Larson and toubro

INTERNSHIP REPORT
ANOOP CHAUHAN
MAY – JUNE, 2017
L & T COMPANY
Mahape ghansoli

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Course Contents:
DAY 1:
EMBEDDED SYSTEM OVERVIEW
 Introduction to Embedded System
 Embedded System Software Development Tools
 Assembly Vs. Embedded C
 Introduction to IDE-Embedded C Programming
 Generating LED Patterns , Interfacing Keys & Relays
 Interfacing of ADC & DAC
DAY 2:
PROTEUS SIMULATIONS, PROGRAMMING & INTERFACING with 89C51
 Interfacing of LCD
 Interfacing Of Matrix Keyboard
 Stepper Motor
 DC Motor interfacing
PCB soldering
DAY 3:
REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
 RTOS Concept
 Architecture of Real Time Operating System (RTOS).
 Scheduling architecture
 Multitasking
 Working with Keil RTX51 Tiny RTOS
DAY 4:
INTERNET OF THINGS WITH RASPBERRY PI PLATFORM
 What’s a Raspberry Pi?
 Preparing your SD card for the Raspberry Pi
 How to Set Up Your Raspberry Pi with a Basic Operating System
 Configure Your Raspberry Pi
 PYTHON Programming
 Program the Pi to control light emitting diodes (LEDs)
DAY 5:
INTERFACING WITH RASPBERRY PI & SENSORS, CLOUD
 Program the Pi to get the temperature, Humidity and PIR sensor ‘s data and
 uploading the sensor data on server
 Mini Project

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EMBEDDED SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Objective:
To understand the procedure of creating source code using IDE as Keil μVision4.
And Using Flash Magic software
Software Requirement:
Keil μVision Version 4, PC with minimum configuration Flash Magic
Description:
Understanding any processor or controller needs familiarity with its architecture
and instruction set. Any architecture can be best understood using its instruction
set through different programs. One may use assembly language or embedded C
for writing programs. Programs written in assembly Language are completely
processor dependent and need major changes when converting to other processor.
While programs written in C are generally independent of processor and needs minor
changes during conversion to other processors. C is thus preferred for programming.
But to know and understand a processor better, one must be familiar with
assembly language. An editor is needed provide a platform for writing programs
i.e. source code.A source code written in assembly/C language is needed to be
converted to machine language (hex code) before programming into processor.
This conversion is done by compiler which converts assembly/C language code to
hex code. IDE (Integrated development Environment) serves both these purposes
as well as provide debugging facility. Assembly language file will be stored by
extension .asm, C file by extension .c and hex file by extension .hex.
Procedure:
Many free software are available for educational purpose e.g. Keil, RIDE load free
tools for IDE
IDE for 8051 architecture can be downloaded using these links.
It’s an integrated development environment for creation and compilation of
assembly/C source code for any 8051 architecture based target boards. It also
provides debugging facility

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Steps:
1. Click on Keil μVision4 icon for getting started.
2. Click on Project tab>Make new project> Select target device.
3. Click on File>New file.
4. Prepare a test code in C language as shown in editor window. Save it with .C
extension.
5. Add this created file to project. One may add one or more than one file in a single
project.
6. Click Target1 ( at left side pane)>Source Group> Right click to add code file.
7. Open Project tab> Options for target target1> Output tab>check „create hex file‟
option.
8. Open Project tab> Build target. This will generate compiled .hex file from the .C file,
in the project created.
One may refer Help tab for further help for using this tool.

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Flash Magic Procedure:
Recommended settings for flash magic are as shown Connect target board with serial
port of PC using Serial cable (standard 9 pin cable is recommended).
Flash magic tool steps are described as under.
Step1 :- Select target device, choose serial COM port, baud rate and Interface as None.
Step2:- Choose desired option for flash erase.
Step3:- Browse desired hex file that to be flash programmed into target controller.
Step4:-Select desired options for programming. Verify after programming is
recommended Beginners should not use other options as they may lock their
target device.
Step 5:- After all setting are done press Start programming button.
If any error message, as shown in figure 3.2 appears then click
Options->Advance Options->Hardware Config and uncheck both the options as shown

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Once communication between flash magic and target board established, after pressing
Start button,
flash programmer will show message as
Reset processor at target board. Flash programming will be started then.
After successful programming Finished message can be seen at bottom left corner of
Flash programmer screen. Target board is now ready to be used. It will run as per the
hex file loaded.
Result:
Sample program for LED blinking is written, compiled and hex file generated. and
tested.

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Conclusion:
Remarks:
Different programs should be written and tested using C language for better
understanding of the tool.
References:-
https://www.keil.com/demo/eval/c51.htm

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PROTEUS SIMULATIONS, PROGRAMMING & INTERFACING with 89C51
Interfacing of LCD with 8051 Microcontroller in Proteus ISIS
 First of all, we are gonna need to design the Proteus Simulation .
 After designing the simulation, we are gonna write our embedded code for
8051 Microcontroller.
 we will be designing the code in Keil uvision3 compiler and the 8051 Microcontroller
we are going to use is AT89C51.
 So, let’s first get started with Proteus Simulation for interfacing of LCD
with 8051 Microcontroller.
 Its a good thing to have a RESET button in your project. When we press this button,
8051 Microcontroller will get reset and will start again.
 Moreover, we have added a 20×4 LCD. The data pins of this LCD are attached with
Port 2, while the RS and enable pins are connected to 0 and 1 pins of Port 1.
 So, now let’s design the programming code for interfacing of LCD with 8051 Microcontroller.
Proteus Simulation
 First of all, get the below components from the Proteus
components Library and place them in your workspace
 Now design a circuit in Proteus using these above
components as shown in below figure:

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PCB soldering
WHAT IS SOLDERING?
It is the process of joining metal leads, creating a mechanical and electrical bond.
It is the process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting
and flowing a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a lower
melting point than the adjoining metal.
TOOLS REQUIRED FOR SOLDERING
• Soldering iron.
• Solder.
• Wire cutter.
• Soldering Paste.
• Safety goggles.
etc…

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SOLDERING PROCEDURE.
Step 1- Prepare component list.
Step 2- Prepare Circuit diagram
on PCB.

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Step 3- Etching of PCB.
Step 4- Drilling of PCB
Step 5- Identification of components and mount it on PCB.
Step 6- Bend leads of Components from opposite side.

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Step 7- Solder points of Components with PCB.

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SOLDERING PROCEDURE CONTINUED…
Step 8- Cut excess leads of components.
Step 9- Check PCB soldering with magnifying glass.

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Figure a) the amount of solder
applied is minimal and may result in
a poor electrical connection over
time.
Figure b) shows the optimal solder
joint that has good wetting between
component lead and PCB pad.
Figure c) indicates an excessive
amount of solder has been applied to
the connection.

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REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
Introduction:
The advent of microprocessors has opened up several product opportunities that did not exist
before. These intelligent processors have embedded themselves into all fields of our lives. As
the complexities of the real-time embedded applications increases, benefits of employing a
real-time operating system (RTOS) becomes ever more oblivious. RTOS has become the key
to many embedded systems today. There are wide ranges of RTOS/s available to the
developers of embedded systems ranging from RTOS for robotics to home appliances.
This document defines RTOS and looks at its basic concepts.
Target Device Applicable MCU: R8C Family
Introduction to Real-Time Operating System:
“Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) is a multitasking operating system intended for
real-time applications.” WIKIPEDIA. RTOS is implemented in products all around us,
ranging from military, and consumer to scientific applications. Figure 1 depicts an example
of RTOS implementation on Renesas automotive dashboard platform.
Figure 1 Renesas Automotive Dashboard Platform (with MR8C/4)
What is RTOS
RTOS comprises of two components, namely, “Real-Time” and “Operating System”.
Real-Time indicates an expectant response or reaction to an event on the instant of its
evolution. The expectant response depicts the logical correctness of the result produced. The

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instant of the events’ evolution depicts deadline for producing the result.
Operating System:
Operating System (OS) is a system program that provides an interface between hardware and
application programs. OS is commonly equipped with features like: Multitasking, Synchronization,
Interrupt and Event Handling, Input/ Output,Inter-task Communication, Timers and Clocks and
Memory Management to fulfill its primary role of managing the hardware resources to meet the
demands of application programs. RTOS is therefore an operating system that supports real-time
applications and embedded systems by providing logically correct result within the deadline
required. Such capabilities define its deterministic timing behaviour and limited resource
utilization nature.
Why RTOS for Real-Time Application
RTOS is not a required component of all real-time application in embedded systems. An
embedded system in a simple electronic rice cooker does not require RTOS. But as the
complexity of applications expands beyond simple tasks, benefits of having an RTOS far
outweigh the associate costs. Embedded systems are becoming more complex hardware-wise
with every generation. And as more features are put into them in each iteration,
application programs running on the embedded system platforms will become increasingly
complex to be managed as they strive to meet the system response requirements. An RTOS
will be effective to allow the real-time applications to be designed and expanded more
easily whilst meeting the performances required.

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Internet of Things:
What Can You do with Raspberry Pi?
One of the first questions often brought up is how Raspberry Pi differs from other boards
Like Arduino, Atmel MCU, or Tessel. Raspberry Pi is a fully-functional single-board
computer with a Broadcom processor, while others are microcontroller-based physical
computing platforms. On Raspberry Pi, you can run operating system like Linux, FreeBSD,
and even Windows 10 from a micro SD card. Plug it into a monitor, keyboard, and a mouse,
you have a full graphical user-interface of an OS of your choice.You can think of Raspberry
Pi as a low-cost little computer with programmable I/O pins where you can attach physical
devices and sensors, so you can prototype your dreams, such as a smart home with
your hands.
Where Do You Start?
First of all, you need get yourself some fun toys to get started. Assume you already have a
Monitor with a HDMI input and cable, a USB mouse and a keyboard. Here is the list of what
you should get now:
Raspberry Pi 2
Micro SD card (and an adaptor)
Mini Wi-Fi adapter
Micro USB cable
Wires
Breadboard
LED
Resistors
Instead of buying them separately, you may want to purchase a kit from places like CanaKit.
Let’s Get Started with Raspberry Pi
First, you need to format and load it with an operating system (let’s get Raspbian). Then,
connect all the peripherals to your Pi and install the OS.

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Hello World: First Coding from Pi
Let’s start coding from Pi!
we can program in multiple languages like C++, Java, etc with Pi, but let’s walk through
with Python for now.
Setting up PubNub Python Library

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INTERFACING WITH RASPBERRY PI & SENSORS, CLOUD
*Use a Weather Pi
to upload data
* Store data using cloud
storage
* Query and display
data onto an
interface
*Raspberry Pi 2
Model B ($35)
*Single board
computer running
at 900 MHz
*Linux based
operating system

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Personal Objective:
* View data that has been uploaded from the sensors
* Allow client to interact with the server
* Display data in tables and graphs
* Handle any missing values in case of
error in the sensors
Sensors:

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Cloud:
*Owncloud 7.0.1
self
*Remotely stores
data that were
uploaded from
the sensors
*Information can
be acccessed by
any Raspberry
Pi within storage
cluster

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Mini project:
1. Water Level Controller using 8051 Microcontroller
This article explains you how to detect and control the water level in an overhead tank
or any other container. This system monitors the water level of the tank and automatically
switches ON the motor when ever tank is empty. The motor is switched OFF when the
overhead tank or container is FULL. Here the water level of the tank is indicated on
LCD (Liquid crystal Display). Using this system, we can avoid the overflow of the water.
We have already seen How water level indicator circuit works using AVR Microcontroller
in the earlier post. But, here we are designing the circuit which is used to detect and control
the water level automatically in overhead tank using 8051 microcontroller.
In this system water sensing can be done by using a set of 4 wires which are placed at
different levels in tank. DC supply probe is placed at the base of the tank.
Water Level Controller using 8051 Circuit Principle:
This system mainly works on a principle that “water conducts electricity”. The four wires
which are dipped into the tank will indicate the different water levels. Based on the outputs
of these wires, microcontroller displays water level on LCD as well as controls the motor.
Circuit Components:
 At89c51 controller
 At89c51 programming board.
 16*2 LCD
 5V Relay
 Bc547 (NPN) transistors – 5
 Resistors (1K) – 4
 Resistor – 330 ohm
 AC Motor
 Pot – 10k
 Programming cable
 Connecting wires

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Water Level Controller using 8051 Circuit Diagram:
Water Level Controller using 8051 Circuit Design:
The main heart of this project is AT89C51 microcontroller. The water level probes are
connected to the P3.0, P3.1, P3.2, and P3.3 through the transistors. Port P2 connected to
the data pins of LCD and control pins RS, RW and EN of LCD are connected to the P1.0,
P1.1, and P1.2 respectively.
Initially when tank is empty, LCD will display the message EMPTY and motor runs
automatically. When water level reaches to quarter level, now LCD displays QUARTER
and still motor runs. For further levels, LCD displays the messages HALF and ¾ FULL.
When tank is full, LCD displays FULL and motor automatically stops. Again motor runs
when tank is empty.

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Algorithm for Water Level Controller Circuit:
* First configure the controller pins P3.0, P3.1, P3.2 and P3.3 as inputs and P3.4 as output.
* Now initialize the LCD.
* Continuously check the water level input pins P3.0, P3.1, P3.2, and P3.3
* If all the pins are low then display tank is empty on LCD and make P3.4 pin high to run
* the motor automatically.
* High pulse on the pin P3.0 indicates quarter level, display the same thing on LCD.
* If P3.1 is high then water level is half.
* High pulse on P3.2 indicates 3/4th full of the tank.
* If P3.3 is high then tank is full, now make P3.4 pin is low to turn off the motor automatically.
How to Operate Water Level Controller Circuit using 8051 Microcontroller?
1. Initially burn the program to the controller.
2. Now give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
3. While giving the connections, make sure that there is no common connection between AC
and DC supplies.
4. Place the 4 water level indicating wires into the small tank.
5. Switch on the supply, now the motor will run automatically as there is no water in the tank.
6. Now pour the water, when it reaches to quarter level then LCD displays QUARTER on LCD.
7. For further levels it will displays HALF and ¾ FULL on LCD.
8. Still if you pour the water then LCD displays FULL and motor turns off automatically when
the tank is full.
9. Switch off the motor supply and board supply.

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Water Level Controller Circuit Advantages:
 Human effort is reduced as the system controls the motor automatically based on the
water level.
 This system consumes less power.
 Simple and more reliable.
Applications of Water Level Controller Circuit using 8051:
 Used in big buildings where the manual monitoring is difficult.
 Used in industries to control the liquid level automatically.

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2. Traffic light controller using 8051 microcontroller
Traffic light system was one of the fascinating applications of Embedded systems
and have been using the same till this day. I have previously posted a simple Traffic light system
for one way roads with small timings check it out if you are interested in it. This is the four way
traffic light system using embedded systems which was bit complex in nature as we need
to consider the traffic flow in four different directions providing appropriate timings to
each of the lights.
This system uses 8051 microcontroller ( AT89C52) , 7-segments and LED’s for indication.
The LED’s which was used as lights was connected to the Microcontroller by means of common
Anode configuration. In this configuration the Microcontroller was used to sink the current
from the LED to its ports. That means logic 0 signal in the Microcontroller switches the
LED ON and logic 1 signal switches the LED off. Here we are using 6 MHz crystal
for the 8051 Microcontroller operation and you can use upto 12MHz crystal with this
controller.
COMMON CATHODE 7-SEGMENT:

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In this design, we are about to use a Common Cathode 7-segment in which the LED’s are
connected in a manner sourcing from the Microcontroller. As you can see in the
above pin configuration there is two common ground pins, we can use any one of it.
The 7-segment should be connected to the port in the following order P2.0 to pin “a” of
the 7 segment, P2.1 to b , P2.2 to c and ends up with P2.7 to h. These are the connection
configurations and components we are going to use in this 4-way Traffic light system
using 8051 Microcontroller.
DESIGN:
The above diagram illustrates the traffic flow layout of the four way road. And this is just a
model of the four way road ,schemes and layout may subjected to change. I have chose
this one for easier explanation of the traffic flow.
The traffic flow can be classified in to four phases in the above diagram and i have
considered the North as starting point of this traffic flow. And in the above scheme
vehicles are allowed to make a free right turn so we need to consider only two directions
straight and left. So the green signal was classified into two types one for G for permitting
vehicle to proceed forward and GL for permitting vehicles to left.

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PHASE I-
 Initially Vehicle from A needs to travel to F and from E to B roads.
 So in the first Phase forward green signal in A and E permits vehicles to pass through while
East and west roads are stopped by red signal.
PHASE II-
 Phase II permits the vehicle to pass from G to D and from C to H roads.
 Traffic flow from rest of the two roads North and south was stopped by means of Red signal.
PHASE III-
 Phase three permits traffic flow in the left directions from A to D and from E to H.
 Traffic flow in East and west are stopped by means of red signal.
PHASE IV-
 Phase four permits traffic flow from C to F and from G to B.
 Traffic flow in the North and south are stopped by means of red signal.
 The cycle repeats again from Phase I to Phase IV and thus the traffic is regulated.
NOTE:
The above scheme is just an example and are subjected to change in real time roads, as
different four way traffic flow schemes are followed widely around the world. This
illustration was aimed to make you understand the flow and guide in designing the system
according to the flow of traffic.
TIMING OF THE SIGNALS:
The timing is one of the important factor to consider in a traffic light system. Here in
this design i have programmed in such a way a red light will be on for 50 seconds and
10 seconds for Yellow light. So adding up a traffic flow or a Green signal will be On for
60 seconds totally before switching the flow to the next phase.
The 7 segment was used in this design to to display the timing to the vehicle users in the
road. This ease up the vehicle users and provides knowledge of the timing left before the
switching of the next signal.

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Thank you !
Complete circuit:

Larson and toubro

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