An overview of the potential effects of the Federal Government of Nigeria's declaration on customer eligibility in the Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry.
An overview of the potential effects of the Federal Government of Nigeria's declaration on customer eligibility in the Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry.
Matheson partner and head of the Telecommunications Group, Helen Kelly, authored the Irish chapter for Getting the Deal Through: Market Intelligence - Telecoms & Media.
Electricity Markets Regulation - Lesson 1 - Regulation General PrinciplesLeonardo ENERGY
This session explains the main tasks of regulation and addresses three main questions: what is regulated, where is it regulated, and how is it regulated.
In addition, we explain how the communication between regulators and regulated companies is organised, and how the regulatory performance is measured.
• General tasks of regulators: Price, Quality, Market functioning
• Areas of regulation
• Scope of regulation
• Methods of regulation
• Institutional questions
• Consultation and communication
• Regulatory performance : External performance, Internal Performance
Training Module on Electricity Market Regulation - SESSION 1 Regulation gen...Leonardo ENERGY
This session explains the main tasks of regulation and addresses three main questions: what is regulated, where is it regulated, and how is it regulated.
In addition, we explain how the communication between regulators and regulated companies is organised, and how the regulatory performance is measured.
* General tasks of regulators: Price, Quality, Market functioning
* Areas of regulation
* Scope of regulation
* Methods of regulation
* Institutional questions
* Consultation and communication
* Regulatory performance : External performance, Internal Performance
INTERCONECTIONS MEDIA LAW PPT ,CONSUMER AND COMPITATIVE LAW VijaySamratPatelMach
Prepared by M. VIJAYSAMRAT LL.M (GNLU)
This is power point slide the topic of Interconnections(telecommunication laws (Media law), consumer protection and competition law. Its describes about TRAI regulations passed in various years.
Effects of Government Procurement on Prompt Tendering and Supply of Goods: A...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Matheson partner and head of the Telecommunications Group, Helen Kelly, authored the Irish chapter for Getting the Deal Through: Market Intelligence - Telecoms & Media.
Electricity Markets Regulation - Lesson 1 - Regulation General PrinciplesLeonardo ENERGY
This session explains the main tasks of regulation and addresses three main questions: what is regulated, where is it regulated, and how is it regulated.
In addition, we explain how the communication between regulators and regulated companies is organised, and how the regulatory performance is measured.
• General tasks of regulators: Price, Quality, Market functioning
• Areas of regulation
• Scope of regulation
• Methods of regulation
• Institutional questions
• Consultation and communication
• Regulatory performance : External performance, Internal Performance
Training Module on Electricity Market Regulation - SESSION 1 Regulation gen...Leonardo ENERGY
This session explains the main tasks of regulation and addresses three main questions: what is regulated, where is it regulated, and how is it regulated.
In addition, we explain how the communication between regulators and regulated companies is organised, and how the regulatory performance is measured.
* General tasks of regulators: Price, Quality, Market functioning
* Areas of regulation
* Scope of regulation
* Methods of regulation
* Institutional questions
* Consultation and communication
* Regulatory performance : External performance, Internal Performance
INTERCONECTIONS MEDIA LAW PPT ,CONSUMER AND COMPITATIVE LAW VijaySamratPatelMach
Prepared by M. VIJAYSAMRAT LL.M (GNLU)
This is power point slide the topic of Interconnections(telecommunication laws (Media law), consumer protection and competition law. Its describes about TRAI regulations passed in various years.
Effects of Government Procurement on Prompt Tendering and Supply of Goods: A...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This presentation by Nomfundo Maseti (Full-Time Regulator Member, NERSA South Africa) was made during a discussion on the Interactions between competition authorities and sector regulators at the 21st meeting of the OECD Global Forum on Competition on 2 December 2022. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at https://oe.cd/icar.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This session explains the nature of economic regulation. It discusses the central question why some parts of the electricity value chain remain regulated and are not subject to competition.
Furthermore, four main issues regarding an adequate regulatory regime are addressed:
· Areas: Where should be regulated?
· Scope: What should be regulated?
· Type: How should be regulated?
· Institutions: Who should regulate?
Special emphasis is put on the types of regulation respectively the different forms of price control and their effects (advantages / disadvantages) – including incentive regulation. A short overview on the current legislation and application of price control in the EU completes the session.
Introduction to network regulation - Principles of Price RegulationLeonardo ENERGY
This session is part of the Clean Energy Regulators Initiative Webinar Programme.
Theme 0 - Introduction to Network Regulation. The purpose of this Theme is to provide non-regulators audience with a basic knowledge of regulatory principles.
Module 1: Principles of Price Regulation
This session explains the nature of economic regulation. It discusses the central question why some parts of the electricity value chain remain regulated and are not subject to competition.
Furthermore, four main issues regarding an adequate regulatory regime are addressed:
· Areas: Where should be regulated?
· Scope: What should be regulated?
· Type: How should be regulated?
· Institutions: Who should regulate?
Special emphasis is put on the types of regulation respectively the different forms of price control and their effects (advantages / disadvantages) -- including incentive regulation. A short overview on the current legislation and application of price control in the EU completes the session.
As in other regions of the world, the use of mobile telephony in Latin America increased dramatically during the last decade surpassing all expectations for the industry. Mobile telephony was initiated as a premium service used mostly by professionals and during the mid-1990s it became a device used by very low income groups. In Latin America, mobile telephony provides the only source of access to some of the poorest segments of the population and it has become the central mode of communications. Mobile networks will provide coverage to
90% of the world's population by 2010, compared with 80% in 2005. In the region, despite several economic slumps, the number of mobile subscribers increased from 4 million in 1995 to close to 300 million in 2005.
Access to telephony for low-income groups is largely based on different strategies of mobile telephony usage. The main goal of this research project is to explore the strategies employed by the poor in Latin America and the Caribbean to access and use mobile telephony services, as well as to identify the major market and regulatory
barriers for increased penetration and usage. More generally, it seeks to contribute to the discussion on how access to mobile telephony contributes to improving the livelihoods of the poor –what we call mobile opportunities.
Our results show that mobile telephony is highly valued by the poor as a tool for strengthening social ties and for increased personal security, and that it is beginning to prove useful for enhancing business and employment opportunities. Overall, the survey results suggest that the acquisition of mobile phones by the poor has an economic
impact reflected mainly in improved social capital variables such as the strengthening of trust networks and better coordination of informal job markets. These findings reveal the continued need to develop innovative business models that extend the market frontier for mobile telephony. They
also highlight the urgent need to rethink public policies that are premised on the mobile phone as a luxury good. Clearly, for the poor, mobile telephony has long been the most cost-effective and accessible alternative.
This study builds on the findings of an extensive quantitative survey, led by the Regional Dialogue on the Information Society and conducted in seven countries across the region including Jamaica. Among the findings was that 93.8% of Jamaicans surveyed were mobile users. The study also yielded rich results in relation to the use of mobile services among youth, finding that they had above average adoption levels of text messaging and other mobile services. In light of this data on Jamaica’s unique situation, this paper seeks to answer the questions: What value-added features and mobile services are young people using and what are they using them for? The goal was to determine how these services and features fulfill needs in their day-to-day lives covering various aspects such as security, social interaction, cost-saving, recreation and commercial activities.
This study is part of the discussion on the impact of the adoption of information technologies (ICTs), particularly broadband, on poverty reduction. It identifies the opportunities and challenges regarding the impact of ICT adoption in rural communities with different levels of marginalization and connectivity: Las Margaritas in Catorce, San Luis Potosí; Santiago Nuyoo in Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca and Cruz del Palmar, Estancia de Canal and Los Torres in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato.
This project provides background information as the foundation for a more intensive study to be entitled ‘Genderstanding Mobile Telephony: Women, Men and their Use of the Cellular Phones in the Caribbean’ on usage of mobile telephony by men and women across varied age ranges in the region. The data suggests that telephony has undergone dramatic transitions over the
last five years. From an overwhelming presence of wire-line technology, the regional industry is now dominated by wireless subscribers getting service mainly through an interlocking network of cellular sites.
Presentación elaborada por la Dra. Judith Mariscal y María Angélica Martínez para la conferencia TPRC, realizada el 27 de septiembre de 2013 en Washington DC.
Presentación de Jorge Bossio (LaMula.pe) para el taller de jóvenes investigadores de DIRSI. El taller se realizó el 16 de mayo de 2012 en Santiago de Chile.
El siguiente trabajo realiza un aporte a la medición del avance de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación (TIC) a nivel empresarial en el sector de servicios de Colombia. En primer lugar, se presenta la elaboración de un índice compuesto IUPITIC (Índice de Uso, Preparación e Impacto de las TIC) construido principalmente sobre la base de la Encuesta Anual de Servicios EAS 2008. En segundo lugar, se estima un modelo sobre los determinantes de la adopción de las TIC en servicios, hallando los signos esperados por la literatura en las variables explicativas consideradas. En tercer lugar, se analiza un modelo de productividad laboral de las empresas de servicios que incluye la incidencia de la inversión y uso de las TIC diferenciando por tamaño de empresas, donde los resultados indican que éstas producen un incremento en la productividad. Por último, se replican los modelos estimados para el caso del sector restaurante y hoteles.
As características de oferta são um indicador chave no desempenho do mercado de banda larga de acesso à Internet. Preço, qualidade, opções existentes contratantes e outras características de oferta também são um determinador importante dos níveis de serviço de adoção em residências e empresas. Este trabalho analisa as características dos serviços de banda larga oferecidos na América Latina e no Caribe. A análise é baseada em uma pesquisa conduzida em 24 países da região, com as principais operadoras de banda larga móvel e fixa em cada mercado, e por fim, é comparada com os países da OCDE. Os dados são referentes ao 2º trimestre de 2011 e são comparados aos da mesma pesquisa do 2º trimestre de 2010
This paper analyzes the characteristics of broadband services offered in Latin America and the Caribbean. The analysis is based on a survey conducted in 24 countries of the region, to the leading operators of mobile and fixed broadband in each market, and was then compared to OECD countries. Data refers to Q2 2011, and comparisons are made against the same survey in Q2 2010.
Este trabajo se focaliza en medir el grado de adopción de las TIC en las empresas de servicios de Colombia, a partir de índices compuestos y luego investigar cuáles son los factores determinantes de la difusión de las TIC en las empresas de servicios, así como el impacto de las TIC (tanto en términos de inversión como de uso) en la productividad laboral.
En suma, el Perú ha cambiado en los últimos años gracias a la comunicación por TIC. Sin embargo, no se han visto esfuerzos de gran envergadura impulsados por el Gobierno para permitir la interconexión de la ciudadanía. A excepción de pequeños proyectos sectoriales y desconectados como el Proyecto Huascarán, Una Laptop por Niño o el mismo Fondo de Inversión en Telecomunicaciones (FITEL), no existe aún un proyecto país para brindar TIC de calidad a los hogares peruanos.
Este hecho es ciertamente preocupante en la medida que, dados los resultados obtenidos en el presente trabajo mediante el método de Propensity Score Matching, el acceso conjunto a estos medios puede incrementar el ingreso promedio per cápita del hogar en 105 Nuevos Soles. Más aún, el solo acceso a telefonía fija o móvil, o Internet puede aumentar el ingreso promedio per cápita del hogar en 19, 132 o 365 Nuevos Soles. Los resultados de datos de panel con efectos fijos muestran que la telefonía móvil y el Internet presentan un efecto, aunque menor, positivo sobre el nivel ingreso, de 28 y 104 Nuevos Soles respectivamente. Ambos servicios, de manera conjunta, aumentan el ingreso en 216 Nuevos Soles.
40
Asimismo, la importancia de las TIC se evidencia también en el hecho de que diversos países ya las han incluido dentro de sus planes nacionales de desarrollo. Como ejemplos recientes están Brasil y Estados Unidos. Brasil, a finales del 2009, ha incorporado dentro de su plan nacional de crecimiento el subsidio al Internet de Banda Ancha para que cualquier hogar pueda acceder a una conexión mínima en sus hogares. Estados Unidos, a principios del 2010, ha publicado su Plan Nacional de Banda Ancha, en donde asegura que, en este Gobierno, cada estadounidense tendrá acceso a Internet de alta velocidad en su domicilio. Ellos son algunos ejemplos que deberían ser considerados en el diseño de políticas, considerando la importancia que las TIC tienen en el crecimiento económico.
No obstante, los resultados también muestran una situación interesante. La telefonía fija no se presenta más como un instrumento para el incremento del bienestar económico del hogar, en tanto su efecto es no significativo. En ese sentido, medidas de política social y regulatoria deberían enfocarse en la promoción de paquetes de Internet y telefonía móvil que no se vean atados al requerimiento de la telefonía fija. Asimismo, el incremento de la penetración de Internet en la vivienda debería ser una prioridad en las políticas sociales que persigan los nuevos gobiernos, dado que el acceso a la telefonía móvil es grande en la actualidad. En ese sentido, programas de banda ancha a bajo costo deberían ser más exhaustivamente examinados, como el puesto en marcha por el estado de Sao Paulo desde el 16 de octubre del 2009, denominado “Programa Banda Ancha Popular”, que ofrece conexiones de 256 Kbps a un costo de R$ 29,8 o US$ 16 mensuales aproximadamente (incluidos módem e instalación).
Finalmente, políticas sectoriales deberían to
Innovation is a productive process which relies on human resources and investment
in capital assets procurement, machinery and/or equipments intended for technological
development and innovation activities. If the production function at the microeconomic
level is the relationship between productive factors and output, capital allocated to ICT
can be taken as another productive factor, in the same way as capital, work and human
capital. The relative ease of access to ICT, due to their fast price reduction and quality
increase, and to the fact that they are considered general purpose technologies, have led
various scholars to propose that ICT, due to their effect on cost reductions of coordination
among individuals and firms, may produce a change in firm structure. Likewise, innovation
also has an effect on productivity, mainly through total factor productivity but also by
interacting with other factors such as capital or human capital. This innovation refers
to technologically new processes and products, either at firm, local, country or global
level. The emphasis on novelty does not mean to make more of the same, but to expand
human knowledge frontier, observing that what is novel may also be applied at firm or
country level. Therefore, when we speak about innovation, we must understand that what
is new for a particular country may not be new at international level.
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Policy influence process in Research ICT Africa - Alison Gillwald
1. Policy influence process in
Research ICT Africa
DIRSI Young Scholar Programme, Santiago, May
2012.
Prof Alison Gillwald, University of Cape Town.
2. Research ICT Africa
RIA seeks to build an African evidence and knowledge base in support of ICT
policy and regulatory processes, and to monitor and review policy and
regulatory developments on the continent. Part of this effort is the generation
of relevant information for policy makers and regulators. The RIA 2011 e-
Access & Usage Survey delivers nationally representative indicators on
household, individual and small business level. The survey uses national
census sampling frames in co-operation with National Statistical Offices to
deliver crucial data in a cost effective way.
3. Ministry of Communication develops overall policy for the
telecommunications sector from which Department develops
strategies
Parliament
Stake-
holders/
Informs laws
Civil
society/
inputs Policy inputs Regulator &
Consumers, Formulation Competition
citizens, Process Commission
operators,
service
providers,
academia, initiates & formulates
unions
Ministry
It is required that the regulator and competition authorities are
consulted and that public hearings are held before a policy is
gazetted. Once it is a bill Parliament, through a multiparty
parliamentary committee, will also hold public hearings before
pasing the law
4. The Parliaments passes laws based on policies
laws
Parliament
Stake-
holders/
Informs laws
Civil
society/
inputs Policy inputs Regulator &
Consumers, Formulation Competition
citizens, Process Commission
operators,
service
providers,
academia, initiates & formulates
unions policy
Ministry
directives
The Minister can provide policy directives to the regulator between
major policy reviews.
5. The policy determines the institutional arrangement for the sector -
the degree of autonomy of the regulator, competition commission
and USA - through the appointment process, funding, and delegation
of powers.
laws
Parliament (institutional
arrange- licensing
Civil
ments)
society Informs laws
conduct
Stake- Regulator
holders/ inputs Policy inputs Market
Consumers, Formulation Competition Structure
citizens,
Process Commission
operators, regulation
service
providers, Universal
academia, initiates & formulates Service
unions. Agency market failure
policy
Ministry
directives
The policy also determines the market structure through requiring
the regulator to licence certain categories of operators/service
providers and exempting others. Market conduct is in response to
the market structure and determines the nature of the regulation.
6. The performance of the sector - competitiveness reflected in
access, range choice of services, price and quality - is the outcomes
of the policy and legal framework and creates the conditions either
conducive to investment in the sector or not.
laws
Parliament
Civil conduct
society/ Informs laws
Stake-
holders/ inputs Policy inputs Regulator &
Consumers, Formulation Competition regulation Market
citizens, Process Commission Structure
operators,
service
providers,
academia, initiates & formulates
unions. policy
Ministry
directives
Policy outcomes: competitiveness - choice, prices, quality of infrastructures, services and products
7. Integrated strategy
POLICY INFLUENCE
Dissemination
CAPACITY TECHNICAL
Training RESEARCH Networking
BUILDING ASSISTANCE
Publication
RESEARCH INFLUENCE
8. Evidence-based policy
Telecom Regulatory Enviro (TRE)
(stakeholder perception survey)
NRA website analysis
Indicators
Regulatory & Policy
Impact Assessment
Data-mining and economic modelling
- gender, mobile-banking, informal sector usage
ICT Sector HH Survey
Performance Review SME Survey
Supply Side Data Demand Side Data
10. International trends and best
practice
‘Best practice’: Termination rate = cost of termination
of efficient operator:
Promote economic efficiency
Provide incentives to invest in new technologies to reduce costs and
expand product offerings
Promote competition
Promote universal service (through low access/retail prices) if passed
on/effectively regulated
NGN / IP based: voice traffic will become
insignificant...new pricing principles RPNP...hence SKA
11. Mobile termination costs Namibia (N$/ZAR):
MTC being the most efficient operator
Current MTR 1,06
MTC total expenditure per minute 1,02
MTC opex per minute 0,97
MTC direct cost and depreciation per minute 0,48
MTC direct cost per minute 0,34
MTC 50% of dircet cost and depriciation per minute 0,24
12. CellOne Telecom Namibia MTC
Model 1: Immediate 2nd choice: if 2nd choice: Removing No comment
N$0.30 accompanied by other distortionary factors immediately
regulatory but request higher transit charge
interventions for outgoing international calls
Model 2: Symmetric 2nd choice: if 1st choice: Compensates for No comment
glide path to N$0.30 accompanied by other market distortions of past
that started 1 July regulatory years
2006 interventions
Model 3: Symmetric Rejected: sees no Rejected: only gradually No comment
glide path to N$0.30 reason to wait to removes market distortions and
starting 1 July 2009 remove market disadvantage TN and consumers
distorting factors unjustifiably for two years longer
Model 4: Asymmetric 1st choice: because Rejected: only gradually No comment
glide path to N$0.30 of current traffic removes market distortions and
starting 1 July 2009 imbalance disadvantage TN and consumers
unjustifiably for two years longer
MTC model: Rejected: same as for Rejected: same as for Model 3 Otherwise: Drop
reduction to N$0.60 Model 3 in EBITDA margin
until 2011 to 37% because
of having to
compete on a
level playing field
13. After several consultations with
all operators: Industry consensus
Immediate drop of termination rates to N$0.60 to catch
up with the region and international developments
Glide path to the estimated cost of an efficient operator
+ 25% mark-up, ie NS0.30
Immediate fixed-mobile convergence of termination
rates
It gives time to MTC and CellOne to conduct LRIC
studies and contest the results
14. The best outcome for Namibia
Fair competition among telecommunication operators
Lower consumer prices
Better services
Maximum job creation
Highest income for government through company tax
and individual income tax
Reasonable returns for shareholders / investors
(including government)
15. Termination Rates
US cents
14,40
MTR FTR
9,00
8,20 8,20
6,80 6,80
5,50 5,50
4,10 4,10
Jan 2009 July 2009 Jan 2010 July 2010 Jan 2011
16. MTC key performance
indicators
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Subscribers in million 0,40 0,56 0,74 1,00 1,28 1,53
EBITDA Margin 61% 60,2% 52,2% 50,9% 53,8% 55,8%
After-tax profit millionUS$ 39,90 45,94 46,27 48,53 52,79 54,10
Dividend paid in million US$ 14,99 10,90 33,38 30,11 50,41 52,26
Capital Expenditure in
35,4 55,9
million US$
Tax payments in million US$ 19,96 23,35 24,11 24,62 27,10 25,5
17. Namibia now among the 10 cheapest
countries in Africa: moved from rank 22 to 9
Cheapest Low User USD
Mar-11 Jun-11
1 Egypt 1,54 D.R. Congo 1,36
2 Sudan 1,89 Egypt 1,54
3 Kenya 1,90 Sudan 1,89
4 Tanzania 2,21 Kenya 1,9
5 Algeria 2,25 Algeria 2,09
6 Uganda 2,30 Tanzania 2,21
7 Mauritius 2,39 Mauritius 2,39
8 Ghana 2,87 Ethiopia 2,61
9 Sierra Leone 3,09 Namibia 2,81
10 Ethiopia 3,16 Ghana 2,87
22 Namibia 7,67
Source: Research ICT Africa
19. Multiple cross cutting interventions
Build research capacity and rigorous research for evidence based policy.
Advocacy through capacity/building technical assistance
Leverage outcomes in other jurisdictions in which we have had success and
share experiences
Adjust and align to national/local context
21. Termination Rates April 2009 MTR N$
India 0,04
Cyprus 0,24
Austria 0,54
Sweden 0,55
Finland 0,59
Kenya 0,62
Tanzania 0,63
Botswana 0,71
Slovenia 0,77
France 0,83
Uganda 0,86
UK 0,93
Namibia 1,06
South Africa Peak 1,25
South Africa Off peak 0,75
22.
23. BusinessDay - ALLISON GILLWALD: Cellphone rates 2010/11/17 10:17 AM
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ALLISON GILLWALD: Currencies Commodities JSE Today
‘Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda
Cellphone rates have already seen increased usage with RAND/US$ 7.0690 1.11%
Lower termination fees may spark telecoms more affordable prices’ ZAR/GBP
RAND/EURO
11.2203
9.5260
0.46%
0.39%
turnaround ZAR/AUD CALC 6.5582 0.00%
EUR/USD CALC 0.7419 0.08%
Published: 2010/11/17 07:36:18 AM GBP/USD 0.6302 0.12%
JSE data provided by INET. Markets Data delayed by 15 minutes.
MUCH has been made of Vodacom ’s R800m loss of revenue in the six months to September, owing to
the reduction in termination rates from R1,25 to 89c in March, reported in its interim results last week.
Find Share
As if to confirm the dire warnings by MTN and Vodacom following the decision by the Independent
Communications Authority of SA (Icasa) late last month to cut further the rates of dominant operators,
this loss of revenue has been used to flag the threat of a future loss of earnings that would have been
received from terminating the calls of their competitors on their networks.
From a policy and regulatory perspective, these results demonstrate a far more positive outcome than
was widely reported in the media. Despite the loss of earnings from interconnection — an expected
outcome of the introduction of regulated cost-based pricing following years of extractive pricing —
overall revenue and operating profits have continued to grow.
It is true that this was at a slower rate, with Vodacom’s earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and
amortisation (ebitda) increasing by only 7% in the first six months of this year, compared with 10,5%
for the whole of last year. But ebitda margins remain constant at a healthy 33,2% over the past three
years, and Vodacom’s share price is constantly on the rise.
Historically, prices have been exceptional as a result of unregulated pricing in a duopoly market. In the
five years before the impending entry of the third cellphone operator, Vodacom and MTN increased their
termination rates by 500%, where they have remained since 2002, despite world prices dropping to a
fraction of this.
Cost-based termination rates limit these pricing distortions in the market and reduce barriers to fair Management(Tip
competition.
!When! the! job!market!picks!up,!the!first!to!leave!are
The transfer between operators caused by above-cost termination rates is generally to the disadvantage
often! a! company’s! most! valuable! employees.
of fixed-line operators, small cellphone operators and new entrants to the markets, while it is to the Unfortunately,! you! may! be! inadvertently!encouraging
advantage of the dominant cellphone operators. these! future! leaders! to! say! their! goodbyes! by! treating
them! as! cogs! in!a!wheel!rather!than!the!individuals!that
While the focus has been on the loss of revenue, reduced termination rates of course also decrease the they!are.!
costs of termination for operators. This produces efficiencies in the network that can reduce end-user
prices and offset losses in interconnection revenue through increased demand and usage, and the more !!! !,(Harvard(Business(Review(and(HBR.org
productive use of the network.
Usage has indeed increased, with average revenue per user and minutes of use up, though this is best
explained by the disconnection of millions of subscribers unable to comply with the statutorily required
registration of SIM cards.
From a policy perspective, the Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Editor's Picks
Communication-Relation Information Act (Rica) has alienated poorer South Africans from
communications services, with debatable security gains. With the effects of this stabilising, however, Claim of Aurora mine death threats
Vodacom gained more than 1-million voice subscriptions in September alone. This, together with MTN’s
continued subscriber growth over this period, suggests SA will soon follow the trends elsewhere in the
world, where subscriber growth has accompanied the reduction of termination rates. The speed and
degree to which this happens depends on the speed and degree to which the reduced cost of Most Read Most Commented
terminating calls on competitors’ networks is passed to consumers.
Despite warnings from the dominant operators that this cost saving in interconnection charges does not 1. Institute says police ‘out of touch with
automatically get passed through to customers and that retail prices could even be used to offset
reality’
termination-rate losses, Vodacom reports that effective rates per megabyte have fallen by 16%, and
effective rates per minute on voice have declined by 16,9% in the six months to September 30, 2. Sisulu criticises MP’s ‘irresponsible’
demonstrating some competitive pressure on pricing, most likely attributable to greater pricing flexibility approach to defence issues
enabled by reduced termination rates. 3. Euro ‘crisis of survival’ as EU mulls Irish
The question for the regulator is whether these reductions are sufficient in relation to the termination- lifeline
rate reductions of about 30% and, if not, will it prompt a review of cellphone retail rates? 4. Mooted change in ‘secrecy bill’ hailed
5. Ramos says SA can surpass Asia’s
In most countries where termination prices have already been reduced to bring them towards cost, this
progress
http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=126993 Page 1 of 3
24. R E S E A R C H I C T A F R I C A P O L I C Y B R I E F N O . 1
Africa Prepaid Mobile Price Index
2012: South Africa
Among 46 African countries studied, South Africa ranks poorly for prepaid mobile telephony affordability.
Ranked 30th out of 46 African states, South Africa is now far behind countries where the regulator, has en-
abled competition by enforcing cost-based mobile termination rates. The resulting competition has in many
cases driven down prices for consumers. Not long ago, South Africa and Namibia shared the same mobile
termination rates and had similar end-user prices. Today, Namibia enjoys amongst the cheapest mobile pre-
paid prices in Africa, as a result of the slashing of its termination rates to close-to-cost, which pressured the
incumbents towards cost-based pricing, thereby increasing demand and remaining highly profitable.
RIA Policy Brief No 1 March 2012
SA ranks 30th Neighbouring countries Lack of pass-through of Cell C and 8ta SA operators do not
Mobile prices are cheaper in several times cheaper price reductions to end- Two relatively late market compete for price
prepaid users
over 30 African countries entrants, Cell C and the The dominant mobile
South African
than they are in South most recent entrant 8ta, operators, Vodacom and
mobile prices are three times In South Africa, even the
Africa with prices in Kenya, have attempted to introduce MTN, have been able to
more expensive than in modest reductions imposed
Mauritius, Egypt and on termination rates have cheaper mobile prepaid withstand the pricing
Namibia.
Namibia only a fraction of generally not been passed on products, but these products pressure from price cuts by
the price of even the lowest to end-users. have not forced down the later entrants, and all
priced services in South general price level. operator’s prices have settled
Africa. around the levels set by the
dominant operators.
peak prices between May 2011 and June 2011, while the dominant
Introduction operator, Safaricom, which dominates both the voice and data mar-
ket with market shares of 75.9% and 92.18% respectively (CCK, 2011,
Pricing is the key indicator of the competitiveness of markets. Yet in
September 2010 data), increased both on-net and off-net tariffs be-
South Africa there is very little pricing transparency to allow for any
tween September 2011 and October 2011.
meaningful assessment by consumers or even the regulator of mobile
communication prices. Operator tariffs are filed with the regulator, Also in Tanzania, Rwanda and Uganda, the state-owned operators
ICASA, without any process of assessment or objection and lowest- are the cheapest in the country. In Tanzania, TTCL is the cheapest
price tariff calculators, set up by regulators and consumer groups in operator and it managed to keep its prices at a lower level than the
countries such as the UK, do not yet exist in South Africa. With more dominant operators (Airtel and Vodacom) throughout 2011. Also,
than 100 voice products currently on offer in the market, no South since January 2011 Rwandatel has been the cheapest in Rwanda, and
African consumer can readily determine the best-priced package for it further reduced its tariffs in August 2011.
her/his purposes. In Uganda, Uganda Telecom has the lowest tariffs in the country and
has kept the same tariff plan throughout the year. In South Africa,
Prepaid Mobile Prices across Africa new entrant 8ta, which is the mobile arm of Telkom South Africa, the
partially state-owned incumbent fixed operator, kept its prices at a
Table 1 illustrates the potential weakness just described by compar- lower level compared to its competitors until August 2011, when Cell
ing the cost, based on the OECD 2006 low-user basket calculation, of C introduced its ZAR 0,99 on-net rates, a drop from ZAR 1,50, thus
the cheapest product available in a country with the cost of the becoming the cheapest operator.
cheapest product from the country’s dominant operator. The sixth Meanwhile, in Mauritius, Namibia, Egypt, Sierra Leone, Libya,
column compares these two costs and shows the difference between Congo Brazzaville, Senegal, Sao Tome & Principe, Madagascar, Mali,
the cheapest lower-user product of the dominant operator and the Mozambique, Chad, Cote d’Ivoire, Togo, Central African Republic,
cheapest low-user product across all operators in that country. Where Angola, Malawi and Cape Verde, the dominant operator is the
the price of the dominant operator’s cheapest low-user package is cheapest.
significantly higher than the cheapest low-user package in the coun-
try, then this should indicate an absence of pricing pressure on the Table 1 shows that in Namibia, Chad, Congo Brazzaville, Mali and
dominant operator in that market. Senegal, the cheapest product available from dominant operators,
using the OECD 2006 low-user basket calculation, decreased in 2011
However, several of the countries surveyed in Table 2 which are in by between USD 0,7 (in Senegal) and USD 11 (in Namibia).
actual fact experiencing high levels of competition have low-user
packages much cheaper than the dominant operator’s cheapest low-
user package – thus misleadingly suggesting a lack of competition,
and showing the potential weakness of the basket method. In Kenya,
for instance, Orange Kenya cut both on-net and Orange-fixed off-
RIA Policy Brief SA No 1 2012
25. News - Top International - Top
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• Coverage in Business
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26. Budget vote May 2012
• Minister of Communications ask for transparency in mobile pricing
• Head of Parliamentary Portfolio Committee on Communication (ANC)
cites Policy Brief in opening response and announces Parliament to hold
public hearing on pricing in June 2012.
• Official Opposition Party response draws verbatim on brief request on
challenges within sector.
• Opposition Party (COPE) extensively quotes RIA SA Sector Performance
Review.
• Operators call for off -the-record meeting.
27. • This research is made possible with the
support of IDRC, Google and OSI.
• See www.researchICTafrica.net