LANGUAGE-AND-LITERACY-THEORIES (1).pdf
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This document provides an overview of 17 prominent theories and theorists in psychology and their key contributions. It summarizes the main tenets of each theory, including Psycholinguistic Theory by Noam Chomsky, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs by Abraham Maslow, Constructivist Learning Theory by Lev Vygotsky, Social Cognitive Theory by Albert Bandura, Psychoanalysis Theory by Sigmund Freud, Psychosocial Development by Erik Erikson, Classical Conditioning by Ivan Pavlov, Cognitive Development Theory by Jean Piaget, Individual Psychology by Alfred Adler, theories by Carl Jung, Aaron T. Beck, B.F. Skinner, Albert Ellis, Karen Horney, John Bowlby, and the Milgram obedience experiment
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
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analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
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diverse human activities.
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of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
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Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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- 1. ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY LLD 306: literacy theories/practices and language learning 1st Semester, 2019-2020 NO. PROPONENT YEAR THEORY TENETS REMARKS 1 Noam Chomsky 1928-Present Psycholinguistic Theory Covers the cognitive processes that make it possible to generate grammatical and meaningful sentences our of vocabulary and grammatical structures, as well as the processes that make it possible to understand utterances, words, text, etc. 2 Abraham Maslow 1908-1970 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Believed that human beings are motivated to achieve certain needs Described the idea of self-actualization Most extraordinary experience: peak experiences Created Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 3 Lev Vygotsky 1896-1934 Constructivist Learning Theory Stressed the fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition Believed that language develops from social interaction and plays an important role in cognitive development Important principle – Zone of Proximal Development 4 Albert Bandura 1925-Present Social Cognitive Theory Bobo Doll Experiment: People learn by observing and imitating other’s behavior Self-efficacy – belief in his or her ability to succeed in one situation 5 Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 Psychoanalysis Theory Developed psychosexual and of Oedipus Complex Compared the mind to an iceberg with three levels: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious Discovered transference 6 Erik Erikson 1902-1994 Psychosocial Development Believed that ‘identity crisis’ was the important conflict that most people face in the process of development
- 2. NO. PROPONENT YEAR THEORY TENETS REMARKS 7 John B. Watson 1878-1958 Presented his view that psychology is the science of observable behavior Little Albert Experiment – a child could be conditioned to fear previously neutral stimulus (white rat) Introduced “Stimulus Generalization” 8 Jean Piaget 1896-1980 Theory of Cognitive Development Pioneered in studying child development Basic components of Piaget’s theory: schemas, equilibrium, assimilation, accommodation, and stages of cognitive development 9 Alfred Adler 1870-1937 Founder of Individual Psychology Emphasized the “individual over society” Emphasized on the influence of one’s birth order on personal strength, weakness and life style 10 Carl Jung 1875-1961 Proposed that unconscious consists of two layers: personal unconscious and collective unconscious Termed “archetypes” as the images of thoughts which have universal meanings across cultures Similar to the concept of “id,” he proposed “shadow,” as a source for creative and destructive energy 11 Aaron T. Beck 1921-Present Termed “automatic thoughts” Discovered negative ideas about self, the world and the future Best known for “Beck Depression Inventory” and “Beck Anxiety Inventory” 12 B.F. Skinner 1904-1990 Operant Conditioning Developed the principle of reinforcement (operant conditioning) Devised different ways of delivering reinforcements Best known for his “Skinner box” 13 Albert Ellis 1913-2007 Developed rational emotive behavior therapy which is the earliest form of cognitive behavioral therapy Best known for his A-B-C
- 3. NO. PROPONENT YEAR THEORY TENETS REMARKS Played important role in cognitive revolution which took place in the field of psychotherapy 14 Karen Horney 1885-1952 Widely regarded as the founder of feminine psychiatry Studied how gender power imbalance affected development of psychological theories Viewed neurosis as a type of coping mechanism 15 John Bowlby 1907-1990 Infants have an innate need to form an attachment bond with a caregiver The earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a great impact that continues throughout life Best known for his Attachment Theory 16 Ivan Pavlov 1846-1936 Classical Conditioning Developed Pavlovian Conditioning and Classical Conditioning and demonstrated how conditioned stimulus produced conditioned response His contributions bring huge impact on educational psychology (teaching-learning) 17 Stanley Milgram 1933-1984 The Milgram Obedience Experiment – ordinary people are likely to follow orders from authorities People have two states of behavior in social situation: the autonomous state and the agentic state Prepared by: EMIL R. ASEJO PhD LLD Student