The document summarizes findings from the 2009 Global Broadband Phenomena report. It finds that real-time entertainment applications like streaming video have greatly increased, now accounting for 26.6% of traffic compared to 12.6% in 2008. It also finds that the top 1% of subscribers account for 25% of traffic, and peak network usage times have condensed. Regional differences in application usage are also discussed.
The document discusses the current state of broadband access in rural areas and argues that continuing subsidies are no longer needed. It summarizes that:
1) According to the National Broadband Map, over 99.9% of Americans have access to broadband speeds of at least 3 Mbps via technologies like 4G wireless, satellite, or DSL over existing copper lines.
2) Competition in rural broadband access has increased dramatically with wireless and satellite providing viable alternatives to wired services.
3) Continuing subsidies through programs like the Connect America Fund undermines incentives for unsubsidized providers to invest and risks reducing access over time by propping up higher-cost options.
This document discusses LTE Broadcast/eMBMS and its potential to help mobile operators meet increasing demands for mobile data. LTE Broadcast allows the same content to be sent to multiple users simultaneously via broadcast, which is more efficient than unicasting content to each user individually. The document estimates LTE Broadcast could offload up to 15% of video traffic and 30% of audio traffic. This would result in up to an 11.5% reduction in total daily traffic per subscriber and 14.7% reduction during peak hours. If deployed, LTE Broadcast could allow mobile operators to reduce network capacity investments in 2016 by an estimated 9.8%, saving billions of dollars.
The document discusses broadband availability mapping and data collection efforts in Georgia, noting that maps may overstate availability as providers only need to offer service to one customer in an area to report it as served. It also presents results of a Georgia rural broadband survey finding that over 60% of respondents said they could not purchase their needed broadband speed and over 70% said their current service was not sufficient. The document provides contact information for the Georgia Broadband Center for additional information.
Digitizing processes in Haiti could significantly boost the economy. Implementing initiatives to increase mobile broadband penetration to 50% and install an undersea cable would yield a benefit-cost ratio of 12-14 by 2050. Additional proposals include digitizing business registration to reduce the process from 97 to 11 days, increasing access to credit data from 1.6% to 20% of the population, and digitizing property registration from 312 to 14 days. Overall these reforms are estimated to generate billions in economic benefits by improving efficiency of key government and economic processes.
The document summarizes Akamai's Q2 2010 State of the Internet report. It finds that the US was the top source of attack traffic, followed by China, accounting for 22% of attacks globally. Europe saw the highest percentage of attacks. Over 500 million unique IP addresses accessed Akamai, a 3% increase. South Korea led in broadband adoption and speeds. Mobile attack traffic targeted port 445 more than other ports. Connection speeds on mobile networks ranged from 6.1 Mbps to 115 Kbps.
This document describes a new methodology for calculating broadband take rates in the United States at a more granular census tract level. It finds that previous estimates at the state level did not account for households without access and overstated the number of homes without broadband. The new methodology uses FCC and Census data on households with broadband access by census tract to determine take rates where broadband is available, finding rates are higher than previously thought and the number of homes without access is smaller than estimated.
Community based broadband report by Executive Office of the PresidentEd Dodds
This document discusses the benefits of community-based broadband and high-speed internet access. It finds that while broadband access has expanded, many areas still lack adequate competition and access. Some communities have developed their own municipal broadband networks to increase competition, access, and drive local economic development. These networks have encouraged private sector investment and improved service. However, 19 states restrict community broadband, limiting choices for consumers. The administration supports increasing broadband access and competition through community-based solutions.
The document discusses the current state of broadband access in rural areas and argues that continuing subsidies are no longer needed. It summarizes that:
1) According to the National Broadband Map, over 99.9% of Americans have access to broadband speeds of at least 3 Mbps via technologies like 4G wireless, satellite, or DSL over existing copper lines.
2) Competition in rural broadband access has increased dramatically with wireless and satellite providing viable alternatives to wired services.
3) Continuing subsidies through programs like the Connect America Fund undermines incentives for unsubsidized providers to invest and risks reducing access over time by propping up higher-cost options.
This document discusses LTE Broadcast/eMBMS and its potential to help mobile operators meet increasing demands for mobile data. LTE Broadcast allows the same content to be sent to multiple users simultaneously via broadcast, which is more efficient than unicasting content to each user individually. The document estimates LTE Broadcast could offload up to 15% of video traffic and 30% of audio traffic. This would result in up to an 11.5% reduction in total daily traffic per subscriber and 14.7% reduction during peak hours. If deployed, LTE Broadcast could allow mobile operators to reduce network capacity investments in 2016 by an estimated 9.8%, saving billions of dollars.
The document discusses broadband availability mapping and data collection efforts in Georgia, noting that maps may overstate availability as providers only need to offer service to one customer in an area to report it as served. It also presents results of a Georgia rural broadband survey finding that over 60% of respondents said they could not purchase their needed broadband speed and over 70% said their current service was not sufficient. The document provides contact information for the Georgia Broadband Center for additional information.
Digitizing processes in Haiti could significantly boost the economy. Implementing initiatives to increase mobile broadband penetration to 50% and install an undersea cable would yield a benefit-cost ratio of 12-14 by 2050. Additional proposals include digitizing business registration to reduce the process from 97 to 11 days, increasing access to credit data from 1.6% to 20% of the population, and digitizing property registration from 312 to 14 days. Overall these reforms are estimated to generate billions in economic benefits by improving efficiency of key government and economic processes.
The document summarizes Akamai's Q2 2010 State of the Internet report. It finds that the US was the top source of attack traffic, followed by China, accounting for 22% of attacks globally. Europe saw the highest percentage of attacks. Over 500 million unique IP addresses accessed Akamai, a 3% increase. South Korea led in broadband adoption and speeds. Mobile attack traffic targeted port 445 more than other ports. Connection speeds on mobile networks ranged from 6.1 Mbps to 115 Kbps.
This document describes a new methodology for calculating broadband take rates in the United States at a more granular census tract level. It finds that previous estimates at the state level did not account for households without access and overstated the number of homes without broadband. The new methodology uses FCC and Census data on households with broadband access by census tract to determine take rates where broadband is available, finding rates are higher than previously thought and the number of homes without access is smaller than estimated.
Community based broadband report by Executive Office of the PresidentEd Dodds
This document discusses the benefits of community-based broadband and high-speed internet access. It finds that while broadband access has expanded, many areas still lack adequate competition and access. Some communities have developed their own municipal broadband networks to increase competition, access, and drive local economic development. These networks have encouraged private sector investment and improved service. However, 19 states restrict community broadband, limiting choices for consumers. The administration supports increasing broadband access and competition through community-based solutions.
This document is a broadband infrastructure report prepared by BroadbandNow for the City of Norfolk, MA. It includes a summary of broadband availability and competition in Norfolk based on data from the FCC, NTIA, Census and speed tests. On average, Norfolk residents have faster download speeds than both the state and national averages. While most residents have a choice of 2 or more providers, approximately 700 residents only have access to 1 or fewer wired broadband options. The report also lists the internet service providers serving Norfolk and data centers within 50 miles.
Gsam course principles of internet governance final project feb 2017CONATEL
Honduras has a population of over 8 million people but internet access remains limited, with only 5.35% having fixed-line access and mobile internet penetration reaching 1.46 million users. The government has installed over 2,500 public WiFi hotspots in schools and parks nationwide. Moving forward, increasing mobile coverage, the number of internet users, and use of online education and government services are priorities. The government can promote investment in rural networks through tax breaks and spectrum auctions. Establishing more internet exchange points would allow cheaper access to local content. The GSMA course taught the importance of balanced stakeholder participation and cooperation to foster sustainable internet development.
This document discusses issues with assessing broadband market penetration and competition in the United States. It notes that broadband statistics can be interpreted in vastly different ways to draw opposing conclusions about conditions. While some claim the US broadband market is doing quite well, others argue true broadband shows marketplace failure in many areas with only one or two facilities-based carriers. The document also examines international broadband comparisons that show the US lags most developed nations in terms of household penetration and penetration relative to GDP. It questions the credibility of FCC broadband statistics and advocates for more transparency in data collection to develop clearer assessments.
'The UK Commercial Radio Industry' by Tom Andrews, Henry Devereux, Grant GoddardGrant Goddard
A presentation that analyses the UK commercial radio industry, written by Tom Andrews, Henry Devereux, Grant Goddard in July 2003 for The London Institute M.A. Media Management course.
The document summarizes New Hampshire's efforts to expand broadband access across the state using funds from the federal Recovery Act. It describes the broadband mapping and planning programs conducted by the University of New Hampshire under grants from the National Telecommunications and Information Administration and Rural Utilities Service. It also provides details on collected data, conducted analyses, and developed websites and tools to identify unserved and underserved areas of the state in order to target broadband expansion efforts.
This document discusses broadband expansion goals in Minnesota. It outlines the state's goals that by 2022 all businesses and homes have access to broadband with minimum speeds of 25 Mbps download and 3 Mbps upload and by 2026 access to speeds of 100 Mbps download and 20 Mbps upload. As of 2021, 96.4% of unserved and 96.5% of underserved households were in rural areas. The document also lists challenges around supply shortages, workforce shortages, and affordability as well as inequities with some student populations still lacking internet access essential for learning.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes the background and key arguments of a book analyzing federal and state policies regarding subsidization, deployment, and regulation of broadband in rural communities. The author is an Associate Professor who researched the topic through a policy analysis of over 10,000 pages of documents, 90 interviews, and site visits. The book argues that rural broadband policy is both incomplete and broken, failing to bring affordable, high-speed broadband to rural areas due to regulatory capture and prioritizing large internet providers. It also highlights some local success stories of communities connecting themselves with the help of cooperatives or local ISPs. The conclusions call for a national rural broadband plan, recognizing the importance of local broadband, and ensuring history does not repeat itself in
The document summarizes the Utah Broadband Project which aims to develop a statewide broadband map and plan to increase broadband adoption and deployment in Utah. It provides an overview of accomplishments in the first year including creating the first broadband map for Utah and securing extended funding. Goals for the second year include conducting provider data reviews, releasing a demand study, and convening a broadband task force to identify barriers and make recommendations. The broadband map features information on provider availability and speeds at addresses across the state.
This document summarizes the key findings of a survey on media consumption habits in GCC countries conducted by Maktoob Research. The survey found:
1) Online media such as websites and search engines are the most valued sources of information for consumers in most GCC countries, having supplanted traditional media like magazines, radio and local TV.
2) However, satellite TV and newspapers remain an important part of consumers' media mix and are seen as more credible sources of news than online media.
3) While word-of-mouth has the greatest influence on purchase decisions, company websites and search engines also impact consumers' intent to purchase online.
4) The survey revealed some differences in media consumption habits across GCC
Akamai's quarterly report analyzed internet traffic data from Q2 2009. They observed attack traffic originating from 201 countries, with China and the US accounting for nearly half. The top targeted port was 445, likely related to Conficker worm activity. Several DDoS attacks targeted DNS infrastructure during this quarter. Global connectivity continued to improve with new cables, wireless networks, and fiber rollouts. Connection speeds and broadband penetration varied by country.
National Optical Fibre Network - A Review of the Pilot BlocksRajat Kumar
The National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN) is aimed at providing broadband connectivity to 2, 50,000 Gram Panchayats in an effort to provide last mile connectivity as critical infrastructure. The NOFN’s aim is to provide all necessary government services to citizens in an effort to allow then access to information which would lead to their empowerment and development. To check the issues and challenges in the implementation of the NOFN, a pilot project was implemented in 59 Gram Panchayats in 3 Blocks
In an effort to assess the rollout of the NOFN in the Pilot blocks, DEF conducted a study to analyse connectivity in the pilot locations.
Telehealth: The Next Generation of HealthcareSamantha Haas
The document discusses Georgia's broadband initiatives and funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). It provides an overview of Georgia's ARRA broadband funding awards totaling over $58 million for various broadband infrastructure projects across the state. It also outlines Georgia's broadband mapping activities to identify unserved and underserved areas using $2.2 million in federal funding and help inform future broadband expansion efforts.
Presentación de la Comisionada Labardini en el Canadian Spectrum Summit 2017LabardiniA
The document discusses spectrum policy and mobile broadband development in Mexico. Some key points:
- Mexico has over 120 million people distributed across diverse geographic areas, with significant inequality between urban and rural populations. 61% have mobile broadband penetration nationally.
- Spectrum is allocated through commercial licenses awarded via auction, as well as social licenses to promote connectivity in underserved rural communities. The government has created the Red Compartida, a wholesale 4G network using 700MHz spectrum, to boost competition.
- Mexico has made progress in freeing spectrum for mobile use, including reallocating the 800MHz and planning to clear the 600MHz band, but still has unserved areas due to challenges of low population density. 5G
Cuba - Telecoms, Mobile, Broadband and Digital Media - Statistics and AnalysesMarketResearch.com
Normalisation of relations with the US lifts restrictions in telecom equipment importsCuba still has the lowest mobile phone and internet penetration rates in the region, and is also among the lowest for fixed-line teledensity. Fixed-line and mobile services remain a monopoly of the government-controlled Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba (ETESCA Cubacel).
The FCC voted to modernize its Form 477 data collection program by adding broadband deployment data collection to supplement existing subscription data. Beginning September 2014, fixed and mobile broadband providers will report deployment data including maximum speeds and coverage areas at the census block and mobile license area levels respectively. The FCC will rely initially on overlapping state data but aims to fully transition providers to the new Form 477 requirements over time. The FCC will continue working with states and making deployment data publicly available while protecting competitively sensitive information.
The Sandvine Global Internet Phenomena Report shines a light on fixed and mobile networks around the world, providing unparalleled insight into Internet trends and subscriber behavior patterns unravelling on networks globally.
This document is a broadband infrastructure report prepared by BroadbandNow for the City of Norfolk, MA. It includes a summary of broadband availability and competition in Norfolk based on data from the FCC, NTIA, Census and speed tests. On average, Norfolk residents have faster download speeds than both the state and national averages. While most residents have a choice of 2 or more providers, approximately 700 residents only have access to 1 or fewer wired broadband options. The report also lists the internet service providers serving Norfolk and data centers within 50 miles.
Gsam course principles of internet governance final project feb 2017CONATEL
Honduras has a population of over 8 million people but internet access remains limited, with only 5.35% having fixed-line access and mobile internet penetration reaching 1.46 million users. The government has installed over 2,500 public WiFi hotspots in schools and parks nationwide. Moving forward, increasing mobile coverage, the number of internet users, and use of online education and government services are priorities. The government can promote investment in rural networks through tax breaks and spectrum auctions. Establishing more internet exchange points would allow cheaper access to local content. The GSMA course taught the importance of balanced stakeholder participation and cooperation to foster sustainable internet development.
This document discusses issues with assessing broadband market penetration and competition in the United States. It notes that broadband statistics can be interpreted in vastly different ways to draw opposing conclusions about conditions. While some claim the US broadband market is doing quite well, others argue true broadband shows marketplace failure in many areas with only one or two facilities-based carriers. The document also examines international broadband comparisons that show the US lags most developed nations in terms of household penetration and penetration relative to GDP. It questions the credibility of FCC broadband statistics and advocates for more transparency in data collection to develop clearer assessments.
'The UK Commercial Radio Industry' by Tom Andrews, Henry Devereux, Grant GoddardGrant Goddard
A presentation that analyses the UK commercial radio industry, written by Tom Andrews, Henry Devereux, Grant Goddard in July 2003 for The London Institute M.A. Media Management course.
The document summarizes New Hampshire's efforts to expand broadband access across the state using funds from the federal Recovery Act. It describes the broadband mapping and planning programs conducted by the University of New Hampshire under grants from the National Telecommunications and Information Administration and Rural Utilities Service. It also provides details on collected data, conducted analyses, and developed websites and tools to identify unserved and underserved areas of the state in order to target broadband expansion efforts.
This document discusses broadband expansion goals in Minnesota. It outlines the state's goals that by 2022 all businesses and homes have access to broadband with minimum speeds of 25 Mbps download and 3 Mbps upload and by 2026 access to speeds of 100 Mbps download and 20 Mbps upload. As of 2021, 96.4% of unserved and 96.5% of underserved households were in rural areas. The document also lists challenges around supply shortages, workforce shortages, and affordability as well as inequities with some student populations still lacking internet access essential for learning.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes the background and key arguments of a book analyzing federal and state policies regarding subsidization, deployment, and regulation of broadband in rural communities. The author is an Associate Professor who researched the topic through a policy analysis of over 10,000 pages of documents, 90 interviews, and site visits. The book argues that rural broadband policy is both incomplete and broken, failing to bring affordable, high-speed broadband to rural areas due to regulatory capture and prioritizing large internet providers. It also highlights some local success stories of communities connecting themselves with the help of cooperatives or local ISPs. The conclusions call for a national rural broadband plan, recognizing the importance of local broadband, and ensuring history does not repeat itself in
The document summarizes the Utah Broadband Project which aims to develop a statewide broadband map and plan to increase broadband adoption and deployment in Utah. It provides an overview of accomplishments in the first year including creating the first broadband map for Utah and securing extended funding. Goals for the second year include conducting provider data reviews, releasing a demand study, and convening a broadband task force to identify barriers and make recommendations. The broadband map features information on provider availability and speeds at addresses across the state.
This document summarizes the key findings of a survey on media consumption habits in GCC countries conducted by Maktoob Research. The survey found:
1) Online media such as websites and search engines are the most valued sources of information for consumers in most GCC countries, having supplanted traditional media like magazines, radio and local TV.
2) However, satellite TV and newspapers remain an important part of consumers' media mix and are seen as more credible sources of news than online media.
3) While word-of-mouth has the greatest influence on purchase decisions, company websites and search engines also impact consumers' intent to purchase online.
4) The survey revealed some differences in media consumption habits across GCC
Akamai's quarterly report analyzed internet traffic data from Q2 2009. They observed attack traffic originating from 201 countries, with China and the US accounting for nearly half. The top targeted port was 445, likely related to Conficker worm activity. Several DDoS attacks targeted DNS infrastructure during this quarter. Global connectivity continued to improve with new cables, wireless networks, and fiber rollouts. Connection speeds and broadband penetration varied by country.
National Optical Fibre Network - A Review of the Pilot BlocksRajat Kumar
The National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN) is aimed at providing broadband connectivity to 2, 50,000 Gram Panchayats in an effort to provide last mile connectivity as critical infrastructure. The NOFN’s aim is to provide all necessary government services to citizens in an effort to allow then access to information which would lead to their empowerment and development. To check the issues and challenges in the implementation of the NOFN, a pilot project was implemented in 59 Gram Panchayats in 3 Blocks
In an effort to assess the rollout of the NOFN in the Pilot blocks, DEF conducted a study to analyse connectivity in the pilot locations.
Telehealth: The Next Generation of HealthcareSamantha Haas
The document discusses Georgia's broadband initiatives and funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). It provides an overview of Georgia's ARRA broadband funding awards totaling over $58 million for various broadband infrastructure projects across the state. It also outlines Georgia's broadband mapping activities to identify unserved and underserved areas using $2.2 million in federal funding and help inform future broadband expansion efforts.
Presentación de la Comisionada Labardini en el Canadian Spectrum Summit 2017LabardiniA
The document discusses spectrum policy and mobile broadband development in Mexico. Some key points:
- Mexico has over 120 million people distributed across diverse geographic areas, with significant inequality between urban and rural populations. 61% have mobile broadband penetration nationally.
- Spectrum is allocated through commercial licenses awarded via auction, as well as social licenses to promote connectivity in underserved rural communities. The government has created the Red Compartida, a wholesale 4G network using 700MHz spectrum, to boost competition.
- Mexico has made progress in freeing spectrum for mobile use, including reallocating the 800MHz and planning to clear the 600MHz band, but still has unserved areas due to challenges of low population density. 5G
Cuba - Telecoms, Mobile, Broadband and Digital Media - Statistics and AnalysesMarketResearch.com
Normalisation of relations with the US lifts restrictions in telecom equipment importsCuba still has the lowest mobile phone and internet penetration rates in the region, and is also among the lowest for fixed-line teledensity. Fixed-line and mobile services remain a monopoly of the government-controlled Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba (ETESCA Cubacel).
The FCC voted to modernize its Form 477 data collection program by adding broadband deployment data collection to supplement existing subscription data. Beginning September 2014, fixed and mobile broadband providers will report deployment data including maximum speeds and coverage areas at the census block and mobile license area levels respectively. The FCC will rely initially on overlapping state data but aims to fully transition providers to the new Form 477 requirements over time. The FCC will continue working with states and making deployment data publicly available while protecting competitively sensitive information.
The Sandvine Global Internet Phenomena Report shines a light on fixed and mobile networks around the world, providing unparalleled insight into Internet trends and subscriber behavior patterns unravelling on networks globally.
Referenced in presentation, "The Seven Wonders of China's Mobile World"
http://www.slideshare.net/ckeikofunahashi/m-learncon-session-907-ckeikofunahashi
Each quarter, Akamai publishes a quarterly "State of the Internet" report. This report includes data gathered across Akamai's global server network about attack traffic, average & maximum connection speeds, Internet penetration and broadband adoption, and mobile usage, as well as trends seen in this data over time.
For previous reports and report-related infographics, please visit:
http://www.akamai.com/stateoftheinternet/
Community Based Broadband Report by Executive Office of the PresidentDaniel X. O'Neil
Affordable, reliable access to high speed broadband is critical to U.S. economic growth and competitiveness. Upgrading to higher-speed broadband lets consumers use the Internet in new ways, increases the productivity of American individuals and businesses, and drives innovation throughout the digital ecosystem. As this report describes, while the private sector has made investments to dramatically expand broadband access in the U.S., challenges still remain. Many markets remain unserved or underserved. Others do not benefit from the kind of competition that drives down costs and improves quality. To help fill the void, hundreds of towns and cities around the country have developed their own locally-owned networks. This report describes the benefits of higher-speed broadband access, the current challenges facing the market, and the benefits of competition – including competition from community broadband networks.
\
For the third year in a row, after 2006 and 2007, ipoque has conducted a compre- hensive study measuring and analyzing Internet traffic in eight regions of the world. The study includes statistical data about popularity and user behavior for all common network protocols. This covers most applications used in today’s Internet such as Web browsing, media streaming, P2P file sharing, one-click file hosting, instant mes- saging, Internet telephony and online games.
This paper presents new data on
existing levels of service in LMICs
and the policy and regulatory
steps that governments and their
partners can employ to improve
the quality of those services. It
represents the first in a series of
research designed to understand
what constitutes meaningful
access, i.e., the level of service
quality needed for people to access
the internet in a way to improve
their lives. Further research on this
issue will be published in 2019.
- China remained the top source of observed attack traffic at 41% but saw a decline from the prior quarter. The US also saw a decline and was the second largest source at 11%.
- Port 445 remained the most targeted port at 14% of attacks though its traffic share dropped, and port 80 saw attacks drop to 8.0% of the total.
- Akamai customers reported 283 DDoS attacks in Q1, down 18% from the prior quarter but up 36% year-over-year, with over half targeting enterprise and commerce customers.
Akamai - State of Internet Raporu 2014 1. ÇeyrekWebrazzi
- The document provides updates and changes to the data and metrics reported in Akamai's State of the Internet Report, including expanding the reporting on IPv6 adoption, introducing a new "4K readiness" metric, and changing how mobile connectivity data is presented.
- It overviews new sections on insight from mobile traffic data observed by Ericsson, as well as sections on situational performance and reports of internet disruptions during the quarter.
- The letter from the editor introduces the changes and updates being made to improve the accuracy and usefulness of the data presented in the State of the Internet Report.
Akamai's State of the Internet Q1 2014 Report | Volume 7 Number 1Akamai Technologies
Drawing on this wealth of information, the State of the Internet Report provides a distinctive view into today's online trends:
-- Industry & geographic trends for reported DDoS attacks throughout all of 2013
-- Differences in average page load times on broadband and mobile connections by geography, as measured by Real User Monitoring (RUM)
-- The strong long-term growth in average and average peak connection speeds seen around the world
To download the latest edition of Akamai’s “State of the Internet” report, visit: http://www.akamai.com/stateoftheinternet/
This document provides a summary of key findings from Akamai's 1st Quarter 2013 State of the Internet Report, including the following highlights:
- Attack traffic originating from China fell to 34% while traffic from Indonesia grew to over 20%. Traffic from the US fell to 8%.
- 208 DDoS attacks were reported in Q1 2013, a 4% increase from the previous quarter. Enterprise customers were most frequently targeted.
- Unique IPv4 addresses increased 3.1% to nearly 734 million. Global average connection speed increased 4% to 3.1 Mbps and peak speed rose 9.2% to 18.4 Mbps.
- South Korea had the highest average connection speed at
Each quarter, Akamai publishes a quarterly "State of the Internet" report. This report includes data gathered across Akamai's global server network about attack traffic, average & maximum connection speeds, Internet penetration and broadband adoption, and mobile usage, as well as trends seen in this data over time.
For previous reports and report-related infographics, please visit: http://www.akamai.com/stateoftheinternet/
”The Networked Life in Lebanon” is an Ericsson ConsumerLab report highlighting that consumers in Lebanon are adopting a ’networked lifestyle’ similarly to their global counterparts. This is defined not only by socio-cultural trends but also by the products they consume and the services they use online. It also highlights that Lebanese consumers are active sharers and social participants on the internet, and their consumption behaviors are being shaped by the internet and mobile apps. Mobile broadband ownership in Lebanon is also higher than the global average.
A presentation I gave during the 20th Anniversary of Internet in the Philippines. Thanks to Jurist, Manny and Achie for some of the materials you contributed.
1) The document discusses the evolution of broadband from a focus on availability and coverage to a focus on quality as measured by factors like bandwidth, latency, and symmetry.
2) It analyzes current and future broadband quality scores based on download speed, upload speed, and latency requirements for different applications.
3) High quality broadband is associated with higher penetration rates, which can drive socioeconomic benefits like innovation, productivity, and GDP per capita.
The document provides a summary of key trends in the UK communications sector in 2014-2015 based on Ofcom's research:
- Superfast broadband availability reached 83% of UK premises and 30% of broadband connections were superfast.
- Four in five households had fixed broadband while three in five adults accessed the internet via mobile phones.
- Traditional TV viewing declined 11 minutes on average per person per day between 2013-2014 across all age groups.
- Non-traditional viewing, such as via video on demand services, increased and now accounts for 30% of audio-visual content viewing.
VOLUME 6, NUMBER 3 3RD QUARTER, 2013 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The State of the InternetAkamai Technologies
Akamai’s globally-distributed Intelligent Platform allows us to gather massive amounts of information on many metrics, including connection speeds, attack traffic, network connectivity/availability issues, and IPv6 growth/transition progress, as well as traffic patterns across leading Web properties and digital media providers. Each quarter, Akamai publishes the State of the Internet Report.
This quarter’s report includes data gathered from across the Akamai Intelligent Platform in the third quarter of 2013, covering attack traffic, Internet connection speeds and broadband adoption, and mobile connectivity, as well as trends seen in this data over time. In addition, this edition of the report includes insight into ongoing Syrian Electronic Army attacks, the states of IPv4 exhaustion and IPv6 adoption, Internet disruptions that occurred during the quarter, and observations from Akamai partner Ericsson regarding data and voice traffic growth on mobile networks.
To download the latest edition of Akamai’s “State of the Internet” report, visit: http://www.akamai.com/stateoftheinternet/
On Factors Affecting the Usage and Adoption of a Nation-wide TV Streaming Ser...Dima Karamshuk
Using nine months of access logs comprising 1.9
Billion sessions to BBC iPlayer, we survey the UK ISP ecosystem
to understand the factors affecting adoption and usage of a high bandwidth
TV streaming application across different providers.
We find evidence that connection speeds are important and that
external events can have a huge impact for live TV usage. Then,
through a temporal analysis of the access logs, we demonstrate
that data usage caps imposed by mobile ISPs significantly affect
usage patterns, and look for solutions. We show that product
bundle discounts with a related fixed-line ISP, a strategy already
employed by some mobile providers, can better support user
needs and capture a bigger share of accesses. We observe that
users regularly split their sessions between mobile and fixed-line
connections, suggesting a straightforward strategy for offloading
by speculatively pre-fetching content from a fixed-line ISP before
access on mobile devices.
Internet Service Provider Survey: 2011 - Statistics New Zealandaimeew
Please see Statistics New Zealand website here http://bit.ly/ovYapD
Key facts
- The total number of broadband subscribers increased by 14 percent, to almost 1.5 million between June 2010 and June 2011.
- The largest growth rate of all broadband connections was in cellular, cable, and satellite connections. When combined, these increased almost 50 percent since June 2010.
- Almost 80 percent of broadband subscribers at June 2011 had a data cap of 5 gigabytes (GB) or more, with the most common cap between 5 and 20GB.
- The number of subscribers with an upload speed of 1.5Mbps or more increased by almost three quarters since 2010.
- The average subscriber consumed 9GB of data per month between June 2010 and June 2011.
- In the three months prior to 30 June 2011, 1.9 million New Zealanders had active Internet subscriptions via a mobile phone.
The internet ecosystem is a complex and involves multiple activities and players. Study breaks down the internet value chain into five main markets: Content Rights, Online Services, Enabling Technology/Services, Connectivity and User Interface (devices and applications).
Similar to 2009 global broadband phenomena full report (20)
This document contains information about the spread of COVID-19 cases across African countries as of March 28, 2020. It shows the total confirmed cases, deaths, and recoveries for each country. South Africa had the most cases with over 1,000 while smaller countries like Seychelles and Sao Tome & Principe had fewer than 10 cases. The document also discusses how most initial cases in Africa originated from imported cases from Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and other regions. Travel restrictions have been implemented across many African countries to help limit local transmission of the virus.
The 2020 China-Africa Critical Issues GuideEric Olander
The document discusses 10 trends that will shape China-Africa relations in 2020. It summarizes that Chinese technology companies now dominate the African market in phones, music streaming, and infrastructure. It also discusses China's new use of social media like Twitter for public diplomacy in Africa and a shift towards a new model of debt financing for infrastructure projects using "swaps" instead of past models.
This handbook is designed to educate journalists and media practitioners about the upcoming Forum on China Africa Cooperation summit in Beijing in September 2018. This guide was produced by The China Africa Project with support from the Africa-China Reporting Project at Wits University in Johannesburg, South Africa.
The Image of Africa in China: The Emerging Role of Chinese Social MediaEric Olander
China and Africa are both developing at a fast pace and consolidating their relationship with each other, constituting another pole of the world, as described by the Chinese Premier Li Keqiang during his visit to the African Union in May 2014. China is taking a more active lead in terms of this relationship. Its investments in African infrastructure, agriculture, manufacturing industry, mining, and trade have brought noteworthy positive impacts on the continent’s social and economic development, but some of them have resulted in controversy and serious local debates due to the Chinese lack of knowledge regarding local customs, legal systems, and lifestyles. Thus how the Chinese perceive Africa and how they receive information about Africa has become a serious factor in this bilateral relationship’s sustainable and mutually beneficial future.
ELLE.vn introduces an all-new digital content marketing package designed to leverage ELLE's strength in reaching Vietnam's most desirable demographic of young, affluent, urban female consumers.
FIPP meets...Eric Olander, director of Ringier LABS | News | FIPP.comEric Olander
Eric Olander is the director of Ringier LABS in Vietnam. He discusses the rapidly changing digital media landscape in Vietnam due to cheaper smartphones flooding the market. This has allowed hundreds of millions of new users to engage with platforms like Facebook and YouTube. Olander says publishers must develop unique strategies for each country in Southeast Asia. He aims to help Ringier's clients better engage with audiences across Ringier's websites and develop branded content strategies through humility and understanding local media consumption.
Workforce localization of chinese construction companies in kenya yating luoEric Olander
Chinese companies make up a significant part of Kenya's construction industry. While workforce
localization is commonly perceived as limited, surveys found that over 90% of employees at Chinese
firms in Kenya are locally hired. However, Chinese construction companies face challenges related to
technical skills, work ethics, soft skills, and logistics of local workers. Obtaining work permits and an
inadequate skilled local workforce were among the top obstacles reported. Formal recruitment systems
are largely absent, and engagement with local stakeholders is limited. While workforce localization has
become a reality, challenges remain in institutionalizing practices and community involvement.
Zambian Perception of Non-Indigenous Groups: Caucasians, Chinese and IndiansEric Olander
Zambians were surveyed on their perceptions of different non-indigenous groups in their country, including Caucasians, Chinese, Indians, Lebanese, and South Africans. They rated each group on measures of friendship and cultural exchange, justice and equality, contributions to Zambia's development, and levels of intimacy and acceptance. The results showed multidimensional relationships between Zambians and the ethnicities that varied between the different measures. Chinese were assessed as being embedded within the perceptions of other groups, without standing out particularly. The study highlights the need for contextualized, nuanced analysis of topics like China in Africa that considers different perspectives.
LA County HIV Public Health Fellowship Program Application FormEric Olander
To apply for the Los Angeles County HIV Public Health Services Fellowship Program, interested candidates must submit a letter of interest – including career goals and how the fellowship would help him/her achieve those goals – their curriculum vitae, and a list of references, to:
County of Los Angeles Department of Health Services
Los Angeles County HIV Public Health Fellowship Program
5850 South Main Street, Room 2214
Los Angeles, California, 90003
Engaging academically with China in Africa – the institutional approach of th...Eric Olander
In 2006 the University of Botswana adopted the Policy on Internationalization which had three objectives: 1) to expand international student and staff exchanges; 2) to expand international research co-operation; and 3) to enhance the internationalisation of all curricula. As a result of the policy, the University has developed a number of academic partnerships in East Asia since 2006. The policy made a commitment to increase the number of university partnerships, not only in the traditional areas of Europe and North America, but particularly within Africa and with key economic powers in Asia, which were identified as China, India, Japan and South Korea. The most intensive academic engagement within East Asia has taken place with China and a strategic institutional approach has been adopted to develop this engagement.
Trends in U.S. and Chinese Economic Engagement in Sub-Saharan AfricaEric Olander
The report examines trends in U.S. and Chinese economic engagement with sub-Saharan Africa from 2001 to 2011. It finds that while both countries have seen substantial growth in trade with the region over this period, China's trade has increased at a faster pace and surpassed U.S. trade in 2009. The report also finds that data on China's foreign assistance and investments in sub-Saharan Africa is limited. Case studies of Angola, Ghana, and Kenya show that the U.S. and China emphasize different approaches in their engagement. The U.S. focuses on development assistance, while China pursues increasing engagement through infrastructure loans. Competition between U.S. and Chinese firms is limited, with each concentrated
Job destruction in the South African clothing industryEric Olander
The document discusses job losses in South Africa's clothing industry as a result of rising minimum wages imposed by the National Bargaining Council for the Clothing Manufacturing Industry (NBC). The NBC, supported by a large union and some employers, has been enforcing compliance with higher wages among Chinese-owned factories in Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal that employ over 16,000 workers and comprise the most labour-intensive part of the industry. If these factories are forced to close due to inability to pay the higher wages, it could significantly undermine labour-intensive growth in South Africa's clothing sector.
Rethinking the Peripheral: A Study of Chinese Migrants in LesothoEric Olander
This document is the introduction and first chapter of a thesis examining Chinese migration to the country of Lesotho in Africa. It begins by framing the research as seeking to rethink perspectives on peripheral destinations for migration that typically only focus on major economic centers. The introduction then provides background on Lesotho as the field site, describing it as a small landlocked country surrounded by South Africa with a population of around 2 million, many of whom work in South African mines. It notes the presence of a small but established Chinese community in Lesotho and outlines how the thesis will explore more recent migration from Fujian province to Lesotho as a periphery-to-periphery movement.
This document categorizes and describes the different types of Chinese individuals and businesses operating in Ghana. It identifies three main categories: staff of state-owned enterprises, owners and staff of privately-owned companies, and independent traders. It then provides details on the characteristics and behaviors of Chinese state-owned enterprises, privately-owned SMEs, and the isolation and poor treatment of local Ghanaian workers by some Chinese employers. However, it notes trends of improvement through the localization of Chinese businesses and greater involvement of organizations like the Ghana Trade Union Congress and Ghana China Chamber of Commerce to improve labor relations and practices.
FBNC provides various advertising solutions for reaching Vietnam's most affluent audiences, including TV commercials, program sponsorships, corporate and property profiles produced as video segments. Advertising packages can be customized to fit budgets and marketing goals. FBNC's audience includes accomplished professionals and younger aspirational viewers. Rates vary based on content type and air time.
Ho Chi Minh City-based Financial Business News Channel is the ONLY station in the market that broadcasts daily original financial news by a team of experienced journalists in both English and Vietnamese.
Economic statecraft in China’s new overseas special economic zones: soft powe...Eric Olander
China’s rapid expansion of economic and political ties with other developing countries has aroused deep concern in the West and Japan. Much of this apprehen- sion focuses on China’s search for natural resources and its ‘no-political-strings- attached’ stance on official finance. Yet despite the popular unease provoked by China’s growing outward engagement, scholars have done relatively little research on the Chinese government’s strategic employment of its economic instruments overseas.1
Economic statecraft in China’s new overseas special economic zones: soft powe...
2009 global broadband phenomena full report
1. 2009 Global Broadband Phenomena
Report findings include a dramatic shift in consumer behavior towards
real-time “experience now” applications and away from bulk download
“experience later” behavior. Compared to last year’s results, real-
time entertainment traffic (streaming audio and video, peercasting,
place-shifting, Flash video) has exploded to now account for 26.6
percent of total traffic in 2009, up from 12.6 percent in 2008. This
jump represents a doubling in the share of total bytes attributable to
real-time entertainment applications and highlights the shifting nature
of Internet traffic.
The research also shows that over an average month the top one
percent of subscribers account for 25 percent of total Internet traffic,
showing a vast difference between the data needs of most network
users and the consumption kings.
Sandvine also observed a condensing in the number of hours during
which the network is under near-peak usage, from 6:00pm to 11:00pm
in 2008 and 7:00pm to 10:00pm in 2009.
Other notable findings include:
• Broad-based adoption of on-demand applications drives peak
network utilization globally
• The network influences subscriber behavior
• On a per-subscriber basis, North Americans consume the most
YouTube videos
• Storage and Back-Up services are becoming mainstream, lead by
one-click download services
• Gaming consoles are increasingly used as sources of “traditional”
entertainment such as movies and TV shows
• BitTorrent has emerged as by far the leading peer-to-peer
filesharing network, but P2P filesharing has dropped by 25 percent
as a share of total traffic to account for just over 20.4 percent of
all bytes
Research Report
2. 2009 Global Broadband Phenomena
Page 1 2010-01-13
Study Details
The 2009 Global Broadband Phenomena study consisted of analyzing data from more than 20 cable modem
and digital subscriber line (DSL) broadband service providers’ networks totalling 24 million subscribers. These
networks were distributed across five regions: North America, Europe, Caribbean and Latin America, Asia-
Pacific and Africa. Data was gathered between September 1st and 22nd, 2009, and captured the bits per
second per protocol and the number of active hosts per protocol on the network at each hour. The same data
was gathered for the top 500 users on each network, which was then averaged to create a profile of a “Top
Subscriber”. Data also included the total upstream and downstream bytes, from the subscriber’s perspective,
attributable to each subscriber for the 30 days, 7 days and 1 day preceding the time of collection.
The data gathered in Sandvine’s global Internet traffic report is completely subscriber-anonymous. No
identifiable information of any kind, including IP addresses, was collected during this study. Sandvine’s
network equipment analyzes data from an application utilization level and is not content aware.
The data sets were used to create a 24-hour profile of each network, normalized by the number of active
subscribers at each hour in the day. These profiles were then aggregated in a hierarchical manner:
• First, all networks sharing a common access technology (DSL or cable) in a particular region were combined
by means of a weighted average, weighted by subscriber count per network, to develop profiles of an
average cable or average DSL subscriber in each region
• Second, these two profiles were combined in a weighted average, this time weighted by market share for
each access technology, to create a picture of an average broadband subscriber in each region
• Third, each profile of a regional cable or DSL subscriber was used in a weighted average, weighted by cable
or DSL subscribers per region, to determine a global average for a subscriber on each access technology
• Fourth, the global DSL subscriber and global cable subscriber averages were combined, again weighted by
total market share, with the result being the global average subscriber
Technology and regional market share data was provided by a leading industry analysis company, with Q3 2009
data used in this report. This method ensured fair and correct influence from each customer and region in all
averages.
The upstream and downstream bytes per subscriber data sets were used to create independent percentile
rankings of all subscribers on a network based on a combination of data direction (upstream, downstream,
aggregate) and data period (day, week, month), for a total of nine ranked lists ordered by total byte usage.
These lists enabled consumption analysis based on percentile ranking and cast light on the widely varying data
needs of individual subscribers.
3. 2009 Global Broadband Phenomena
Page 2 2010-01-13
Key Findings
Report findings include a dramatic shift in consumer behavior towards real-time “experience now” applications
and away from bulk download “experience later” behavior. Compared to last year’s results, real-time
entertainment traffic (streaming audio and video, peercasting, place-shifting, Flash video) has exploded to
now account for 26.6 percent of total traffic in 2009, up from 12.6 percent in 2008. This jump represents a
doubling in the share of total bytes attributable to real-time entertainment applications and highlights the
shifting nature of Internet traffic.
The research also shows that over an average month the top one percent of subscribers account for 25 percent
of total Internet traffic, showing a vast difference between the data needs of most network users and the
consumption kings.
Sandvine also observed a condensing in the number of hours during which the network is under near-peak
usage, from 6:00pm to 11:00pm in 2008 and 7:00pm to 10:00pm in 2009.
Other notable findings include:
• Not the usual suspects: broad-based adoption of on-demand applications drives peak network utilization
globally. Peak-time usage is only slightly influenced by the top network users as measured over the
previous month, suggesting that usage management and congestion management are distinct objectives.
• The network influences subscriber behavior. Mature broadband markets have embraced on-demand
entertainment applications, while emerging markets still rely on peer-to-peer as the primary source of
content.
• Where do all those YouTube minutes flow? On a per-subscriber basis, North Americans consume the most
YouTube videos followed closely by subscribers in Africa; but by geography Europe is the destination for
more YouTube minutes than any other region.
• Storage and Back-Up services are becoming mainstream. In 2009, networks are transporting almost 56%
more data per subscriber to and from storage and back-up services than in 2008, led by one-click download
services like Rapidshare and MegaUpload and continuing a trend that first came to prominence last year.
• Are they “game consoles” or “entertainment consoles”? Traffic to and from gaming consoles increased
by more than 50% per subscriber, demonstrating not only the popularity of online gaming, but also the
growing use of game consoles as sources of “traditional” entertainment such as movies and TV shows.
• Are the P2P wars over? BitTorrent has emerged as by far the leading peer-to-peer filesharing network
both in terms of number of users and total bytes worldwide, although there are still regional variations.
• At a global level, P2P Filesharing declined by 25 percent as a share of total traffic, to account for just
over 20 percent of total bytes. However, the decline is not consistent in every region - North America
experienced a 20 percent relative decline, while the Caribbean and Latin America actually experienced an
increase of more than 30 percent.
4. 2009 Global Broadband Phenomena
Page 3 2010-01-13
A Day in the Life…of a Network
By examining how network usage varies over the course of an average day, broadband service providers are
able to make informed engineering and maintenance decisions to maximize service quality and minimize
network disruptions. The graph below represents a global average of aggregate traffic and subscriber variation
over an average day and shows the interplay between subscriber numbers and traffic levels.
The shaded areas represent the period during which activity is above the 95th percentile. Any overlap between
the shaded regions can be considered the network’s “peak hours”, as both the subscriber and traffic loads are
near their maximum values.
We see that the subscriber curve is actually above the 95th percentile for nearly five hours, from 4:30pm to
just after 9pm. However, the bandwidth peak is much tighter, ranging from about 7pm to 10pm. We can also
see that the bandwidth peak actually occurs after the subscriber peak.
Regionally, the daily subscriber and aggregate bandwidth utilization curves follow a similar cycle to the global
average, but there are certainly variations in the peak periods.
The average daily Internet usage pattern for Africa stands out in the crowd due to the drop in both traffic and
subscribers that occurs at 6pm before recovering to normal levels later in the evening; however, there is an
interesting explanation for this phenomenon – the shift in lifestyle and routine during the month of Ramadan.
Data for this report was gathered between September 1st and September 22nd, 2009, which overlapped with
the last three weeks of the Islamic month of fasting. During Ramadan, at sunset, Muslims break the day’s fast
with a meal (Iftar) and presumably are not using the Internet, which likely accounts for the dip. From 8pm to
about 10:30pm, the traffic and subscriber levels are near their peaks and are closely aligned.
5. 2009 Global Broadband Phenomena
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In Asia-Pacific, shown below, we see an interesting subscriber curve that is unique to this region; the curve has
three separate peaks occurring during the early morning, early afternoon, and mid-evening hours. Perhaps in
Asia-Pacific, there is greater separation between work and recreational Internet use, so subscribers engage in
personal use before the work day begins and over lunch.
During the evening hours, the period of peak subscriber usage is 2 hours in length, ranging from 8pm to 10pm.
We also see that the peak bandwidth utilization lags behind the subscriber curve, ranges from 9pm to midnight,
and peaks at 11pm. Consequently, subscribers who are active late at night have higher individual bandwidth
utilization than those who are active in the evening.
In the Caribbean and Latin America, we see a large time period during which the network is near peak
bandwidth utilization. From 2pm to 9pm, aggregate traffic is above the 95 percent line. Curiously, the
subscriber peak does not match the bandwidth utilization, and is near peak from about 6:30pm to 8:30pm.
It is worth noting that in the Caribbean and Latin America there is a mid-day plateau in both subscribers
and traffic. Until this point in time, the two curves are steadily rising before everyone turns their attention
elsewhere (perhaps to lunch).
6. 2009 Global Broadband Phenomena
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In Europe, the peak periods for traffic and subscriber levels both run from 4:30pm to 8:30pm, with the actual
peak occurring at 7pm. Also, between about 3:30pm and midnight the curves are directly proportional,
meaning that they rise and fall by precisely the same amount at each measurement point. To the end
consumer, the result is that the average utilized bandwidth per subscriber remains constant during this period.
Of all the regions in this study, North America has the smallest variation between the high and low subscriber
numbers over the course of an average day. In fact, the lowest point in subscriber numbers still represents
about 60 percent of the peak, showing that many computers remain connected and active overnight. Contrast
this observation with the Caribbean and Latin America, where the low subscriber count is only slightly more
than 20 percent of the peak. Also, we see that while the network is near peak subscriber load for a period of
6 hours, peak traffic is much more condensed (around 2.5 hours). This fact indicates that subscribers may be
logging on in the early evening, but don’t start engaging in high-bandwidth activities until later in the evening,
from about 7:30pm to 10pm.
7. 2009 Global Broadband Phenomena
Page 6 2010-01-13
The Ongoing Evolution of Internet Traffic
We are in the midst of a massive shift in subscriber behavior from a reliance on “download now, use later”
content acquisition to an on-demand mentality where bytes are consumed as they arrive. Almost two-thirds
of all Internet traffic in 2009 is enjoyed on arrival, including Web Browsing, Real-Time Entertainment such as
video and audio streaming and peercasting applications, Gaming, and Real-Time Communications. We’ve also
seen the widespread acceptance of Storage and Back-Up Services as sources of content, continuing a trend
highlighted in the 2008 report.
The success of these applications comes at the expense of traditional bulk data acquisition, most notably P2P
Filesharing and News Groups. During peak hours, the explosion in popularity of Real-Time Entertainment and
Gaming applications has resulted in an even larger yearly increase than that witnessed in the 24 hour average.
Where there is sufficient 2008 data to make a valid comparison with this year’s results, we can examine the
regional changes in bandwidth composition.
8. 2009 Global Broadband Phenomena
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In the Caribbean and Latin America, Storage and Back-Up Services was the biggest gainer, almost tripling its
share of daily traffic year-over-year. During peak hours the gain was less substantial but still represented more
than a doubling of last year’s share. On a 24-hour average, Real-Time Entertainment increased its share of
total traffic by 65 percent, demonstrating that subscribers in this region have a definite appetite for on-demand
entertainment content. Interestingly, P2P Filesharing also experienced substantial growth in the Caribbean and
Latin America, increasing by almost 60 percent as a share of daily traffic, and actually doubling as a share of
peak-hours bandwidth. So, while subscribers are embracing real-time services, they aren’t yet ready to move
away from the P2P networks when it comes to content acquisition.
From 2008 to 2009, Europe saw some significant shifts in traffic composition. In terms of absolute levels of
traffic, the most significant change was the huge increase exhibited by Real-Time Entertainment, which grew
by more than 60 percent as a share of daily traffic and more than 80 percent as a share of peak-hours traffic.
In relative terms, the biggest gainer by a massive margin was the Gaming category, which actually experienced
greater than 400 percent increases for both the daily average and the peak hours average. Note that because
of the sheer magnitude of the increase, rather than show the surge graphically (at the expense of compressing
all the other categories) we’ve elected to simply label the values for the Gaming category in the graph below.
Interestingly, P2P Filesharing in Europe now consumes a larger slice of the daily traffic pie than in 2008, but the
category’s share of the peak-hours pie has decreased.
9. 2009 Global Broadband Phenomena
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As was the case in Europe, the year-over-year change in North American traffic was led by Real-Time
Entertainment which experienced an 80 percent relative increase over its 2008 bandwidth share, outpacing all
other categories. Interestingly, Gaming experienced relative declines, but this observation isn’t unreasonable
when one considers that North America is a mature gaming market, and Gaming doesn’t represent a large
portion of the traffic pie (roughly 2 percent in North America).
It is instructive to note that Real-Time Entertainment increased both its daily and peak-hours shares of
bandwidth across all three regions. Similarly, Web Browsing is the only category that experienced a drop in
both daily and peak-hours bandwidth shares across all three regions. The relative decline in Web Browsing is
likely the combined result of a number of factors. First, Web Browsing is an interactive activity in the sense
that the user is very much engaged in the experience (clicking, reading, navigating, etc); consequently, it is
limited more by the user than by the network. Conversely, Real-Time Entertainment is limited by both the
user (number of minutes you can actually watch) and the network (for instance, the ability to support high
resolutions). Second, the bandwidth demands of Web Browsing are not all that intense and are unlikely to
change significantly (text and images won’t suddenly become many times more byte-intensive), whereas other
categories can experience massive growth quite easily.
10. 2009 Global Broadband Phenomena
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Peak Time is Interactive
The composition of broadband networks during peak hours differs somewhat from the average throughout the
day. Interactive applications such as Real-Time Communications and Gaming, and all entertainment categories
see their slices of the bandwidth pie increase, even as the pie itself grows in the evening hours.
The peak-time bump in traffic is almost completely attributable to the surging evening popularity of Real-
Time Entertainment and Web Browsing – not only do both of these categories experience huge per-subscriber
increases in bandwidth demand (rising by almost 35% and 26%, respectively), but these categories also make
up a significant portion of the overall utilized bandwidth. Consequently, the increase places a much greater
demand on the network in terms of total bytes than an increase in a category such as Gaming.
“Share” refers to the relative amount of utilized bandwidth during peak hours that is attributable to a
particular category; “Surge” shows by how much the absolute traffic per category has varied from the
daily average to the average taken from 7pm to 10pm. For instance, if a category was 10 percent of daily
bandwidth, and 15 percent of peak hours bandwidth, then that category has experienced a 50 percent surge.
Likewise a category that accounts for 1 percent of daily bandwidth and 3 percent of peak hours bandwidth has
experienced a 200 percent surge. A category that has a large share and a large surge is very influential on the
over-all traffic composition during peak hours.
11. 2009 Global Broadband Phenomena
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Regionally, this pattern holds true but is still subject to local variations. The graphs below show the
characteristics of the peak period from 7pm to 10pm throughout the world.
Where there were sufficient data sets available to make statistically significant conclusions, we have broken
out the Cable and DSL access technologies, allowing another level of comparison.
Peak time traffic in Africa is roughly 20 percent higher than the 24-hour average, and owes the increase to the
trio of Web Browsing, P2P Filesharing, and Real-Time Entertainment. Real-Time Communications showed the
largest surge, growing by almost 80 percent over the daily levels. Web Browsing, which had the second largest
surge, grew by a relatively modest 27 percent.
In Asia-Pacific, absolute traffic levels are roughly 50 percent higher during peak hours than during the rest
of the day, with the change primarily attributable to much higher levels of Web Browsing and Real-Time
Entertainment. Real-Time Communications experienced the largest growth of any category, but is still less
than 3 percent of total traffic. In contrast, News Groups is the only category that experienced a relative
decrease.
12. 2009 Global Broadband Phenomena
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In the Caribbean and Latin America, over-all traffic during peak hours is 34 percent higher than the daily
average, and is largely the result of increases in Web Browsing, P2P Filesharing, and Real-Time Entertainment.
Real-Time Communications and Gaming experienced the most significant increases, while no single category
declined (but News Groups had the smallest increase).
In Europe, utilized bandwidth during peak periods exceeded the daily average by 30 percent. There was little
variation in over-all traffic levels between cable and DSL networks; however, the category shares and surges
were not consistent across the access technologies.
The increased traffic levels on cable networks were primarily attributable to the surges experienced by News
Groups, Real-Time Entertainment, and Web Browsing. P2P Filesharing remained a significant component of
peak time bandwidth usage, but the category only surged by 5 percent.
In contrast, the surge on DSL networks is almost entirely based upon increases in the levels of Real-Time
Entertainment and Web Browsing. P2P Filesharing on DSL networks actually exhibited a decrease of 5 percent.
The over-all composition of peak hours traffic also varies by access technology. P2P Filesharing and News
Groups dominate the cable networks, while Real-Time Entertainment and Web Browsing are the largest
categories on DSL networks.
13. 2009 Global Broadband Phenomena
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Across cable and DSL networks in North America, peak hours traffic is 36 percent higher than the daily average,
with no significant differences in over-all surges between the two technologies. Unlike Europe, however, the
factors leading to the increases are consistent regardless of access technology.
In both cable and DSL networks, peak hour traffic levels are mostly the result of increased amounts of Web
Browsing, Real-Time Entertainment, and P2P Filesharing.
Again, unlike Europe, the over-all bandwidth composition is largely consistent regardless of the network
technologies being used. The top three categories, in order, are Web Browsing, Real-Time Entertainment,
and P2P Filesharing, and the only significant variation is the discrepancy in the total share attributable to P2P
Filesharing (roughly 15 percent on DSL networks and 20 percent on cable networks).
In every region examined in this report, Web Browsing and Real-Time Entertainment are primary drivers
of peak hours bandwidth consumption. Globally, these two categories represent 63.5 percent of Internet
traffic between 7pm and 10pm. When combined with other interactive categories (Gaming, Real-Time
Communications), we find that two-thirds of all bytes are consumed (seen, heard, experienced) on arrival.
This reality represents a tremendous departure from years past, when “download now and consume later”
applications dominated the Internet landscape.
The implication for the network providers of the world is that not only are more people online during the
evening hours, but the applications these people are using are arguably the ones most sensitive to network
characteristics. Simply by shifting their behavior by showing a preference for interactive and sensitive
applications, broadband subscribers are driving up the expected quality of service of the Internet.
14. 2009 Global Broadband Phenomena
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Who is Entertained the Most?
For every one YouTube video that a subscriber in the Caribbean and Latin America watches, a subscriber in
North America has watched 6.5, a subscriber in Africa has watched 6.3, a subscriber in Europe has watched
4.8, and a subscriber in Asia-Pacific has watched 1.4. When weighted by the total number of subscribers in
each region, however, Europe emerges as the destination of the most YouTube traffic (just edging out North
America).
When one considers Real-Time Entertainment as a whole, Asia-Pacific subscribers truly are in a class of their
own. On a per-subscriber basis, an Internet user in Asia-Pacific consumes nearly double the minutes of a
subscriber in North America, triple the minutes of a European Internet user, and roughly five times more than a
subscriber in the Caribbean and Latin America or Africa.
Again, taking the total number of subscribers into account, a slightly different picture emerges – one in
which Asia-Pacific, North America, and Europe are all vying for regional leadership in terms of total minutes
consumed.
15. 2009 Global Broadband Phenomena
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How does Subscriber Usage Vary?
When subscribers are ranked in order of total consumption and then the contribution of each percentile
is computed and compared, it becomes apparent that the heaviest network users account for a hugely
disproportionate amount of total Internet traffic. Over a month, the top 1 percent of subscribers are
responsible for 25 percent of total bytes on the network. In the upstream, the top 1 percent account for 40
percent of total bytes, showing an even greater disparity in demand for network resources. Furthermore, the
top 20 percent of subscribers account for fully 80 percent of total Internet traffic.
The same dataset also reveals that as the observation window decreases, the total percentage of bytes
attributable to heavier network users increases. For instance, the consumption kings for any particular day
account for 30 percent of total bytes, and represent a distinct (but over-lapping) set of subscribers when
compared against the consumption kings for a month or a week. Similarly, past research conducted by Sandvine
has demonstrated that in any peak-time hour, the top users during that hour are responsible for an even higher
percentage of total bandwidth, but again are largely distinct from the consumption kings of the preceding
month. This observation supports the assertion that the heaviest users over a month only have a marginal
impact on peak-time traffic levels.
16. 2009 Global Broadband Phenomena
Page 15 2010-01-13
This study also demonstrates that the monthly data consumption of a heavy Internet user exceeds that of an
average user by a factor of about 200.
On a regional level, there are variations in the amount of traffic attributable to the top users, but in all but one
region the 80/20 observation still applies. Examination of the graph below shows an interesting observation.
The mature markets of North America and Asia-Pacific (the bulk of subscribers are in mature markets, but
certainly there is much growth remaining) have the highest percentage of traffic attributable to the network’s
top users, while the emerging markets of Africa and the Caribbean and Latin America are at the opposite end of
the spectrum. Europe, with its mix of mature and emerging countries, falls neatly in the middle.
It seems that as a market matures, there is a growing disparity between the top users and the average
subscriber.
Two key factors contribute to this enormous variation in individual network requirements:
1. The network’s top users exhibit relatively little change throughout the day, with constant heavy usage;
conversely, most subscribers pop online and offline throughout the day and over the course of a month
2. Top subscribers still rely heavily on bulk download applications like P2P Filesharing, Storage and Back-Up
Services, and News Groups – applications that are responsible for massive amounts of traffic with very little
user involvement.
17. 2009 Global Broadband Phenomena
Page 16 2010-01-13
The graphs below show the top 5 categories for a Top Subscriber and an Average Subscriber over the course of
the day. The two aggregate bandwidth graphs share a common y-axis scale, so visual comparisons between
them are valid. Likewise, the four graphs showing upstream and downstream traffic profiles have a common
scale.
Note that while it is likely that a Top Subscriber will be online 24 hours a day 7 days a week, in reality an actual
subscriber will pop on- and offline throughout the day and over the week. Rather than looking at the Average
Subscriber chart and equating it with a single user, consider it a tool for determining the bandwidth profile of
an average user online at any particular time during the day.
Consider the graphs of the aggregate bandwidth profiles shown below. Since the scales are consistent, we
know that at any instant in time, a Top Subscriber is likely to be using more bandwidth for P2P Filesharing than
an Average Subscriber uses in total for all categories.
Examining the Top Subscriber aggregate bandwidth profile alone, it is readily apparent that the P2P Filesharing
curve exhibits remarkably little variance over the day. Similarly, the level of News Groups activity is consistent
and is another key difference between a Top Subscriber and an Average Subscriber.
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In contrast with a Top Subscriber, for whom P2P Filesharing accounts for almost half of all traffic, an Average
Subscriber favors the on-demand nature of Web Browsing and Real-Time Entertainment. Also, while P2P
Filesharing is still present in the Average Subscriber’s profile, it accounts for less than a quarter of daily bytes.
In the downstream direction, again we observe major differences between the behavior of Top Subscribers and
Average Subscribers. While more than half of a Top Subscriber’s downstream traffic is associated with content
acquisition in the form of P2P Filesharing, Storage and Back-Up Services, and News Groups (a reasonable
argument could be made that Secure Tunnelling is also part of this use-case), an Average Subscriber’s daily
profile reveals a preference for interactive content delivery.
Notice the complete absence of Real-Time Entertainment from the top 5 categories profile for a Top Subscriber,
and contrast that with its significant presence in the traffic profile for an Average Subscriber. Perhaps moreso
than any other, this simple observation highlights the difference between the Top Subscribers, who still make
use of bulk content acquisition and hoarding, and Average Subscribers, who favor “click-now, experience now”
entertainment applications.
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The upstream profiles are fairly self-explanatory. Top Subscribers make extensive use of the upstream
capabilities of their broadband connection, continually serving content to network peers (and likely seeding
many of the Average Subscribers!). We can also see the nearly symmetrical bandwidth demands of Top
Subscribers (downstream-to-upstream ratio is 1.17) and contrast with the downstream-centric profile of an
Average Subscriber (ratio of 2.38).
Digging deeper into the application level, we can further examine the differences in online behavior between a
Top Subscriber and an Average Subscriber. The graphs below show the upstream and downstream requirements
for a Top Subscriber and an Average Subscriber for a number of popular applications. These graphs are
constructed so as to preserve the relative traffic levels of upstream versus downstream, and of the two classes
of subscribers.
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Let’s begin our examination with Facebook. This social networking service has experienced massive
growth since expanding beyond post-secondary institutions and now accounts for roughly 1 percent of all
Internet traffic. It wouldn’t be unreasonable to expect a Top Subscriber to exhibit similar Facebook usage
characteristics as those of an Average Subscriber. However, what we see is that average subscribers make far
more use of Facebook than do the top subscribers. In fact, an Average Subscriber uses about twice as much
downstream bandwidth for Facebook than a Top Subscriber, and about three times as much bandwidth in the
upstream. Not only are average subscribers consuming more Facebook content, but they are also generating
more.
Similarly, one might expect the online gaming habits of subscribers to be fairly consistent regardless of monthly
usage, but we see that in reality an Average Subscriber devotes much more bandwidth to Xbox Live than does a
Top Subscriber.
The phenomenon isn’t limited to console gaming, as we see from the graph below that shows how the
computer game World of Warcraft’s usage varies. It is interesting to note that while Xbox Live usage peaks
around 4pm, World of Warcraft usage reaches a maximum much later in the evening.
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We’ve seen that average subscribers use more gaming and social media applications than top subscribers, but
what about things like communications and entertainment?
Skype, without a doubt, has massive appeal and a large global install base, so it is reasonable to expect
fairly consistent usage characteristics across all subscribers. The graph below shows that this expectation is
correct – in fact, both the upstream and downstream curves show little variation across top subscribers and
average subscribers. Finally, we’ve found an application that is equally popular regardless of over-all byte
consumption.
Shifting our attention to YouTube, we find that the aggregate bandwidth requirements for the two classes
of subscriber are quite similar. However, there is a significant variation in the upstream requirements - top
subscribers have a small fraction of the upstream YouTube traffic exhibited by average subscribers. Perhaps
this is evidence that average subscribers are more likely to contribute to interactive services (via video uploads
or comments) than the top subscribers.
So far we’ve examined interactive and on-demand traffic – let’s focus now on the traditional “download now
and consume later” applications like iTunes, P2P Filesharing and one-click download services.
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Apple’s iTunes service is the clear leader in the online music marketplace, but does it appeal to the Top
Subscribers, who are presumed to get most of their content illegally? The graph below shows that while an
Average Subscriber relies on iTunes more than a Top Subscriber does, heavy network users nevertheless are still
purchasing content.
It should come as no surprise that the network’s top consumers exhibit tremendous levels of BitTorrent traffic,
particularly since we’ve already seen the significance of the P2P Filesharing category as a component of a
Top Subscribers’ over-all bandwidth. What might surprise some readers is that the upstream traffic for a Top
Subscriber dwarfs the downstream. An Average Subscriber, for comparison, has roughly equal upstream and
downstream BitTorrent usage characteristics. It is considered good BitTorrent etiquette to upload at least as
much as one downloads, but it seems that Top Subscribers are extremely good Samaritans when it comes to
contributing to the swarm.
BitTorrent is an interesting example due to its massive appeal and increasing mainstream acceptance (for
instance, many companies rely on the BitTorrent protocol to distribute large software packages or patches, and
independent media producers rely on the network to cost-effectively distribute movies and music), but there
are certainly services available that are employed by Top Subscribers but remain relatively unknown among the
wider broadband masses.
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A prime example of such a service is Rapidshare, a one-click hosting site used by some for back-up storage
and by others for acquisition of content. The usage graph for Rapidshare highlights a disparity between
top subscribers and average subscribers. Clearly, Rapidshare is used primarily for data acquisition (there is
relatively little upstream traffic) and is generally not popular with average broadband subscribers.
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How do Regions Compare?
In Asia-Pacific and North America, we see the dominance of Web Browsing and Real-Time Entertainment,
which when combined account for almost two-thirds of total traffic. The biggest difference between these
two regions is the preference shown in Asia-Pacific for Storage and Back-Up Services, while North Americans
continue to rely on P2P Filesharing for a large portion of content.
The population density in many parts of Asia-Pacific have led to high broadband penetration and access
speeds, which in turn have influenced subscriber Internet behavior. The daily profile of this region shows the
prevalence of Storage and Back-Up Services like PDBox and the relative lower levels of P2P Filesharing traffic,
which averages less than 10 percent of aggregate bandwidth usage.
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In North America, P2P Filesharing accounts for just 18.5 percent of total aggregate traffic, having been
cannibalized by Real-Time Entertainment services. Nevertheless, the levels of P2P Filesharing remain fairly
consistent throughout the day and don’t exhibit the overnight drop-off observed in the other application
categories. North America is one of two regions (Europe being the other) where Gaming traffic is high
enough to enter the list of the top 5 categories. The increasing penetration of gaming consoles and mass-
market appeal of online gaming ensures that on an absolute level, Gaming traffic will continue to experience
significant growth. Also, with devices now offering movie streaming, game trailer downloads, expansion packs
and other content, the majority of traffic to consoles will not correspond to a game actually being played.
In Europe, we see a transition period in which P2P Filesharing, Real-Time Entertainment, and Web Browsing
are all vying for leadership. Europe represents an interesting mix of emerging and mature markets and that is
reflected in the composition of the continent’s bandwidth.
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While P2P Filesharing levels remain fairly flat throughout the day, they do experience a peak in the early
morning hours. Contrast this characteristic with interactive categories like Real-Time Entertainment, Web
Browsing, and Gaming, which decrease to extremely low levels overnight. Over a 24 hour period, P2P
Filesharing remains the dominant category in Europe, but during peak hours it accounts for a much smaller
share of total bandwidth, as Real-Time Entertainment and Web Browsing grow to dominance.
In the Caribbean and Latin America, as well as in Africa, we see the significant presence of P2P Filesharing and
only the early stages of the emergence of Real-Time Entertainment as a source of content. As these regions
continue to mature, Real-Time Entertainment will continue to grow, primarily at the expense of P2P Filesharing
but also somewhat by cannibalizing Web Browsing as networks become better equipped to deliver latency- and
jitter- sensitive content.
In both of these regions, Real-Time Communications is significant enough to be the fifth largest category, a feat
not repeated anywhere else.
Of all the regions examined in this report, the Caribbean and Latin America is the only region where levels of
P2P Filesharing drop significantly overnight. The likely explanation for this phenomena is twofold: first, recall
from the “A Day in the Life…of a Network” section that subscriber levels in this region drop off significantly
overnight; second, while BitTorrent is the dominant P2P Filesharing network globally, Ares is actually dominant
in the Caribbean and Latin America. Consequently, while time-of-day doesn’t significantly impact BitTorrent
levels globally (a computer online at 4am in Europe might well be uploading to a computer online at 10pm
in North America), time-of-day very much impacts levels of Ares traffic. When people go offline overnight in
the Caribbean and Latin America, there is no one from whom to download content, since no other regions are
online to upload.
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The “Ramadan Effect” is plainly visible in the daily profile from Africa. Interestingly, were it not for the uptick
in P2P Filesharing from 6pm to 8pm, the drop-off during Iftar would be even more significant. It is curious but
logical that P2P Filesharing would be the only category to benefit from less competition on the network during
the evening meal.
While the general use-case for P2P Filesharing and Storage and Back-Up Services is arguably the same (acquire
content), the network behavior of the two categories is different. Storage and Back-Up Services are essentially
download-only, and speeds are most significantly influenced by the content server, so extra network capacity
will cause no increase in uploads and no increase in download rates. However, P2P Filesharing behaves very
differently and is most significantly impacted by local network conditions. Extra capacity on the last-mile
means that both downstream and upstream bandwidth utilization can increase, which is precisely what we
observe when levels of Real-Time Entertainment and Web Browsing decrease to free up last-mile capacity.
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Analysis of Application Categories
The following subsections show the daily profile of aggregate bandwidth, at a global level, of a number of
application categories. The graphs present three curves:
• Normalized – total network traffic divided by the total number of subscribers at each point in time
• Top Subscriber – the daily profile of an average Top Subscriber
• Network – absolute traffic on the network, no normalization
As we’ve done in previous graphs, we have shaded the regions during which each curve is within 5 percent of
its peak value.
Audio and Video Entertainment
For many, the Internet has become the primary source of entertainment content, while for others it simply
augments that which is available through traditional mechanisms such as television, radio, cinemas, and movie
rental services.
For this study, we have broken up online audio and video services into Real-Time Entertainment (data is
consumed on arrival) and Bulk Entertainment (content is downloaded and then consumed later).
The primary difference between the two graphs below is the length of the peak periods. While Bulk
Entertainment shows a tight period of near-peak usage, Real-Time Entertainment is more evenly spread
throughout the evening. Both categories have nearly identical periods of overlap when the network and
normalized levels are both near their maximum. Interestingly, Top Subscribers experience an 8-hour period of
peak Real-Time Entertainment usage, from 1:30pm to 9:30pm.
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Gaming
Online gaming has quickly become a massive industry, as broadband technologies have delivered the network
quality required to match today’s high-powered gaming consoles and PC rigs. Previously, we highlighted a
difference between the daily bandwidth patterns of the Xbox console and the PC game World of Warcraft.
When we examine the Gaming category as a whole, we see a long period of near-peak usage. From 3:30pm to
6:30pm, both the network and the per-subscriber traffic levels are within 5 percent of their peak, while Top
Subscribers actually have two peaks (which correspond closely with the individual peaks of Xbox Live and World
of Warcraft). It is also interesting to note how the peak period occurs earlier in the evening than the over-all
network peak, and suggests that gaming traffic is largely driven by the “after-school” and “after-work” crowd.
Communications
For this study, we separated the E-mail category (including webmail services) from Real-Time Communications
like voice and video calls and instant messaging. Doing so allowed us to identify the vastly different usage
patterns experienced by the two categories.
While e-mail usage is somewhat erratic, with many local peaks throughout the day and a primary peak in the
late morning, use of real-time communications applications shows a massive jump during the late evening
hours.
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Web Browsing
As one of the Internet’s dominant categories in terms of over-all share of traffic and mass-market use, it isn’t
a surprise that the Web Browsing category closely matches the daily characteristics of the network as a whole.
Furthermore, visual examination reveals that the graphs for Web Browsing and Real-Time Entertainment are
almost indistinguishable.
Telecommuting and Secure Browsing
Secure tunnels are used for activities such as telecommuting (connecting to company VPNs) and for web
activities that require guarantees of data integrity and privacy such as online banking and shopping. These
applications have been grouped into the Secure Tunnelling category, and employers everywhere will be happy
to see the steep curves that occur in the morning hours as remote workers connect to the workplace. It is also
interesting to see the length of the periods of peak usage – in fact, the normalized usage is within 10 percent
of peak for a period spanning 15 hours, much longer than any other category can boast.
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Bulk Content Acquisition
The graphs below show the daily usage patterns exhibited by P2P Filesharing, Storage and Back-Up Services
(including one-click download services), and News Groups – the three categories most commonly associated
with bulk acquisition of content. Keep in mind that the files on these services aren’t limited to illegal movies
and music – ebooks, software applications, open-source material and a myriad of other types of content
are readily available. News Groups and Storage and Back-Up Services actually display very similar usage
characteristics over the day, with nearly identical periods of peak network activity. This observation supports
the assertion that the use-cases for the two categories are similar.
The P2P Filesharing category stands as unique among all the categories we’ve examined by having its network
peak in the early hours of the morning when most interactive traffic has reached its minimum. The category
also exhibits a very flat pattern throughout the day, broken up only by the early morning peak – this speaks
to the autonomous nature of P2P Filesharing applications, which can function quite happily for days on end
without actual user intervention. We can also see how the relatively flat Top Subscriber usage curve is distinct
from the Network and Normalized curves, which show much greater variation.