of reliable statistics in Brazil by estimating the missing data is an important part of the work and must be
seen as an incentive for doing such studies in countries dealing with the same lack of data problem.
Next Generation National Broadband Network development - A ppp for an open ac...Mohamed Bouanane
As many countries seek to introduce greater competition there may be valuable lessons to be drawn from applying open access policies to next generation broadband infrastructure with partial public ownership or financed by utilities (e.g. backbone fibre associated with transport or electricity grids). Therefore, governments and regulators need to consider such policies – especially where there is insufficient competition – along with a public-private partnership to enhance capacity; speed, QoS and decrease costs so that the entire economy can continue to fully leverage its potential.
AN ANALYSIS OF CONSUMER PREFERENCES FOR MOBILE VOICE CALLING IN DIFFERENT CON...ijmpict
This paper aims to investigate consumer preferences for voice calling using two methods via mobile phone— Over-the-top (OTT) voice calling services using the Internet and mobile telephony using cellular networks in different situations—for both formal and casual occasions. In brief, it explores how users prioritize these attributes; service quality, price, and Internet connection requirements. A discrete choice experiment was conducted in Thailand in 2019 with 444 observations. The results reveal that respondents valued service quality most in both occasions, followed by price, and lastly Internet connection requirements. However, in regards to situations of formal usage, consumers valued service quality to a significantly higher degree than prices when compared with casual use situations. Hence, users rely on better quality services over low cost services. It can be implied that users are more likely to employ mobile telephony, the service quality of which is considered to be better, than they are to use OTT in casual situations compared to formal occasions. Implications of these results are also discussed in this paper.
An Analysis of Consumer Preferences for Mobile Voice Calling in Different Con...ijmpict
This paper aims to investigate consumer preferences for voice calling using two methods via mobile phone—
Over-the-top (OTT) voice calling services using the Internet and mobile telephony using cellular networks in
different situations—for both formal and casual occasions. In brief, it explores how users prioritize these
attributes; service quality, price, and Internet connection requirements. A discrete choice experiment was
conducted in Thailand in 2019 with 444 observations. The results reveal that respondents valued service quality
most in both occasions, followed by price, and lastly Internet connection requirements. However, in regards to
situations of formal usage, consumers valued service quality to a significantly higher degree than prices when
compared with casual use situations. Hence, users rely on better quality services over low cost services. It can
be implied that users are more likely to employ mobile telephony, the service quality of which is considered to
be better, than they are to use OTT in casual situations compared to formal occasions. Implications of these
results are also discussed in this paper.
This project provides background information as the foundation for a more intensive study to be entitled ‘Genderstanding Mobile Telephony: Women, Men and their Use of the Cellular Phones in the Caribbean’ on usage of mobile telephony by men and women across varied age ranges in the region. The data suggests that telephony has undergone dramatic transitions over the
last five years. From an overwhelming presence of wire-line technology, the regional industry is now dominated by wireless subscribers getting service mainly through an interlocking network of cellular sites.
Presentación elaborada por la Dra. Judith Mariscal y María Angélica Martínez para la conferencia TPRC, realizada el 27 de septiembre de 2013 en Washington DC.
Presentación de Jorge Bossio (LaMula.pe) para el taller de jóvenes investigadores de DIRSI. El taller se realizó el 16 de mayo de 2012 en Santiago de Chile.
El siguiente trabajo realiza un aporte a la medición del avance de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación (TIC) a nivel empresarial en el sector de servicios de Colombia. En primer lugar, se presenta la elaboración de un índice compuesto IUPITIC (Índice de Uso, Preparación e Impacto de las TIC) construido principalmente sobre la base de la Encuesta Anual de Servicios EAS 2008. En segundo lugar, se estima un modelo sobre los determinantes de la adopción de las TIC en servicios, hallando los signos esperados por la literatura en las variables explicativas consideradas. En tercer lugar, se analiza un modelo de productividad laboral de las empresas de servicios que incluye la incidencia de la inversión y uso de las TIC diferenciando por tamaño de empresas, donde los resultados indican que éstas producen un incremento en la productividad. Por último, se replican los modelos estimados para el caso del sector restaurante y hoteles.
As características de oferta são um indicador chave no desempenho do mercado de banda larga de acesso à Internet. Preço, qualidade, opções existentes contratantes e outras características de oferta também são um determinador importante dos níveis de serviço de adoção em residências e empresas. Este trabalho analisa as características dos serviços de banda larga oferecidos na América Latina e no Caribe. A análise é baseada em uma pesquisa conduzida em 24 países da região, com as principais operadoras de banda larga móvel e fixa em cada mercado, e por fim, é comparada com os países da OCDE. Os dados são referentes ao 2º trimestre de 2011 e são comparados aos da mesma pesquisa do 2º trimestre de 2010
Este trabajo se focaliza en medir el grado de adopción de las TIC en las empresas de servicios de Colombia, a partir de índices compuestos y luego investigar cuáles son los factores determinantes de la difusión de las TIC en las empresas de servicios, así como el impacto de las TIC (tanto en términos de inversión como de uso) en la productividad laboral.
En suma, el Perú ha cambiado en los últimos años gracias a la comunicación por TIC. Sin embargo, no se han visto esfuerzos de gran envergadura impulsados por el Gobierno para permitir la interconexión de la ciudadanía. A excepción de pequeños proyectos sectoriales y desconectados como el Proyecto Huascarán, Una Laptop por Niño o el mismo Fondo de Inversión en Telecomunicaciones (FITEL), no existe aún un proyecto país para brindar TIC de calidad a los hogares peruanos.
Este hecho es ciertamente preocupante en la medida que, dados los resultados obtenidos en el presente trabajo mediante el método de Propensity Score Matching, el acceso conjunto a estos medios puede incrementar el ingreso promedio per cápita del hogar en 105 Nuevos Soles. Más aún, el solo acceso a telefonía fija o móvil, o Internet puede aumentar el ingreso promedio per cápita del hogar en 19, 132 o 365 Nuevos Soles. Los resultados de datos de panel con efectos fijos muestran que la telefonía móvil y el Internet presentan un efecto, aunque menor, positivo sobre el nivel ingreso, de 28 y 104 Nuevos Soles respectivamente. Ambos servicios, de manera conjunta, aumentan el ingreso en 216 Nuevos Soles.
40
Asimismo, la importancia de las TIC se evidencia también en el hecho de que diversos países ya las han incluido dentro de sus planes nacionales de desarrollo. Como ejemplos recientes están Brasil y Estados Unidos. Brasil, a finales del 2009, ha incorporado dentro de su plan nacional de crecimiento el subsidio al Internet de Banda Ancha para que cualquier hogar pueda acceder a una conexión mínima en sus hogares. Estados Unidos, a principios del 2010, ha publicado su Plan Nacional de Banda Ancha, en donde asegura que, en este Gobierno, cada estadounidense tendrá acceso a Internet de alta velocidad en su domicilio. Ellos son algunos ejemplos que deberían ser considerados en el diseño de políticas, considerando la importancia que las TIC tienen en el crecimiento económico.
No obstante, los resultados también muestran una situación interesante. La telefonía fija no se presenta más como un instrumento para el incremento del bienestar económico del hogar, en tanto su efecto es no significativo. En ese sentido, medidas de política social y regulatoria deberían enfocarse en la promoción de paquetes de Internet y telefonía móvil que no se vean atados al requerimiento de la telefonía fija. Asimismo, el incremento de la penetración de Internet en la vivienda debería ser una prioridad en las políticas sociales que persigan los nuevos gobiernos, dado que el acceso a la telefonía móvil es grande en la actualidad. En ese sentido, programas de banda ancha a bajo costo deberían ser más exhaustivamente examinados, como el puesto en marcha por el estado de Sao Paulo desde el 16 de octubre del 2009, denominado “Programa Banda Ancha Popular”, que ofrece conexiones de 256 Kbps a un costo de R$ 29,8 o US$ 16 mensuales aproximadamente (incluidos módem e instalación).
Finalmente, políticas sectoriales deberían to
Innovation is a productive process which relies on human resources and investment
in capital assets procurement, machinery and/or equipments intended for technological
development and innovation activities. If the production function at the microeconomic
level is the relationship between productive factors and output, capital allocated to ICT
can be taken as another productive factor, in the same way as capital, work and human
capital. The relative ease of access to ICT, due to their fast price reduction and quality
increase, and to the fact that they are considered general purpose technologies, have led
various scholars to propose that ICT, due to their effect on cost reductions of coordination
among individuals and firms, may produce a change in firm structure. Likewise, innovation
also has an effect on productivity, mainly through total factor productivity but also by
interacting with other factors such as capital or human capital. This innovation refers
to technologically new processes and products, either at firm, local, country or global
level. The emphasis on novelty does not mean to make more of the same, but to expand
human knowledge frontier, observing that what is novel may also be applied at firm or
country level. Therefore, when we speak about innovation, we must understand that what
is new for a particular country may not be new at international level.
the analysis of the National Survey of Science, Technology and Innovation
2004 (Encuesta Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación) by CONCYTEC (2005)
reports the following facts. First, the proportion of firms that perform SCTel activities is
low, and the activities are concentrated in metropolitan Lima. The mega and large firms
are the firms with more initiatives in this field. These activities are developed in different
sectors, emphasizing food, beverage and tobacco, mining, commerce and petroleum.
Second, availability of R&D formal units decreases as firm size decreases. Third, the
main application of R&D spending activities is experimental research, then applied
research and, lastly, basic research. Also, firm R&D investment is mainly financed by own
resources. Fourth, most firms have computers and access to the Internet, although the
proportion is less for small and medium size enterprises. The access to ICT is significant,
but it varies depending on technology sophistication level and firm size. Fifth, part of
innovation activities is oriented towards product innovation and organization. Moreover,
innovations have shown a higher novelty grade in the framework of the firm itself and/
or local market. Sixth, Peru innovation capacity faces big challenges ahead. In general,
lack of access to financing and high cost of training are two main obstacles for innovation
activities across all firm categories.
In this perspective, this study has two main purposes: i) to report indicators of science,
technology and technological innovation, cooperation and ICT in Peru; and ii) to
provide evidence on the effect of SCTel activities and ICT on profitability in Peruvian
manufacturing firms. This study is organized as follows. Section 2 shows some indicators
of technological innovations and ICT use. Then, Section 3 displays evidence related
to economic performance of manufacturing firms. Section 4 presents the conceptual
framework and empirical approach, and Section 5 discusses econometric results.
Los artículos reunidos en la publicación buscan entender la dinámica de la evolución y revolución de las TIC, así como producir evidencias sobre su potencial para promover el desarrollo socioeconómico. Como tal, el análisis de microdatos procedentes de Encuestas Nacionales de Hogares y Encuestas Nacionales de Innovación en América Latina, ambas fuentes de información estadística, ofrecen posibilidades atractivas para investigar no solo los factores determinantes de las actividades de innovación y difusión de la tecnología, sino también sus impactos económicos.
De manera general, los artículos sobre el acceso, uso e impacto de las TIC en hogares demuestran los avances alcanzados a partir del proceso de homologación de microdatos, trabajo que ha permitido la elaboración de investigaciones desde una perspectiva comparada, sobre el avance de la Sociedad de la Información en los países de América Latina. En el caso de las encuestas de empresas se destacaron los avances en la discusión teórica y empírica sobre el impacto de las TIC en el sector productivo por medio de diferentes estudios de caso. Para la elaboración de los artículos sobre TIC e innovación se trabajo en forma coordinada con la red Diálogo Regional sobre Sociedad de la Información (DIRSI).
La publicación que reúne estudios econométricos sobre el acceso, uso e impacto de las TIC en hogares y empresas, es el informe final del proyecto “Observatorio para la Sociedad de la Información en América Latina y el Caribe (OSILAC)", llevado a cabo por la División de Desarrollo Productivo y Empresarial de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), de las Naciones Unidas, con el apoyo financiero del Centro Internacional de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo (CIID-IDRC).
(texto de Mariana Balboni)
The present study analyzes the relationship between ICT investments and productivity
in the Colombian manufacturing industry. It uses information from the second Survey
of Development and Technological Innovation (Encuesta de Desarrollo e Innovación
Tecnológica - EDIT) performed in 2005. The EDIT survey asks about investment
decisions on innovation and technological development, amounts invested, reasons
for investing, occupation level and quality of employed personnel, financing
mechanisms and loan commitments, effect of innovation, among others. Due to
the fact that the EDIT did not pose questions on firm performance variables, we
use complementary data from the Annual Manufacturing Survey (Encuesta Anual
Manufacturera - EAM) of 2004.
En un contexto de dinamismo tecnologico y convergencia, donde la banda ancha (accesos a Internet de alta velocidad) ha tomado el protagonismo para la formulación de políticas públicas, este estudio busca revisar las políticas, planes y agendas de los países de la región en cuanto a la universalización del acceso a los servicios de telecomunicaciones. Este esfuerzo se realiza sobre la base de información recogida en agosto de 2010 así como de la importante evaluación realizada por REGULATEL en 2006 sobre fondos para el acceso universal. Encontramos que más países han constituido fondos y que se ha diversificado la fuente de financiamiento; además, casi todos los países cuentan con alguna forma de agenda digital, pero solamente Brasil ha publicado un ambicioso plan de desarrollo de la banda ancha que contiene objetivos de universalización, mientras Perú se encuentra en un proceso participativo de formulación del plan.
Este artículo examina el estado de la banda ancha móvil en la región latinoamericana así como las oportunidades y desafíos que presenta su mayor desarrollo. La banda ancha móvil presenta grandes beneficios que incluso sobrepasan a los de la banda ancha fija. El acceso a los beneficios de internet seguramente será democratizado por el empleo de dispositivos móviles. Sin embargo, existen diversos retos por afrontar. Estos incluyen resolver los temas regulatorios pendientes en América Latina. Se requiere eliminar las barreras de entrada al sector, empezando por las barreras institucionales ya que el diseño e implementación de políticas poco transparentes y flexibles limitan la adopción de estas nuevas tecnologías y con ello mantienen la exclusión digital. La tecnología de banda ancha móvil brinda una gran oportunidad para el crecimiento económico y social de la región. El papel de las autoridades es no limitar estas oportunidades; por ello, licitar espectro radioeléctrico, promover la inclusión y la inversión, e intervenir sólo en casos en los que existan claras fallas de mercado.
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Broadband tariffs in Latin America and the Caribbean: Benchmarking and trends by Hernan Galperin
1. Broadband tariffs in Latin America and the Caribbean:
Benchmarking and trends
Hernan Galperin, University of San Andrés (Argentina).
Supply characteristics are a key indicator of the broadband Internet access market performance. The
price, quality, existing contracting options and other characteristics of the supply are also an important
determiner of service adoption levels in homes and businesses1. This paper analyzes the characteristics
of broadband services offered in Latin America and the Caribbean. The analysis is based on a survey
conducted in 24 countries of the region, to the leading operators of mobile and fixed broadband in
each market, and was then compared to OECD countries. Data refers to Q2 2011, and comparisons are
made against the same survey in Q2 2010.2
Despite the increasing segmentation of the supply and access speed improvement, poor quality and
high prices of fixed broadband are still common in Latin America and the Caribbean.
The increasing segmentation of fixed broadband supply in the region is a positive sign of the gradual
market development and the operators’ interest to expand the universe of clients served. This is
reflected in the increased supply of entry-level plans, which offer a basic service (between 256kbps and
512kbps of download speed with data download volume limits) at relatively affordable prices. In
several countries these plans are part of government initiatives to expand broadband access, either
through state operators (as in the cases of Venezuela, Costa Rica and Uruguay) or agreements with the
private sector (as in the case of Brazil). On the other extreme, we find a growing range of plans with
very high access speeds (> 30Mbps download speed) aimed towards the residential and SMEs market
in countries with more mature markets such as Argentina, Brazil and Chile, as well as the Caribbean
(particularly Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago).
Nevertheless, as shown in Figure 1, the quality of the offered fixed broadband varies significantly in the
region. Less than half (11 out of 24) of the countries surveyed offer speeds above 10Mbps, and no one
offers FTTH. The setback is particularly significant in many countries where the average broadband
offer does not exceed 2Mbps. It is also worth mentioning that, on average, supply quality (measured by
offered download speeds) is four times higher in OECD countries. Still, the trend is positive and the
average supply quality increased by 65% in the region compared to 2010, which, as shown below,
entails a significant cut in service costs per Mbps.
1
See Galperin and Ruzzier (2010).The broadband tariffs: benchmarking and analysis. In Jordan, V., Galperin, H., & Peres,
W. (Eds.). Accelerating the digital revolution: Broadband for Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago de Chile: ECLAC.
2
The survey was conducted according to OECD guidelines (see www.oecd.org/sti/ict/broadband).
1
2. Figure 1. Quality average of offered fixed broadband (in kbps download speed), Q2 2011
The tariffs of fixed broadband services in the region should be evaluated in relation to the restrictions
on the quality of the service. On average, tariffs for fixed broadband in the region are three times
higher than those found in OECD countries, although, as shown in Figure 2, there are significant
variations between different markets. On the other hand, the introduction of low-cost access plans has
reduced the price gap with OECD countries in the entry-level supply segment. In this segment, the
average tariffs in the region exceed those of OECD by 80%, which represents a significant improvement
compared to the 2010 survey (on average, there is a 16% year-on-year reduction in the cost of entry-
level plans in the region). Furthermore, countries like Venezuela, Uruguay and Brazil stand out given
that they offer basic access plans with tariffs that are similar or below the level of most developed
countries.3
The introduction of low-cost access plans has reduced the price gap with the OECD in the entry-level
supply segment.
Another trend that has reduced market entry barriers is the increasing availability of bundled services.
They are offered in over half of the countries surveyed (15 out of 24) and provide broadband, phone
(generally unlimited local calls) and cable TV services. In less than half the countries (11 out of 24) triple
play bundles are available, although in some cases, these bundles include TV services provided by
agreements with satellite TV operators. Service bundles can expand the market by reducing additional
costs for users who already pay for other services. Nevertheless, as noted by the OECD (2011), it is
necessary to monitor these practices as to ensure an ideal combination of stand-alone services and
bundle offers.4
3
Of course, even in these countries the relative cost is still higher due to lower income levels in the region. In this
regard see Galperin and Ruzzier (2010).
4
OECD (2011).Broadband bundling: Trends and Implications. OECD Digital Economy Papers No. 175. OECD Publishing.
2
3. Figure 2. Fixed broadband plans (least expensive plan and average plans offered) in US$ PPP, Q2
2011
Comparisons based only on tariffs do not take into account quality restrictions of broadband services in
the region. To introduce them, the unit of comparison must be the cost of the access service per Mbps
download speed, an indicator that considers both price and quality of the service promised. The results
are shown in Figure 3. Given that the tariffs are non-linear; this indicator favors the more mature
markets where there are higher speed offers (and therefore lower cost per Mbps). Hence we find that
the average cost of Mbps download speed for a household in the region is 20 times that of a home in
OECD countries. But again, there is significant price dispersion among countries in the region: analyzing
the extreme values, the average Mbps cost for a household in Chile is 25 times cheaper than for a
household in Bolivia (in US$ PPP). It should also be noted that in countries with very high speed offers
(> 100Mbps) such as Brazil and Trinidad & Tobago the Mbps cost is similar to OECD reference values.
The results show a significant dispersion in fixed broadband prices among countries in the region:
analyzing the extreme values, the average Mbps cost for a household in Santiago de Chile is 25 times
cheaper than for a household in La Paz, Bolivia.
Moreover, the trend shows a remarkable improvement regarding 2010 given that, although nominal
tariffs did not present much change, the supply quality improvement has resulted in a 36% reduction in
the average cost of Mbps in the region. The improvement is even greater in the case of entry-level
3
4. plans with a 44% year-to-year decrease in the Mbps average cost in this segment. Even though this
trend is positive, broadband price/quality ratio improvement must be accelerated in order to reduce
the gap that separates Latin America and the Caribbean from most developed countries.
Figure 3. Fixed broadband plans (least expensive plan and average plans offered) in US$ PPP Mbps,
Q2 2011
The causes of the persistent price gap between Latin America, the Caribbean and the OECD, as well as
important price dispersions between countries within the region, are manifold and require an
extensive discussion which exceeds the scope of this paper. However, some aspects that arise from this
analysis are worth mentioning. First, a lack of intermodal competition can be seen (i.e. between
different fixed broadband access platforms) in almost one third (7 out of 24) of the countries surveyed.
This deficit in investment for alternative access infrastructures must be offset by rules that enable
competition among service operators on the same platform (in general the one controlled by the
incumbent operator of fixed telephony). However, high prices found in some of the less developed
markets show the limited range of these rules in the region.
In these cases, the only alternative to discipline fixed broadband access prices is mobile broadband
supply. This requires defining up to what extent are fixed and mobile broadband complementary or
substitute products; to be addressed in the next section. It should be noted that in most countries, the
operators who offer both services are the same, which reduces the incentives for direct competition
between the two platforms.
4
5. Price dispersion among countries in mobile broadband services is significantly lower than that
observed in fixed broadband plans, indicating higher levels of competition in the mobile segment.
Mobile broadband development is seen as an opportunity to address the competition shortage in fixed
broadband services and also expand existing market boundaries. According to ITU estimates (2011) the
number of mobile broadband connections doubles that of worldwide fixed connections. This requires
analyzing up to what extent are these services substitutes or complementary, and in turn, the
comparison of supply characteristics of both services. This comparison has some limitations. Firstly, the
promised quality of both services is not strictly comparable. Usually, mobile broadband services are
marketed under a single speed promise (in general between 1 and 3 Mbps), which, in many cases, is
reduced once exceeded a threshold level of data download. At the same time, the supply of mobile
broadband plans has greater segmentation in terms of contract options (prepaid or postpaid), length of
service (can be purchased from one hour to a monthly contract), data download and other demand
segmentation variables.
This paper is limited to examining mobile broadband services as a substitute for fixed broadband. In
other words, the analysis is limited to examining the extent to which mobile broadband puts pressure
on supply prices for residential fixed broadband. Therefore the analysis only compares mobile and fixed
broadband plans which -in terms of type of contract and service quality- are close substitutes. The
comparison focuses on (monthly) subscription tariffs of mobile broadband services of at least 1GB of
data download volume (regardless of the access device), vis-a-vis the tariffs of fixed broadband services
with similar quality (between 1 and 3 Mbps download speed).5
Figure 4 presents the results of this analysis.6 Price dispersion in mobile broadband services is
significantly lower than that observed in fixed broadband plans: the gap between countries with the
highest and lowest average cost (Bolivia and Uruguay respectively) is reduced 14 times in the case of
fixed services and 5 times in the case of mobile broadband, while the standard deviation is three times
less in the case of mobile broadband. The greatest tariff equality reflects greater competition levels in
the mobile segment, where -with the exception of Costa Rica- there are two or more operators
competing in each market.
5
Although data download restrictions make some of the mobile broadband services not strictly identical to those of
fixed broadband, the ITU criterion was used to establish a 1 GB minimum level of monthly use for the compared plans.
See ITU (2011), Measuring the information society. Geneva: ITU.
6
It is noteworthy that Belize and Suriname were excluded from this analysis due to lack of information on mobile
broadband offers in these countries.
5
6. Figure 4. Fixed broadband vs. mobile broadband monthly cost (average plans of up to 3Mbps and
1GB download) in US$ PPP, Q2 2011
The results reveal that, on average, mobile broadband services are 25% cheaper than equivalent fixed
broadband services. However it is worth noting that the difference is largely explained by the worst
performing fixed access markets; while in some of the more mature markets such as Uruguay and Chile
the tariff difference between the two platforms is significantly reduced. Taking only the cheapest plans
from each market into consideration, the difference in favor of mobile services is extended to 32%.
Again, in countries with less developed fixed services -like in most Central American markets- the
differences are greater than in more mature markets.
The results reveal that, on average, mobile broadband services are 25% cheaper than equivalent
fixed broadband services. Taking only the cheapest plans from each market into consideration, the
difference in favor of mobile services is extended to 32%.
In short, there is no doubt that mobile broadband development favors access market expansion by
providing an offer of higher segmentation level in terms of type of contract, length of service and
download limits, as well as competitive prices regarding equivalent fixed access services. The results
show that mobile broadband supply is complementary to fixed broadband in terms of services focused
on mobility and prepaid access, and also a substitute due to the pressure it puts on prices in the entry-
level segment plans.
Lastly, it is important to point out the increasing segmentation by type of service (chat, mail, social
networks and navigation) in the marketing of mobile broadband services. Although these commercial
innovations allow the operator to segment the demand and improve traffic management -which in turn
reduces deployment and network operation costs-, they also introduce potential competition problems
6
7. in the value-added services market, and must be monitored to ensure the markets competitive
functioning.
This paper was carried out with the help of funds allocated to the IEP by the International Development Research Center and the Canadian
International Development Agency, Ottawa, Canada.
This document is licensed Creative Commons type: Attribution - Noncommercial - Share Alike 2.5 Peru. You may: copy, distribute and transmit the paper and make
derivative works under the conditions of the license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/pe/legalcode
7