The document summarizes Red Cross humanitarian aid efforts in German-occupied Greece during World War 2 from 1940-1945. It describes how a famine struck Greece due to disruptions from invading forces and a blockade by Allied powers. The International Red Cross was able to negotiate an agreement allowing humanitarian aid shipments of wheat and other food to Greece, despite objections that this may help Axis forces. Over 700,000 tons of food were shipped, largely saving hundreds of thousands of Greek lives. The modus operandi allowed the occupiers to requisition local food for their forces, but prohibited them from taking additional food and required they not be involved in aid distribution.
The fact is, the Holocaust is about money, legitimacy for Israel, and the total denial of any
moral failings (or evilness) in the Jewish people. Jews are outraged when it is mentioned that
many gypsies and Russians suffered the same fate as Jews, because to compare a sub-human
to a Jew is unspeakable. The Jewish scripture declares that the life of a Jew is the most
priceless thing to "god" and the life of a non-Jew or "goy" is worthless. The Jews have a
history of crying "holocaust."
The document discusses the Holocaust and anti-Semitism in Europe. It provides historical context for anti-Semitism, outlines the steps Nazis took to systematically exterminate Jews, and analyzes images from the Holocaust. It describes how Nazis deceived Jews and executed over 6 million through concentration camps and gas chambers. Finally, it explains that Holocaust denial seeks to deny or minimize the factual evidence of the systematic state-sponsored genocide of approximately 6 million Jews by Nazi Germany and its allies and collaborators.
R. clarence lang imposed german guilt - the stuttgart declaration of 1945 -...RareBooksnRecords
This document summarizes and analyzes the 1945 Stuttgart Declaration, in which German clergymen declared "solidarity of guilt" for Germany in World War 2. It argues that the concept of collective guilt is flawed and contrary to Christian theology. The document focuses on the role of Pastor Niemoller in advocating collective guilt, and examines the motives of the Allied victors in imposing unilateral guilt on Germany after the war to exonerate themselves. It concludes that guilt for World War 2 is shared, not unilateral, and that the concept of collective guilt has been used for political purposes to manipulate Germans.
The Holocaust was the systematic murder of approximately 6 million European Jews by the Nazi regime during World War 2. Led by Adolf Hitler and carried out by Heinrich Himmler, Rudolf Hoess, and other top Nazi leaders, Jews were killed in mass shootings and gas chambers. By the end of the war, around two-thirds of European Jews had been killed by SS men in camps like Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen. The Holocaust was one of the worst crimes against humanity in modern history.
- The document discusses Holocaust revisionism and questions the mainstream historical account of the Holocaust. It argues that revisionist historians challenge the claim that Nazi Germany pursued a systematic policy to exterminate Europe's Jews.
- Revisionists have faced suppression and legal sanctions for their research, but they aim to establish accurate historical facts rather than defend Nazism. They examine evidence like survivor testimony, population statistics, and German records.
- The author argues that the Holocaust narrative has been exploited by various political forces and now faces little critical examination. Revisionism seeks to bring history into line with facts and establish proper context for Jewish suffering during World War II.
The document introduces the key events of the Holocaust: identification, concentration, murder, and genocide. It explains that the Nazi belief in Aryan racial superiority led Hitler to see Germans as a master race and target northern Europeans and Jews. Jews were identified and forced into ghettos for concentration. Minorities were initially murdered on a small scale, before the Nazis engaged in a systematic genocide that resulted in the deaths of millions of innocent people.
The Responsibility to Protect: Watershed, or old wine in a new bottle?Nicholas Cooper
This article argues that the responsibility to protect (R2P) is not a radical departure from previous concepts of international involvement regarding mass atrocities, but rather a codification of existing principles like just war theory and humanitarian intervention. It highlights R2P's holistic approach of preventing atrocities, reacting when they occur, and rebuilding afterwards. The article concludes that political challenges remain for implementing R2P in practice and suggests creative ways to overcome these challenges.
The Holocaust began in 1933 when Hitler rose to power in Germany and ended in 1945 with the Nazi defeat. An estimated 11 million people were killed, including 6 million Jews. Jews were forced to live in crowded urban ghettos under harsh conditions. People were also sent to concentration camps where many were killed, with Auschwitz being the largest camp known for its immense death toll.
The fact is, the Holocaust is about money, legitimacy for Israel, and the total denial of any
moral failings (or evilness) in the Jewish people. Jews are outraged when it is mentioned that
many gypsies and Russians suffered the same fate as Jews, because to compare a sub-human
to a Jew is unspeakable. The Jewish scripture declares that the life of a Jew is the most
priceless thing to "god" and the life of a non-Jew or "goy" is worthless. The Jews have a
history of crying "holocaust."
The document discusses the Holocaust and anti-Semitism in Europe. It provides historical context for anti-Semitism, outlines the steps Nazis took to systematically exterminate Jews, and analyzes images from the Holocaust. It describes how Nazis deceived Jews and executed over 6 million through concentration camps and gas chambers. Finally, it explains that Holocaust denial seeks to deny or minimize the factual evidence of the systematic state-sponsored genocide of approximately 6 million Jews by Nazi Germany and its allies and collaborators.
R. clarence lang imposed german guilt - the stuttgart declaration of 1945 -...RareBooksnRecords
This document summarizes and analyzes the 1945 Stuttgart Declaration, in which German clergymen declared "solidarity of guilt" for Germany in World War 2. It argues that the concept of collective guilt is flawed and contrary to Christian theology. The document focuses on the role of Pastor Niemoller in advocating collective guilt, and examines the motives of the Allied victors in imposing unilateral guilt on Germany after the war to exonerate themselves. It concludes that guilt for World War 2 is shared, not unilateral, and that the concept of collective guilt has been used for political purposes to manipulate Germans.
The Holocaust was the systematic murder of approximately 6 million European Jews by the Nazi regime during World War 2. Led by Adolf Hitler and carried out by Heinrich Himmler, Rudolf Hoess, and other top Nazi leaders, Jews were killed in mass shootings and gas chambers. By the end of the war, around two-thirds of European Jews had been killed by SS men in camps like Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen. The Holocaust was one of the worst crimes against humanity in modern history.
- The document discusses Holocaust revisionism and questions the mainstream historical account of the Holocaust. It argues that revisionist historians challenge the claim that Nazi Germany pursued a systematic policy to exterminate Europe's Jews.
- Revisionists have faced suppression and legal sanctions for their research, but they aim to establish accurate historical facts rather than defend Nazism. They examine evidence like survivor testimony, population statistics, and German records.
- The author argues that the Holocaust narrative has been exploited by various political forces and now faces little critical examination. Revisionism seeks to bring history into line with facts and establish proper context for Jewish suffering during World War II.
The document introduces the key events of the Holocaust: identification, concentration, murder, and genocide. It explains that the Nazi belief in Aryan racial superiority led Hitler to see Germans as a master race and target northern Europeans and Jews. Jews were identified and forced into ghettos for concentration. Minorities were initially murdered on a small scale, before the Nazis engaged in a systematic genocide that resulted in the deaths of millions of innocent people.
The Responsibility to Protect: Watershed, or old wine in a new bottle?Nicholas Cooper
This article argues that the responsibility to protect (R2P) is not a radical departure from previous concepts of international involvement regarding mass atrocities, but rather a codification of existing principles like just war theory and humanitarian intervention. It highlights R2P's holistic approach of preventing atrocities, reacting when they occur, and rebuilding afterwards. The article concludes that political challenges remain for implementing R2P in practice and suggests creative ways to overcome these challenges.
The Holocaust began in 1933 when Hitler rose to power in Germany and ended in 1945 with the Nazi defeat. An estimated 11 million people were killed, including 6 million Jews. Jews were forced to live in crowded urban ghettos under harsh conditions. People were also sent to concentration camps where many were killed, with Auschwitz being the largest camp known for its immense death toll.
The Nazi regime pursued the extermination of Jews and other groups deemed "inferior" through a systematic process of propaganda, legalized discrimination, ghettoization, and eventually mass murder. Hitler and other Nazis promoted racist ideologies depicting Jews and others as threats to the supposed Aryan master race. The Nazis passed laws stripping Jews of citizenship and banning marriage between Jews and Germans. Jews were later forced into ghettos and concentration camps where many were killed or worked to death. The "Final Solution" culminated in industrialized mass murder in death camps like Auschwitz using gas chambers and other means. By 1945, around 6 million Jews and 5 million others had been killed in the Holocaust before the Nazi regime was defeated.
This document discusses the Holocaust and provides background information. It defines the Holocaust as the systematic state-sponsored killing of 6 million Jews and others by Nazi Germany during WWII. It explores the origins of anti-Semitism in Germany prior to Hitler's rise to power and how he propagated further hatred against Jews. The document outlines key events that led to the Holocaust, including Hitler becoming Chancellor in 1933 and enacting anti-Jewish legislation, as well as the 1942 Wannsee Conference where the "Final Solution" was implemented.
This document discusses Darwin's theory of evolution and its connection to ideologies like racism, fascism, communism, and terrorism. It argues that Darwinism legitimized violence by portraying life as a struggle for survival, and influenced worldviews that saw conflict between races and nations as natural and justified. It claims Darwinism helped enable World War I by influencing European leaders, and that Nazism and communism both drew from Darwinist concepts of struggle between races and social classes. Overall, it portrays Darwinism as providing philosophical justification for destructive ideologies and a worldview of perpetual conflict.
The document discusses how Sigmund Freud's concept of the life drive was exemplified during World War II. It provides three examples:
1) Germans in Nazi Germany committed war crimes out of fear for their own lives and families under threat of death.
2) Japanese soldiers committed atrocities during the Nanjing Massacre potentially due to their own fear of death and desire to assert control over it through violence.
3) Most societies during WWII lived in constant fear of death, demonstrating the basic human drive for survival that Freud described.
The document summarizes the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943. It provides background on the establishment of the Warsaw Ghetto by Nazi Germany in 1940. Over 400,000 Jews were forced to live in cramped conditions in the ghetto. From 1942-1943, over 265,000 Jews were deported to Treblinka and killed. In response, Jewish resistance groups like the ZOB and ZZW organized armed resistance. In January 1943, after learning of mass killings at Treblinka, the ZOB staged a full uprising against the Nazis in the ghetto. Though outgunned, the resistance fought for over a month before the Nazis destroyed the ghetto, killing over 50,000 Jews.
This document discusses propaganda during World War 1. It describes how the British government set up the Wellington House propaganda bureau in 1914, headed by Charles Masterman, to secretly recruit famous British authors to write pro-war books, articles, and pamphlets. The goal was to generate support for the war and Britain's war aims while denigrating Germany. Many outrageous lies and atrocity stories about German actions were produced and distributed worldwide under the guise of objective reports. The propaganda bureau was highly effective in manipulating public opinion and rewriting the narrative of the war in Britain for decades after.
The Holocaust refers to the systematic persecution and murder of approximately 6 million Jews by the Nazi regime and its allies between 1933 and 1945. In addition to Jews, the Nazi regime also targeted millions of others they deemed "undesirable" or "subhuman" including Russians, Poles, Roma people, disabled individuals, and others. Over 1 million children were killed during the Holocaust. Most victims were killed in concentration camps like Auschwitz, where between 1-2.5 million people were murdered and the average weight of women was only 22-29 kilograms.
1. The Holocaust began in 1936 in Germany and lasted until 1945. Adolf Hitler rose to power as the leader of Germany's Nazi party in 1933 and instituted racist laws targeting Jews.
2. The Nazi regime created ghettos and concentration camps, where they imprisoned and starved Jewish people. They also conducted medical experiments on prisoners.
3. Over six million Jewish people were murdered in the Holocaust through mass executions, starvation, and gas chambers at concentration camps like Auschwitz. Allied forces liberated camps in 1945 and discovered the horrific atrocities.
Freedom Betrayed - Herbet Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and...Peter Hammond
This document summarizes the book "Freedom Betrayed: Herbert Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and Its Aftermath". The book is a critical analysis of FDR and Churchill's actions before, during, and after WWII. It argues that FDR deliberately led the US into WWII against public opinion and betrayed Eastern European nations to Stalin. It also asserts that FDR provoked Japan into attacking Pearl Harbor by imposing sanctions. The book challenges conventional views of WWII and the actions of FDR and Churchill. It provides extensive documentation through footnotes to support its claims and interpretations of events.
This document provides a detailed timeline and overview of key events during the Holocaust from 1933 to 1945. It describes how Hitler rose to power in Germany and implemented increasingly oppressive laws against Jewish citizens, homosexuals, Roma people and others. It outlines the establishment of concentration camps and genocide across German-occupied Europe. It also discusses resistance efforts and the liberation of camps as Allied forces advanced and defeated Nazi Germany in World War 2.
The document summarizes key events of the Holocaust. It describes how World War 1 created conditions that allowed the Holocaust to occur, including advances in technology and desensitization to mass violence. It then outlines Hitler's rise to power in Germany following World War 1, his scapegoating of Jews and socialists, and the Nazi party gaining control. The document also summarizes the Nazi use of concentration camps and death camps for ethnic cleansing and genocide during World War 2, with over 6 million Jews and others killed before camps were liberated by Allied forces at the end of the war.
The writer sets out to study excerpted samples of the war speeches made across the world between the World War eras and the present with a view to finding out the linguistic choices favoured by war leaders over time to drum up support for wars. It is argued here that there may be something unique in the linguistic choices made in war speeches which convince people to support the prosecution of wars despite the wanton destruction that follows them. Framed on a descriptive research design, with stylistics as the theoretical framework, the study examines the excerpts chosen by deliberate sampling so as to identify and analyze the features they share. The analysis reveals that the speeches share many linguistic features in common, all of which may be responsible for the control of the minds and actions of the people.
Dennison Hist 390 things fall apart and then turn to mudejdennison
The document discusses the origins and outbreak of World War I through several key events in 1914. It begins with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28th, 1914 which increased tensions but did not necessarily mean war was inevitable. A series of political decisions and military mobilizations in July 1914 led countries to take sides along preexisting alliances, turning a regional conflict into a European war. By early August 1914, Germany had invaded Belgium and declared war on France and Russia, drawing the UK into the war as well. The initial battles in 1914 took place in Belgium and northern France as both sides attempted large scale maneuvers, but the fighting soon bogged down into trench warfare on the Western Front.
The document outlines key events and policies of the Holocaust. It begins with definitions of key terms and describes how Nazi policies against Jews escalated in the 1930s, restricting their rights and requiring identification with yellow stars. It then details the "Final Solution" planned at the 1942 Wannsee Conference, which sought to exterminate all 11 million European Jews. Death camps like Auschwitz, Treblinka and Sobibor were constructed for efficient mass murder using Zyklon B gas. Josef Mengele performed cruel medical experiments on prisoners. In total, approximately 6 million Jewish people were murdered in the Holocaust.
Here are some of the names and brief details of child victims of the Holocaust:
- Judith Schwed from Hungary, died at age 12 in Auschwitz concentration camp.
- Herta Scheer-Krygier from Germany, died at age 21 in Auschwitz concentration camp.
- Peter Winternitz from Czechoslovakia, died at age 21 in Auschwitz concentration camp.
- Henoch Kornfeld from Poland, died at age 31⁄2.
The Holocaust was the systematic state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its allies. It began in 1933 with the rise of the Nazis in Germany and ended in 1945. Adolf Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany's defeat in World War I and the economic struggles of the 1920s. Once in power, the Nazis passed laws discriminating against Jews and excluding them from society. After invading Poland in 1939, the Nazis confined Jews to ghettos and later began mass deportations of Jews to concentration and extermination camps, where most were killed in gas chambers or by other means. By the end of World War II, two-thirds of European Jews had been killed in the Holocaust.
The jews in_the_eastern_war_zone-american_jewish_committee-new_york-1916-120p...RareBooksnRecords
The document summarizes the plight of Jews in Eastern Europe during World War 1. It describes how over 7 million Jews were trapped in an area experiencing constant invasion and warfare. As a result, Jews suffered immense hardships including forced expulsions, synagogue burnings, executions, and rampant violence against women. While some liberal elements in Russia protested these actions, the military government was too powerful. The document outlines the specific struggles faced by Jews in Russia, Galicia, Romania, and Palestine during this volatile time in history.
The document discusses King Haakon VII and Crown Prince Olav of Norway taking refuge in a forest during German bombings of Molde, Norway in 1940. Former Defense Minister Quisling demanded the king abdicate, but he refused. By 1941, the king and prince had set up residence in London along with leaders of other occupied countries. The document provides background on Quisling and his role in Norway during the German occupation in World War II.
During World War 2, the Nazi regime in Germany persecuted Jewish people and imprisoned them in concentration camps. Propaganda was used to spread misinformation about Jews. Over 100 camps were established across Europe where living conditions were brutal. Prisoners faced malnutrition, disease, starvation, medical experiments and were killed if unable to work. As the war ended, prisoners were forced to march long distances with no supplies, resulting in many deaths. After liberation, many Jews had perished in the camps during the Holocaust.
The document discusses several facts and claims related to Holocaust denial. It summarizes key points made in articles questioning the number of Jewish deaths, the use of gas chambers, and the reliability of survivor testimony. However, it is argued that claims by deniers overlook important context and facts. While precise numbers are difficult to determine, work by organizations like Yad Vashem has identified millions of victims. Survivor testimony, though imperfect, provides valuable evidence. The document cautions against accepting the arguments of deniers uncritically.
The document discusses the history of educational reform efforts in Montgomery County, Maryland from the 1940s onward. It outlines an initial 1946 proposal to transform schools into community centers that provide various social services in addition to education. Over subsequent decades, the county pursued this vision by training "change agents" through a federal grant program to lead educational innovations, with a focus on Dewey-inspired progressive reforms and preparing teachers and administrators to drive institutional change from within. The document traces how this effort evolved from the initial 1946 proposal to the establishment of a training academy for change agents by the 1970s.
The intimate papers_of_colonel_house-vol3-1917to1918-510pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document provides an overview of the book "The Intimate Papers of Colonel House: Into the World War" which details Colonel House's involvement in American participation in World War I and the subsequent peace negotiations. It includes:
1) An introduction noting Colonel House's role as an advisor to President Wilson and representative to European leaders during the war and peace conference due to his contacts made during American neutrality.
2) A preface by the editor, Charles Seymour, explaining that the documents presented are a small sample of House's papers and focus on House's point of view and activities rather than providing a comprehensive history of American involvement in WWI.
3) A note of acknowledgment thanking those who provided
The Nazi regime pursued the extermination of Jews and other groups deemed "inferior" through a systematic process of propaganda, legalized discrimination, ghettoization, and eventually mass murder. Hitler and other Nazis promoted racist ideologies depicting Jews and others as threats to the supposed Aryan master race. The Nazis passed laws stripping Jews of citizenship and banning marriage between Jews and Germans. Jews were later forced into ghettos and concentration camps where many were killed or worked to death. The "Final Solution" culminated in industrialized mass murder in death camps like Auschwitz using gas chambers and other means. By 1945, around 6 million Jews and 5 million others had been killed in the Holocaust before the Nazi regime was defeated.
This document discusses the Holocaust and provides background information. It defines the Holocaust as the systematic state-sponsored killing of 6 million Jews and others by Nazi Germany during WWII. It explores the origins of anti-Semitism in Germany prior to Hitler's rise to power and how he propagated further hatred against Jews. The document outlines key events that led to the Holocaust, including Hitler becoming Chancellor in 1933 and enacting anti-Jewish legislation, as well as the 1942 Wannsee Conference where the "Final Solution" was implemented.
This document discusses Darwin's theory of evolution and its connection to ideologies like racism, fascism, communism, and terrorism. It argues that Darwinism legitimized violence by portraying life as a struggle for survival, and influenced worldviews that saw conflict between races and nations as natural and justified. It claims Darwinism helped enable World War I by influencing European leaders, and that Nazism and communism both drew from Darwinist concepts of struggle between races and social classes. Overall, it portrays Darwinism as providing philosophical justification for destructive ideologies and a worldview of perpetual conflict.
The document discusses how Sigmund Freud's concept of the life drive was exemplified during World War II. It provides three examples:
1) Germans in Nazi Germany committed war crimes out of fear for their own lives and families under threat of death.
2) Japanese soldiers committed atrocities during the Nanjing Massacre potentially due to their own fear of death and desire to assert control over it through violence.
3) Most societies during WWII lived in constant fear of death, demonstrating the basic human drive for survival that Freud described.
The document summarizes the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943. It provides background on the establishment of the Warsaw Ghetto by Nazi Germany in 1940. Over 400,000 Jews were forced to live in cramped conditions in the ghetto. From 1942-1943, over 265,000 Jews were deported to Treblinka and killed. In response, Jewish resistance groups like the ZOB and ZZW organized armed resistance. In January 1943, after learning of mass killings at Treblinka, the ZOB staged a full uprising against the Nazis in the ghetto. Though outgunned, the resistance fought for over a month before the Nazis destroyed the ghetto, killing over 50,000 Jews.
This document discusses propaganda during World War 1. It describes how the British government set up the Wellington House propaganda bureau in 1914, headed by Charles Masterman, to secretly recruit famous British authors to write pro-war books, articles, and pamphlets. The goal was to generate support for the war and Britain's war aims while denigrating Germany. Many outrageous lies and atrocity stories about German actions were produced and distributed worldwide under the guise of objective reports. The propaganda bureau was highly effective in manipulating public opinion and rewriting the narrative of the war in Britain for decades after.
The Holocaust refers to the systematic persecution and murder of approximately 6 million Jews by the Nazi regime and its allies between 1933 and 1945. In addition to Jews, the Nazi regime also targeted millions of others they deemed "undesirable" or "subhuman" including Russians, Poles, Roma people, disabled individuals, and others. Over 1 million children were killed during the Holocaust. Most victims were killed in concentration camps like Auschwitz, where between 1-2.5 million people were murdered and the average weight of women was only 22-29 kilograms.
1. The Holocaust began in 1936 in Germany and lasted until 1945. Adolf Hitler rose to power as the leader of Germany's Nazi party in 1933 and instituted racist laws targeting Jews.
2. The Nazi regime created ghettos and concentration camps, where they imprisoned and starved Jewish people. They also conducted medical experiments on prisoners.
3. Over six million Jewish people were murdered in the Holocaust through mass executions, starvation, and gas chambers at concentration camps like Auschwitz. Allied forces liberated camps in 1945 and discovered the horrific atrocities.
Freedom Betrayed - Herbet Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and...Peter Hammond
This document summarizes the book "Freedom Betrayed: Herbert Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and Its Aftermath". The book is a critical analysis of FDR and Churchill's actions before, during, and after WWII. It argues that FDR deliberately led the US into WWII against public opinion and betrayed Eastern European nations to Stalin. It also asserts that FDR provoked Japan into attacking Pearl Harbor by imposing sanctions. The book challenges conventional views of WWII and the actions of FDR and Churchill. It provides extensive documentation through footnotes to support its claims and interpretations of events.
This document provides a detailed timeline and overview of key events during the Holocaust from 1933 to 1945. It describes how Hitler rose to power in Germany and implemented increasingly oppressive laws against Jewish citizens, homosexuals, Roma people and others. It outlines the establishment of concentration camps and genocide across German-occupied Europe. It also discusses resistance efforts and the liberation of camps as Allied forces advanced and defeated Nazi Germany in World War 2.
The document summarizes key events of the Holocaust. It describes how World War 1 created conditions that allowed the Holocaust to occur, including advances in technology and desensitization to mass violence. It then outlines Hitler's rise to power in Germany following World War 1, his scapegoating of Jews and socialists, and the Nazi party gaining control. The document also summarizes the Nazi use of concentration camps and death camps for ethnic cleansing and genocide during World War 2, with over 6 million Jews and others killed before camps were liberated by Allied forces at the end of the war.
The writer sets out to study excerpted samples of the war speeches made across the world between the World War eras and the present with a view to finding out the linguistic choices favoured by war leaders over time to drum up support for wars. It is argued here that there may be something unique in the linguistic choices made in war speeches which convince people to support the prosecution of wars despite the wanton destruction that follows them. Framed on a descriptive research design, with stylistics as the theoretical framework, the study examines the excerpts chosen by deliberate sampling so as to identify and analyze the features they share. The analysis reveals that the speeches share many linguistic features in common, all of which may be responsible for the control of the minds and actions of the people.
Dennison Hist 390 things fall apart and then turn to mudejdennison
The document discusses the origins and outbreak of World War I through several key events in 1914. It begins with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28th, 1914 which increased tensions but did not necessarily mean war was inevitable. A series of political decisions and military mobilizations in July 1914 led countries to take sides along preexisting alliances, turning a regional conflict into a European war. By early August 1914, Germany had invaded Belgium and declared war on France and Russia, drawing the UK into the war as well. The initial battles in 1914 took place in Belgium and northern France as both sides attempted large scale maneuvers, but the fighting soon bogged down into trench warfare on the Western Front.
The document outlines key events and policies of the Holocaust. It begins with definitions of key terms and describes how Nazi policies against Jews escalated in the 1930s, restricting their rights and requiring identification with yellow stars. It then details the "Final Solution" planned at the 1942 Wannsee Conference, which sought to exterminate all 11 million European Jews. Death camps like Auschwitz, Treblinka and Sobibor were constructed for efficient mass murder using Zyklon B gas. Josef Mengele performed cruel medical experiments on prisoners. In total, approximately 6 million Jewish people were murdered in the Holocaust.
Here are some of the names and brief details of child victims of the Holocaust:
- Judith Schwed from Hungary, died at age 12 in Auschwitz concentration camp.
- Herta Scheer-Krygier from Germany, died at age 21 in Auschwitz concentration camp.
- Peter Winternitz from Czechoslovakia, died at age 21 in Auschwitz concentration camp.
- Henoch Kornfeld from Poland, died at age 31⁄2.
The Holocaust was the systematic state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its allies. It began in 1933 with the rise of the Nazis in Germany and ended in 1945. Adolf Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany's defeat in World War I and the economic struggles of the 1920s. Once in power, the Nazis passed laws discriminating against Jews and excluding them from society. After invading Poland in 1939, the Nazis confined Jews to ghettos and later began mass deportations of Jews to concentration and extermination camps, where most were killed in gas chambers or by other means. By the end of World War II, two-thirds of European Jews had been killed in the Holocaust.
The jews in_the_eastern_war_zone-american_jewish_committee-new_york-1916-120p...RareBooksnRecords
The document summarizes the plight of Jews in Eastern Europe during World War 1. It describes how over 7 million Jews were trapped in an area experiencing constant invasion and warfare. As a result, Jews suffered immense hardships including forced expulsions, synagogue burnings, executions, and rampant violence against women. While some liberal elements in Russia protested these actions, the military government was too powerful. The document outlines the specific struggles faced by Jews in Russia, Galicia, Romania, and Palestine during this volatile time in history.
The document discusses King Haakon VII and Crown Prince Olav of Norway taking refuge in a forest during German bombings of Molde, Norway in 1940. Former Defense Minister Quisling demanded the king abdicate, but he refused. By 1941, the king and prince had set up residence in London along with leaders of other occupied countries. The document provides background on Quisling and his role in Norway during the German occupation in World War II.
During World War 2, the Nazi regime in Germany persecuted Jewish people and imprisoned them in concentration camps. Propaganda was used to spread misinformation about Jews. Over 100 camps were established across Europe where living conditions were brutal. Prisoners faced malnutrition, disease, starvation, medical experiments and were killed if unable to work. As the war ended, prisoners were forced to march long distances with no supplies, resulting in many deaths. After liberation, many Jews had perished in the camps during the Holocaust.
The document discusses several facts and claims related to Holocaust denial. It summarizes key points made in articles questioning the number of Jewish deaths, the use of gas chambers, and the reliability of survivor testimony. However, it is argued that claims by deniers overlook important context and facts. While precise numbers are difficult to determine, work by organizations like Yad Vashem has identified millions of victims. Survivor testimony, though imperfect, provides valuable evidence. The document cautions against accepting the arguments of deniers uncritically.
The document discusses the history of educational reform efforts in Montgomery County, Maryland from the 1940s onward. It outlines an initial 1946 proposal to transform schools into community centers that provide various social services in addition to education. Over subsequent decades, the county pursued this vision by training "change agents" through a federal grant program to lead educational innovations, with a focus on Dewey-inspired progressive reforms and preparing teachers and administrators to drive institutional change from within. The document traces how this effort evolved from the initial 1946 proposal to the establishment of a training academy for change agents by the 1970s.
The intimate papers_of_colonel_house-vol3-1917to1918-510pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document provides an overview of the book "The Intimate Papers of Colonel House: Into the World War" which details Colonel House's involvement in American participation in World War I and the subsequent peace negotiations. It includes:
1) An introduction noting Colonel House's role as an advisor to President Wilson and representative to European leaders during the war and peace conference due to his contacts made during American neutrality.
2) A preface by the editor, Charles Seymour, explaining that the documents presented are a small sample of House's papers and focus on House's point of view and activities rather than providing a comprehensive history of American involvement in WWI.
3) A note of acknowledgment thanking those who provided
James j. martin peacetime registration for conscription-forty years ago - j...RareBooksnRecords
The document summarizes the events leading up to the introduction of peacetime conscription in the United States in 1940. It describes how prominent figures from universities like Harvard launched a propaganda campaign following setbacks for allies Britain and France in 1940. This helped build support for conscription. The document outlines the key figures and groups that promoted conscription, as well as those who opposed it, including many Midwestern senators. It provides detail on the debate around the Burke-Wadsworth bill in the Senate in the summer of 1940, with opposition arguing America was not yet in danger and citizens should have a referendum on the issue.
Agreement between us_and_ussr_in_all_educational_fields-1990-41pgs-gov-eduRareBooksnRecords
This document outlines an agreement between the US and USSR to promote cooperation and cultural exchanges in various fields including science, education, culture, and sports from 1986-1988. Key points include:
- Encouraging contacts and exchanges between organizations in both countries across many fields.
- Reaffirming existing specialized agreements in areas like the environment, health, agriculture, and more.
- Facilitating student, scholar, and educator exchanges.
- Promoting cultural exchanges through performances, films, publications, exhibitions, and more.
- Establishing guidelines for exchange programs and visits over the 3 year period from 1986-1988.
This document provides biographical details about Archbishop Aloysius Stepinac of Zagreb, Yugoslavia. It describes how Stepinac was born in 1898 to a peasant family in Croatia and fought in World War I for the Austro-Hungarian and later Yugoslav armies. He was ordained a priest in 1930 and consecrated Archbishop of Zagreb in 1937 at the young age of 39, becoming the youngest archbishop in the world at that time. The document establishes Stepinac's background and positions leading up to his arrest by the communist government of Yugoslavia in 1946 for his opposition to their policies, which is the subject of the entire book.
James j. martin the pro-red orchestra starts tuning up in the u.s.a., 1941 ...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides context around public opinion in the US regarding aid to the Soviet Union after Germany invaded in June 1941. It discusses the various factions - some were strongly opposed to Communism and helping Stalin, while others strongly supported the Soviet cause. When Germany attacked the USSR, most American supporters of Britain switched to supporting the Soviets against Germany. Winston Churchill immediately pledged Britain's full support to Stalin on the day of the invasion, hoping the Soviets could help defeat Germany after a string of British military defeats. However, the Soviets were slow to accept Churchill's offer, aware of Britain's weak military position.
Fbi files - communism and religion - subversion of church and state -vol (3)RareBooksnRecords
The document discusses the history and development of the city of New York over several centuries. It describes how the city began as a small Dutch settlement called New Amsterdam in the 1600s and gradually grew into one of the largest and most diverse cities in the world. The document highlights some of the key events and periods that shaped New York City into the global economic and cultural center that it is today.
Issah nakhleh memorandum to the president - journal of historical review vo...RareBooksnRecords
This memorandum from Issah Nakhleh, a Palestinian nationalist, urges President Reagan to reconsider his pro-Israel stance and acquaint himself with the Palestinian viewpoint. It summarizes the history of Palestinian statehood, from their recognition as a provisionally independent nation after World War I to the establishment of Israel in 1948 that led to the Palestinian exodus and refugee crisis. It argues the Palestinians were made a refugee nation through Zionist terrorism and wars, in violation of international law and Palestinian rights to self-determination. The memorandum hopes informing Reagan of these facts will lead him to support Palestinian rights and a resolution establishing an independent Palestinian state.
James j. martin a memoir of globaloney, orwellianism, and dead sea fruit- j...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides a review of the book "Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace" which was originally published in 1953 and republished in 1982. It summarizes the political and historical context in which the book was written and received, as well as the contents and impact of the book. The review discusses the climate in the early 1950s following World War 2 and the Korean War, and how this led to greater interest in revisionist histories that questioned the official narratives around FDR and US foreign policy. It also summarizes some of the key arguments and contributors to the original book.
Jeffrey rogers hummel not just japanese americans - the untold story of u.s...RareBooksnRecords
This document summarizes the rise of government repression of civil liberties in the United States prior to Pearl Harbor through increased surveillance, legislation, and harassment of dissenters. It details how the government passed numerous laws restricting political activity like the Smith Act and Alien Registration Act. It also expanded the FBI's domestic surveillance powers through executive orders allowing it to monitor a wide range of groups for subversive or disloyal activities in the name of national security as tensions in Europe grew prior to US entry into World War 2. This set the stage for greater repression of Japanese Americans and others after Pearl Harbor.
British history traced_from_egypt_and_palestine-rev_lga_roberts_com_rn-1927-1...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides an overview of the author's theory that British history can be traced back to Egypt and Palestine. It discusses several migrations of Hebrew peoples from the Middle East, including the Philistines, Phoenicians, Britons, Celts, Saxons, Scots, and Gaels, and argues that they settled in Britain and other parts of Europe. The author attempts to support this theory by citing place names, languages, traditions, inscriptions, and biblical prophecy. The goal is to provide a continuous history of the British people by connecting them to the ancient Israelites.
- The author provides an analysis of the political situation in Omsk, Siberia from their perspective as an observer. They believe Admiral Kolchak's government in Omsk is the best option currently to maintain order, despite its authoritarian tactics initially.
- Bolshevik influence in Siberia is exaggerated according to estimates of only 2% support among peasants. However, Japanese and some Western propaganda threatens the Kolchak government's stability.
- The author warns that Western countries like the US may face trouble if they are found complicit in the spread of Bolshevism, which the author views very negatively and would prefer to suppress with force.
Programme of the_communist_party_of_the_soviet_union-1961-128pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document is the Programme of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union adopted in 1961. It outlines the Party's goals of building communist society in the USSR by developing industry, agriculture, and the national economy, improving living standards, strengthening democracy and social organizations, and promoting communist ideology, education, science, and culture. It emphasizes that the transition from capitalism to socialism is necessary for human progress due to capitalism's contradictions and obstacles to development. The Party aims to build communism where people receive benefits according to their needs.
Diplomat among warriors-robert_murphy-1964-497pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This chapter provides background on the author's upbringing in Milwaukee and describes how he came to work for the US government in Washington DC in 1916 despite having little formal education. It then details how he was rushed to Europe just 17 days after the US entered WWI, being tossed into international politics without much relevant experience or knowledge of foreign countries. After 2 years he returned home hoping to stay, but found that the war had profoundly changed both his country and himself, making a diplomatic career unlikely to have been planned but something he found himself drawn into nonetheless.
Lewis brandon the big lie technique in the sandbox - journal of historical ...RareBooksnRecords
This document discusses how historical facts and narratives are often revised or rewritten to conform to certain ideological perspectives. It provides several examples:
1. Reference books like the Guinness Book of World Records have omitted references to historians like Paul Rassinier who disputed the commonly accepted death toll at Auschwitz.
2. Historians like David Irving have had their works censored or altered by publishers to remove interpretations seen as controversial.
3. Popular history books and newspaper articles have been revised after publication to change facts seen as problematic, like early estimates of the global Jewish population.
4. Photographs are often reused with different captions to support various narratives, and some may have been deliberately falsified
Chinese russian declaration_letter_to_un-peacekeeping_and_sustainable_develop...RareBooksnRecords
The document is a joint declaration between Russia and China from 1997 outlining their vision for a new multipolar world order. Some key points include:
- Russia and China want to promote a multipolar world without domination by any single country and establish a new just international order.
- They believe the UN should play an important role and its effectiveness should be improved.
- The declaration expresses concerns about expanding military alliances and calls for peaceful resolution of disputes.
- Russia and China see their growing strategic partnership as contributing to peace and stability.
Community mental health_advances-us_gov-1964-28pgs-govRareBooksnRecords
The document summarizes new federal and state legislation that ushers in a new era of community-based mental health services. Key points include:
1) The Community Mental Health Centers Act authorizes $150 million over 3 years to construct comprehensive community mental health centers that provide services like outpatient care, partial hospitalization, and rehabilitation.
2) Federal grants also support statewide mental health planning, improving services at state hospitals, and inservice training for staff. Additional legislation expands services for the mentally retarded.
3) Some states have passed their own community mental health acts to develop local programs and facilities through state matching grants. Other legislation addresses services for children, alcoholism, and drug addiction.
Mark weber simon wiesenthal - bogus 'nazi hunter' - journal of historical r...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides conflicting accounts of Simon Wiesenthal's background and activities during World War II and questions his reputation as a renowned "Nazi hunter". It summarizes that Wiesenthal has given contradictory stories about his work as a Soviet engineer, time in concentration camps, and possible membership in a partisan group. It also alleges that Wiesenthal fabricated stories of Nazi atrocities and exaggerated his role in capturing Adolf Eichmann. The document casts significant doubt on Wiesenthal's credibility and moral authority.
The Holocaust resulted in the genocide of approximately 11 million people, including 6 million Jews, carried out in a systematic manner by Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945. The Nazis gradually stripped Jews of their rights, segregated them into ghettos, concentrated them in camps, and ultimately sought to exterminate them. Despite the growing refugee crisis at the end of WWII, Canada admitted fewer than 5,000 Jewish refugees during the Holocaust, reflecting an anti-Semitic attitude.
What happened to the jewish population after wwii.pptxLucyBeamHoffman
The Wannsee Conference was a meeting of senior Nazi German officials held in January 1942 to coordinate plans for the Holocaust. Reinhard Heydrich outlined plans for the "Final Solution" which envisioned the systematic annihilation of 11 million European Jews. The goals of the conference were to secure support for implementing the Final Solution and to coordinate Nazi policies towards Jews.
Review of the Holocaust, Global Vision.-ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN - Tehran Int...Muro del Honor Patriotico
“I suggest that the witness is mistaken in
her evidence that she was actually gassed in a gas
chamber. That is a physical impossibility.”
Prosecutor: “I agree, and I suggest that the witness
should correct her evidence.”
Witness: “I was in the gas chamber and I was
affected by the gas. I did not say that I was actually
gassed.”
So in summary, this witness claimed to have been
gassed, but then admitted she had not actually been
gassed. She had simply been affected by the gas.
This is an important distinction, because as the
prosecutor and assistant prosecutor correctly pointed
out, it is
The holocaust refers to the systematic extermination of approximately 6 million European Jews by Nazi Germany and its allies between 1941-1945. Key events included the rise of anti-Semitism in Germany after World War 1, the Nazi persecution of Jews beginning in 1933 with boycotts of Jewish businesses, and the mass killing of Jews in camps like Auschwitz beginning in 1941 as part of Hitler's "Final Solution" to eliminate the Jewish people. Millions of Jews were deported from across occupied Europe to ghettos and extermination camps where most were gassed to death or perished from starvation, disease, and forced labor. The holocaust stands as one of the worst crimes against humanity in modern history.
The Holocaust was the systematic murder of approximately 6 million European Jews and millions of others by the Nazis and their collaborators during World War II. Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany established camps to imprison and kill Jews and other victims. Jews were forced into ghettos and extermination camps where most were killed through mass shootings, gas chambers, starvation, disease and extreme labor. Nazi doctors also performed deadly medical experiments on prisoners. The Holocaust led to widespread destruction of Jewish communities and losses that are still impacting victims and their descendants today.
1) The document discusses the Monuments Men, a group of 345 individuals from 13 countries assembled to locate and return thousands of artistic masterpieces looted by the Nazis during World War II.
2) It provides context on the immense value of cultural works targeted by the Nazis, and the unprecedented destruction of World War II that threatened their loss.
3) The document summarizes key sources that detail the Monuments Men efforts, including a 1946 US government report and memoirs from Monuments Men James Rorimer and Walker Hancock, who described the destruction they witnessed and works they helped preserve.
The document discusses the Holocaust and Nazi persecution of Jews in Germany between 1933-1945. It describes how persecution escalated from non-violent measures like restricting Jewish rights and businesses to violent acts like Kristallnacht in 1938. As the Nazis conquered more territory, they forced Jews into overcrowded ghettos with poor living conditions. By 1942, at the Wannsee Conference, the Nazis had adopted the "Final Solution" to systematically exterminate Jews across German-occupied Europe in concentration camps and newly constructed death camps, killing approximately 6 million Jews. The Holocaust had lasting impacts, leading to the creation of Israel as a Jewish homeland.
The document provides an overview of the Holocaust and Nazi Germany's persecution and genocide of Jewish people and other minority groups. It discusses how the Nazis blamed Germany's troubles on Jews and began punishing them once in power. As the Nazis invaded other parts of Europe, they targeted Jewish populations, executing many and sending others to ghettos and concentration camps where they faced slave labor, disease, starvation and death. The Nazis eventually implemented the "Final Solution" and built extermination camps like Auschwitz to systematically murder Jewish people on a mass scale using gas chambers and medical experiments. As Allied forces advanced, they liberated some camps and found thousands of survivors and corpses. After the war, the Nuremberg trials held Nazi leaders
Rise Of Hitler And Final Solution Gen Ed 2010lmbaker05
The document discusses the origins and history of genocide, beginning with the coining of the term from Greek and Latin roots. It outlines some early examples of genocide throughout history, such as the Spanish Inquisition's expulsion of Jews in 1492 and the killing of approximately 1 million Armenians by Turkey from 1915-1918. The document then focuses on the Holocaust and Hitler's rise to power in Germany in the 1930s, describing his anti-Semitic ideology and the Nazis' systematic persecution and mass murder of Jews and other groups in concentration camps across Europe during World War II.
World War II caused unprecedented destruction and loss of life across Europe and Asia. An estimated 40 million people died during the war, including 20 million Soviet citizens. The Holocaust also claimed the lives of 6 million Jews who were murdered in mass killings or died in ghettos and concentration camps. While the war devastated many areas and caused immense hardship, it also helped drive social changes in the postwar years like increasing opportunities for women and minorities in the American workforce.
World War II caused unprecedented destruction and loss of life across the world. The Soviet Union alone suffered over 20 million casualties, more than all nations in World War I combined. The Holocaust led to the deaths of 6 million Jews at the hands of the Nazis. Jews were herded into ghettos and later death camps, where many were killed or forced into slave labor. World War II also brought changes to America, opening new opportunities for women and minorities as millions of men went off to war.
World War II caused unprecedented destruction and loss of life across Europe and Asia. An estimated 40 million people died during the war, including 20 million Soviet citizens. The Holocaust also claimed the lives of 6 million Jews who were murdered in mass killings or died in ghettos and concentration camps. While the war devastated many areas and caused immense hardship, it also helped drive social changes in the postwar years like increasing opportunities for women and minorities in the American workforce.
World War II caused unprecedented destruction and loss of life across Europe and Asia. An estimated 40 million people died during the war, including 20 million Soviet citizens. The Holocaust also claimed the lives of 6 million Jews who were murdered in mass killings or died in ghettos and concentration camps. While the war devastated many areas and caused immense hardship, it also helped drive social changes in the postwar years like increasing opportunities for women and minorities in the American workforce.
World War II caused unprecedented destruction and loss of life across Europe and Asia. An estimated 40 million people died during the war, including 20 million Soviet citizens. The Holocaust also claimed the lives of 6 million Jews who were murdered in mass killings or died in ghettos and concentration camps. While the war devastated many areas and caused immense hardship, it also helped drive social changes in the postwar years like increasing opportunities for women and minorities in the American workforce.
The document provides information about the Holocaust and Nazi Germany. It states that the Holocaust was the systematic persecution and murder of 6 million European Jews by Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945. By 1945, two out of every three European Jews had been killed. The Nazis also targeted Roma, Slavs, homosexuals, disabled people and political dissidents. It provides background on the Nazi party and its racist, anti-Semitic ideology. It describes the Nazis' belief in Aryan racial supremacy and their establishment of death camps where they systematically murdered Jews and others in gas chambers and through forced labor.
World War II began in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. Over the next six years, the war involved most major world powers and resulted in 60 million deaths as well as widespread destruction across Europe and Asia. Key events included Germany's invasion of Poland, the Holocaust which killed 6 million Jews, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and the Allied D-Day invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944. The war ended in 1945 with Germany's surrender on May 8 and Japan's surrender on September 2.
1) The Holocaust was the systematic persecution and murder of approximately 11 million people by the Nazi regime and its allies. Over half of the victims were Jews.
2) Beginning in 1933, the Nazis passed laws stripping Jews of their rights and persecuting them. This escalated throughout the 1930s with violence and ghettos.
3) In 1941-1945, the Nazis and their collaborators murdered around 6 million Jews across German-occupied Europe in concentration camps using poison gas and other methods in Hitler's "Final Solution."
The Nazi regime attempted to establish a system of racial purity through discrimination and exclusion of those deemed not Aryan, including Jews, Romani, disabled people and homosexuals. They sought to implement their vision through propaganda promoting Aryan supremacy and laws like the Nuremberg Laws that stripped rights from Jews. This legalized persecution escalated to mass murder in extermination camps using Zyklon B gas, where thousands perished daily in gas chambers according to the Nazis' "Final Solution" plan to eliminate Jews and other groups from Europe.
This document provides an overview of Holocaust denial, including its origins, common arguments, and prominent figures. It examines how the Nazis themselves sought to conceal evidence of the Holocaust by destroying documentation and remains. It also outlines evidence of the Holocaust from German documents using euphemisms, Einsatzgruppen reports of mass killings, testimony and documentation from Jewish ghettos and camps, and postwar trials. Deniers are said to cherry-pick minor details while ignoring the vast evidence that confirms the historical reality of the Holocaust.
In 1940, Auschwitz was established near Oswiecim, Poland as a prison for Polish people. It later became a death camp and the largest Nazi camp. Auschwitz consisted of three camps - Auschwitz I, Auschwitz II (Birkenau), and Auschwitz III (Monowitz). It is estimated that between 2.1-2.5 million people were murdered at Auschwitz before it was liberated in 1945.
Similar to Lang, r. clarence red cross humanitarianism in greece, 1940-1945 - the journal of historical review volume 9 no 1 (20)
This document provides background on the historiography of Treblinka and outlines the key debates regarding whether it functioned as an extermination camp or a transit camp. According to official history, 700,000-3,000,000 Jews were gassed at Treblinka between 1942-1943. However, revisionist historians argue this narrative is untenable given a lack of documentation and the technical feasibility of mass gassings and cremations. The document examines different perspectives on Treblinka and sets up an analysis of the camp's likely function in later chapters.
The leuchter-reports-critical-edition-fred-leuchter-robert-faurisson-germar-r...RareBooksnRecords
This document contains the first of four technical reports authored by Fred Leuchter between 1988-1991 regarding the alleged homicidal gas chambers at Nazi camps. The First Leuchter Report provides an engineering analysis of the facilities at Auschwitz, Birkenau, and Majdanek and concludes there were no execution gas chambers at those locations based on forensic evidence. It is accompanied by introductions, critical remarks addressing the report's claims, and supporting documents. The subsequent Leuchter Reports examine other camps and critique a book supporting the gas chamber narrative. This edition aims to make the reports accessible again while addressing their claims through additional commentary.
The hoax-of-the-twentieth-century-the-case-against-the-presumed-extermination...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides an introduction and summary of Arthur R. Butz's book "The Hoax of the Twentieth Century". The book argues that the presumed extermination of European Jews during World War II has not been proven and may be a hoax. Butz, a professor of electrical engineering, conducted a detailed analysis of Holocaust claims and evidence. Over 500 pages, he examines testimony from war crimes trials, demographic data, and technical aspects of the alleged gas chambers. Butz concludes that no solid evidence exists to confirm Nazi plans to exterminate Jews, and questions key pillars of the Holocaust narrative. The book caused major controversy upon publication for challenging mainstream views on the Holocaust.
The giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the-ho...RareBooksnRecords
This document is a book review that critiques Raul Hilberg's seminal work "The Destruction of the European Jews". The review finds that while much of Hilberg's work rests on reliable sources, its title of "Destruction" is inaccurate and should have been "The Persecution of the European Jews". Additionally, the review notes inconsistencies in eyewitness testimony and a lack of documentation of an overarching Nazi policy of annihilation. The review aims to provide a reliable account of how the Holocaust allegedly occurred while also revealing the questionable evidence underlying the accepted narrative.
The gas-vans-ii-a-critical-investigation-santiago-alvarez-holocaust-handbooks...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides a summary of a book titled "The Gas Vans: A Critical Investigation" by Santiago Alvarez with contributions from Pierre Marais. The book examines claims that Nazis used mobile gas chambers mounted on trucks to murder victims. It scrutinizes all known wartime documents, photos, and witness statements on this topic from over 30 trials. The result of the research is described as "mind-boggling." The book asks whether witness statements are reliable, documents are genuine, the claimed vehicles could have operated as described, and where physical evidence of victims and vehicles might be. It aims to get to the truth of the gas van claims through a critical analysis of all available evidence and testimony.
The gas-vans-a-critical-investigation-by-santiago-alvarez-and-pierre-maraisRareBooksnRecords
This document provides an overview and summary of a book titled "The Gas Vans: A Critical Investigation" by Santiago Alvarez with contributions from Pierre Marais. The book examines claims that Nazis used mobile gas vans to exterminate victims during the Holocaust. It scrutinizes wartime documents, photos, witness statements from over 30 trials. The book asks whether evidence is reliable, documents genuine, and whether claimed operations could actually occur as described. It finds major issues with evidence that gas vans were used as mobile gas chambers to systematically murder people.
The extermination-camps-of-aktion-reinhardt-carlo-mattogno-thomas-kues-jurgen...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides an analysis and refutation of claims made by bloggers on the "Holocaust Controversies" blog regarding the "Aktion Reinhardt" camps - Bełzec, Sobibor and Treblinka. It is presented in two parts. Part one introduces the authors and their perspective, examines sources used by opponents to claim mass killings occurred at these camps, and outlines the propaganda origins of the "extermination camps" narrative. It questions official versions of events and Nazi policy. Part two will continue examining evidence for gas chambers and alleged mass killings through archeological evidence, witness testimony and evaluation of claims made by opponents. The authors aim to show flaws in arguments claiming mass killings took place.
The central-construction-office-of-the-waffen-ss-and-police-in-auschwitz-carl...RareBooksnRecords
The document outlines the reorganization of SS construction offices in June 1941, requiring them to be named "Central Construction Office of the Waffen-SS and Police [location]" and standardizing their organization and reporting structures, with the goal of providing continuous oversight of construction work across offices.
The bunkers-of-auschwitz-black-propaganda-versus-history-carlo-mattognoRareBooksnRecords
This document examines the alleged homicidal gas chambers known as the "Bunkers" at the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. It argues that the story of the Bunkers originated from wartime rumors within the camp that were later transformed into propaganda by resistance groups. Historians then uncritically accepted witness testimony as fact. A thorough examination of tens of thousands of documents from the Auschwitz construction office finds no evidence that the Bunkers ever existed, contradicting their portrayal in historical accounts. The document aims to fill gaps in the official historiography by analyzing archival documents, construction reports, maps, and logistical considerations regarding the alleged Bunkers.
Special treatment-in-auschwitz-origin-and-meaning-of-a-term-carlo-mattognoRareBooksnRecords
This document provides an introduction and background to the study of the term "special treatment" as it was used in documents related to the Auschwitz concentration camp. It discusses how the term has traditionally been interpreted by historians as being a code word referring to the killing of inmates. However, the author argues that the term had a variety of meanings depending on the context, and was not always a reference to killing. The document outlines how the author will analyze original documents to understand the actual meaning of "special treatment" and related terms, rather than relying on predetermined assumptions. It aims to show that "special treatment" was a normal bureaucratic concept rather than a code word for murder.
This document provides a summary of a book that critically analyzes claims about the Sobibor camp. It questions the mainstream historiography of Sobibor and argues that evidence does not support the claim that it was an extermination camp where 170,000-250,000 Jews were gassed and buried in mass graves. The book examines eyewitness testimony, documents, archeological evidence, and material evidence like fuel requirements for mass cremations. It concludes that Sobibor was likely a transit camp where Jews were temporarily housed before being deported east, challenging the notion that it was a site of industrialized mass murder.
This document is a book that presents lectures on controversial issues related to the Holocaust. It aims to introduce readers to Holocaust revisionist arguments and counterarguments in an accessible dialogue format. Over 500 pages, it examines topics such as Holocaust propaganda, missing Jews, survivor testimonies, documentary evidence from camps like Auschwitz, and censorship of revisionist ideas. The editor's preface discusses why Holocaust revisionism remains an important subject that powerful groups seek to suppress.
The document discusses Jewish emigration from Germany in the 1930s. It makes three key points:
1) Jewish emigration was welcomed and supported by German authorities as a way to remove Jews from Germany, partly in response to declarations of war against Germany by Zionist groups.
2) Emigration occurred through a lawful, regulated process with cooperation between German and Jewish authorities, not as a clandestine flight as sometimes portrayed. Jews received help and advice from both sides.
3) Many German Jews originally felt integrated into German culture and society. Jewish organizations had a variety of political stances, but some, like the Union of National German Jews, strongly identified as Germans rather than seeing themselves as a separate ethnic group
This document is Germar Rudolf's address to the Mannheim District Court from November 15, 2006 to January 29, 2007. It discusses Rudolf's peaceful resistance against what he sees as an unjust prosecution for his scientific work questioning aspects of the Holocaust narrative. The document covers scientific, judicial, and legal considerations and argues that resistance against an oppressive state is obligatory. It includes appendices with expert assessments supporting Rudolf's work, documentation of the court proceedings, and illustrations.
This document provides an overview of the historiography surrounding Stutthof concentration camp. It summarizes that Polish historians claim Stutthof became a makeshift extermination camp in 1944, gassing many Jewish inmates. However, some Western historians who acknowledge the Holocaust make no claim of extermination at Stutthof. The document aims to investigate the claims of gassing and function of Stutthof through analysis of original documents from Polish and other archives.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the concentration camp at Majdanek in Poland. It discusses how Majdanek has been portrayed in official Western historiography, Polish historiography, and revisionist literature. Official Western sources claim Majdanek served as both a labor and extermination camp, where Jews were gassed upon arrival if deemed unfit for work. However, Western historiography has largely neglected detailed study of Majdanek. Polish sources also claim mass murder occurred at Majdanek through gassing and other means. Revisionist literature disputes claims of mass extermination and argues the camp functioned primarily as a labor camp. The document aims to provide an objective, evidence-based study of Majdanek through analysis
The document discusses the origins and development of claims about the methods of murder allegedly used at the Belzec extermination camp. It notes that early accounts described fantastical methods like toxic fluids, mobile gas chambers, steam chambers, and vacuum chambers. Over time, the stories evolved to describe diesel gas chambers. The number of alleged victims also increased dramatically over time, from 600,000 to up to 3 million. Witness accounts of other camps like Sobibor and Treblinka also described implausible methods using chlorine gas, sliding floors, and outdoor furnaces. This narrative evolution reveals the unreliable nature of the sources and suggests the need for a critical analysis of how the historical understanding of Belzec developed.
Mainstream historians claim that the very first gassing of human beings at Auschwitz occurred on September 3, 1941 in the basement of Block 11. However, Carlo Mattogno's analysis of sources finds the accounts of this event to be contradictory and confusing regarding key details like the date, victims, and method. Mattogno argues there is no clear historical evidence that it took place as described.
This document provides an analysis and critique of two previous works on the gas chambers and crematoria at Auschwitz: Jean-Claude Pressac's "Criminal Traces" and Robert Jan van Pelt's "Convergence of Evidence". The author Carlo Mattogno examines Pressac and van Pelt's arguments and evidence regarding the alleged homicidal gas chambers and cremation of bodies at Auschwitz. Mattogno analyzes technical documents and plans related to the crematoria and questions Pressac and van Pelt's interpretations. The document is divided into two volumes, with the first volume focusing on Pressac's "Criminal Traces" and the second planned to analyze witness testimonies
This document provides an introduction and summary of the book "Auschwitz: Plain Facts" which aims to critique the works of Jean-Claude Pressac on the Auschwitz concentration camp. It summarizes that Pressac attempted to refute Holocaust revisionists using technical documents but failed to do so as he violated scientific principles by making claims he could not prove and contradicted facts. The book aims to rebut Pressac's works through a detailed critique by leading revisionist scholars and argues Pressac revealed a technical incompetence such that his works belong in the category of novels rather than history. It positions the book as a must-read for those wanting to argue against the lies and half-truths of established Holocaust historiography
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
Lang, r. clarence red cross humanitarianism in greece, 1940-1945 - the journal of historical review volume 9 no 1
1. Red Cross Humanitarianism
In Greece, 194045
R. CLARENCE LANG
I. Points of Reference
In the summer of 1946, I volunteered for a student assign-
ment with the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation
Administration (UNRRA)to help war-devastated Europe. My
hope was to see Germany and Austria; instead, after being
shipped out of Houston with about 850 horses from Mexico
on board, I ended up for a few days in Salonika, Greece,
known in the New Testament as Thessalonika.
Some 15 years later, I casually mentioned this to Prof. D.
Peter Meinhold at the University of Kiel, Germany, where I
completed my doctorate in history. He in turn spoke of his
wartime adventures in Greece. A chaplain in the German
army, which occupied Greece, Dr. Meinhold served there as a
liaison between the Axis occupation forces and the IRC
(International Red Cross),which provided material aid for the
starving Greek population during the war. Dr. Meinhold told
me that this aid saved the lives of hundreds of thousands of
Greeks.
Newly aware of this episode of wartime humanitarism, I
was interested to note its mention of it in a college textbook,A
History of England, by Goldwyn Smith. Upon writing the
author, I learned that Smith, a Canadian, had worked for
British Intelligence during World War 11. While on duty in
Ottawa, Canada, he would now and then see Henry Wallace,
the American vice president, walking through the Intelligence
Office. After inquiring, Smith learned that Wallace was
involved in implementing aid for occupied Greece. In his
textbook Smith claims this aid saved the lives of "millions" of
Greeks.1
Later, by chance, while paging through the Congressional
Record for the House of Representatives for 1943 in a used
2. 72 THE JOURNALOF HISTORICAL REVIEW
bookstore in San Antonio, I discovered that the Minnesotan
Harold Knutson, the Republican minority leader, had
delivered a 20-minute humanitarian plea for the Allies to
modify their blockade, as they did in the case of Greece, so
that the IRC could alleviate the suffering and starvation of
women and children in occupied Europe. Knutson used the
IRC help in Greece as a model and formula which could be
implemented elsewhere. Supported by some of his fellow
Republicans, Knutson spoke of "those who cold-bloodedly tell
us that human beings are replaceable." Knutson claimed that
"the present relief work in Greece, initiated by Turkey, and
now being carried on by the Swedish and Swiss Red Cross,
prove that relief work can be extended to Poland, Norway,
Denmark, and the Low Countries, where pestilence, famine,
and death walk hand in hand [emphasis added]." He insisted
that just one word from either Roosevelt and Churchill "would
banish all the horror of famine and pestilence" and then
named the afflicted countries once more.2
Knutson's passionate pleas were the tip of an iceberg. For
throughout the war such influential persons as former
president Herbert Hoover; the noted banker Harvey D.
Gibson; the English bishop of Chichester, George Bell; the
congressman and former executive secretary of the European
Relief Council (1920-I), Christian A. Herter, who backed
Knutson in the House; and the American Quaker John Rich
and the English Quaker Roy Walker all called frequently for
Allied humanitarian involvement in occupied Europe.3
Before America entered the war, and thus before war
censorship, Herbert Hoover made an appeal to the American
people on radio, terming the results of the British blockade
"this holocaust." He questioned: "Can one point to one benefit
that has been gained from this holocaust?" The Christian
Century of October, 1941, devoted an article to Hoover,
writing, "Out of the agony and bitterness of these days, one
great humanitarian figure is emerging in America."4
Six months later, on April 22, 1942, the Famine Relief
Committee was formed-one of several such groups-with
some 20 members. Its goal was to persuade the Allies to
modify their blockade of all foodstuffs to the Axis-occupied
countries of Europe. When the committee decided to end its
activities, and hand over the balance of its funds to the Friends
Relief Service for use among young children in Poland shortly
before the war's end, it stated in its final report:
3. Red Cross Humanitarianism 73
It would have been obvious to all intelligent people that our
food blockade of the continent of Europe would bring untold
torture and sufferings to our friends and allies and would do
little or no harm to our enemy .. .It has been possible to obtain
proof that our food blockade did not shorten the war by a
single hour . . . History will judge our government harshly for
its futile persistence in a policy of total blockade of foodstuffs.5
Mindful of the historical challenge presented by the Famine
Relief Committees and at the same time paying tribute to the
all true humanitarians of World War 11, let us look at the
involvement of the International Red Cross in Greece.
11. The Wartime Humanitarian Aid to Greece
The Swiss, Marcel Junod,who initially played an important
role in Red Cross work in wartime Greece, devoted a chapter
of his book Warriors Without Weapons to Greece ("Unhappy
Arcadia").~Although the book affords valuable insights into
the work of the IRC, it is, nevertheless, short, and lacks a
bibliography. On the other hand, the Greek Red Cross, using
as its model the final report of the IRC on its aid to Belgium
during World War I, in which Hoover played such an
important part, in 1949 issued, in French, its final report. An
extensive report of over 600 pages, the Red Cross report
abounds with charts and graphs, making the IRC aid to Greece
a well-documented aspect of World War 11.7 From these two
principal sources, as well as others, emerges the following
historical picture of the Greek famine in the winter of 194142.
In October 1940 the Italians invaded Greece and the British
immediately extended their blockade to include Greece. The
fighting disrupted the fall planting, and created an acute
shortage of farm workers as well as of horses, tractors,
gasoline, and insecticides. Railroads, highways and roads
were disrupted, bridges destroyed, and irrigation systems
damaged. The fall of 1940 was exceedingly dry, the summer of
1941 very hot, and the winter of 194142 exceedingly cold. In
the spring of 1941 the Germans and Bulgarians invaded
Greece to support the faltering Italians. The result was more
privation and more refugees as the Bulgarians occupied a rich
agricultural area, while the Germans used Greece as a supply
base for Rommel's army in North Africa.
Nevertheless, the Red Cross was able "to distribute 800,000
bowls of soup" in the winter of 1941, and establish "450
feeding centers for 100,000 children over seven and 130
nursery centers for 74,000 infants."E The IRC report estimated
4. 74 THE JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL REVIEW
that 250,000 Greek deaths were caused by the shortage of food
and clothing-this out of a population of 7,300,000. Most of
the deaths, however, occurred in the winter of 1941-42.8
According to Junod, much of this aid plan was initially
worked out in the neutral Turkish capital of Ankara, in which
the German ambassador, Franz von Papen, among others,
played an important role.
The IRC's humanitarian breakthrough was due to the
success of the Swiss Red Cross and the Swedish Red Cross in
gaining the intervention of the Swedish government, which
conducted the complicated but necessary negotiations with
the various belligerent capitals. Noteworthy, in this
connection, is the work of the IRC representative, Carl
Burckhardt, a Swiss, who was the chief IRC negotiator in
Berlin and elsewhere.
On August 29, 1942, in the midst of World War 11,
humanitarianism triumphed when the Swedish ships
Formosa, Carmelia and Eros, chartered by the IRC, docked in
Piraeus, the harbor of Athens, with some 16,000metric tons of
Canadian wheat. In the ensuing months 91 other shiploads
arrived, 84 from Canada and 7 from Argentina. Before the
IRC role was taken over by UNRRA (United Nations Relief
and Rehabilitation Administration) in the spring of 1945,
610,000 tons had been shipped across the Atlantic and an
additional 102,100 tons provided for the IRC.10 From August
1942 on, then, the famine was being mastered, so that 10
months later Congressman Knutson could cite Greece as a
powerful example in his plea for relaxing the Allied "total"
blockade elsewhere.
Since the opponents of relaxing the blockade, no matter
how slightly, contended that any aid would help the Axis
militarily and thus prolong the war, a statement of several
working assumptions of the humanitarians is in order. It
should be stressed that the advocates of relaxing the blockade
constantly challenged their opponents to substantiate their
objections. Supporters of humanitarian aid maintained that
while this may have seemed impossible, nevertheless objective
specialists could solve the complicated problems without
conferring military advantages on any of the belligerents. Or,
as the final report observed, despite the many intricate
complications involved, "persistence won the day and Greece
was fed."
The modus operandi that was agreed upon was essentially
the same as the one Hoover and his team had worked out in
Belgium in World War 1.11
5. Red Cross Humanitarianism 75
1. A stipulation was that the Axis were the occupiers of
Greece. This was an accepted fact, devoid of moral
judgements for the IRC. Since the occupiers did and would
have continued in their policy regardless, they were permitted
to requisition local food necessary to the occupation. No
foreign aid was to go to the occupying forces and these forces
were not to be directly involved in the distribution. The
occupying authorities promised not to take any more
foodstuffsout of Greece than they had done before the IRC aid
was initiated. Since the Germans had an acute manpower
shortage everywhere, they, self-evidently, kept their
occupational forces to a minimum. IRC representatives could
monitor food shipments to spot any violations.
2. Resistance came from the Allies, not the Axis. The Allies
limited the aid to 15,000 metric tons a month. In fact, Eugene
Lyons, in his biography of Herbert Hoover, went so far as to
claim, "In June 1942, the Turkish government insisted on
sending in food. The British and American governments
regulated this Greek relief, since they could not stop the Turks
in any case."lz
3. The Swedish ships chartered by the IRC needed to have
their voyages cleared in Berlin before leaving Canada or
Argentina. The ships were clearly marked, sailed in pairs, and
had to follow a strict, pre-arranged course. Any deviation
could spell disaster, as German submarines were active. In the
event, the Germans sank no IRC ships. However, ships hit
mines in the Mediterranean and ships were sunk by erring
American and Italian planes. It had been agreed that no
restitution complaints could be filed.
The ships were inspected by the British in Gibraltar and by
the Germans in Piraeus.
5. Upon arrival and inspection by the Germans, the cargo
was taken over by a neutral High Administration, consisting
of seven Swiss and eight Swedes, with the Swedish charge
d'affaires playing an important part.13 Any violation on the
part of the occupying forces was reported to him. The aid was
transported inland without charge and was custom- and tax-
free. Thousands of persons, Greeks and non-Greeks, were
involved.
6. Local priests and churchemen played important roles in
many places, especially outside the larger cities.
Since these humanitarians, whether from the Red Cross,
whether Quakers, Unitarians, churchmen or others on both
6. 76 THE JOURNALOF HISTORICAL REVIEW
sides of the Atlantic, were convinced that such aid was
possible elsewhere in occupied Europe, a historical look at
factors favoring this is merited.
111. The Possibility of Implementing Similar Aid Elsewhere
1. Although the tendency is to speak and write of an all-
encompassing war in Europe, a glance at the map indicates
that there were neutral countries strategically located to
facilitate humanitarian-foreign aid.
In the eastern Mediterranean there was, as seen above,
neutral Turkey, with a long coastline facing toward Greece, a
European territory adjoining the Balkans, and a vast
hinterland reaching far into Asia. This meant that what was
achieved in Greece was possible in other Balkan countries.
Neutral Portugal, Spain and Ireland offered way stations for
aid from across the Atlantic; neutral Sweden straddled the
North Sea and Baltic. Although landlocked, neutral
Switzerland was in the heart of warring Europe. Switzerland
had a strong humanitarian tradition; transportation of goods
was free; and the cities of Basel and Zurich were close to
Germany, while Geneva, the Red Cross Center, has also been
the seat of the international League of Nations.
2. As pointed out, the reluctance was not from the German
side. Junod, who was not overly pro-German, claimed:
"Germany had no interest in stopping the supply of foodstuffs
to a famished continent."l4 Similar claims were made by many
others, including Congressman Knutson, the Famine Relief
Committee, and the writer of the final report of the
International Red Cross in Greece.15 In the Red Cross report
one even finds subdued praise for the Germans: as is pointed
out, for the Germans it was no small matter that scores of
foreign delegates roamed Greece carrying out their
independent administrative activities on a grand scale. The
Germans showed a great trust.16My personal knowledge of
others like Prof. Dr. Meinhold leads me to agree. Meinhold
told me proudly, "The Germans didn't want nor did they get
even one kernel."
Similarly, Philip E. Ryan, an American director of the Red
Cross, writing about aid to Allied prisoners of war in
Germany, claimed that the IRC handled over 300,000 tons of
supplies for Allied prisoners. In 1947 he wrote that for the
year 1943 ". . . the record of delivery of goods consigned to
Americans in prison camps in Europe showed receipts of
99.93O/0 of the goods shipped." "Delivery," he continues, "in
7. Red CrossHumanitarianism 77
1944 and 45 was somewhat less effective,"but he hastens to
add that this was "occasioned in part by losses resulting from
Allied air attacks on transportation points in Germany and the
general disruption in a country approaching military defeat."17
In the final report of the IRC one reads that this neutral
commission encountered a true understanding of its work and
that difficulties were smoothed out, as easily as the
circumstances of the war permitted.
A similar German willingness is also apparent elsewhere, as
in Poland (as long as such aid was possible, that is, before the
American involvement in the war from December 1941. Thus
Rabbi Abraham Shinedling, in his long article (ten pages) in
the 1942 Collier's Yearbook covering 1941, wrote that in
January 1941, "the Joint Distribution Committee of America
was assisting at least 600,000 destitute Polish Jews."le
Hoover, who kept up the humanitarian pressure throughout
the war, in 1941 used Poland as an example that the German
military could be trusted. Thus John Cudahy, former U.S.
ambassador to Poland, called Hoover "the greatest expert of
the world on saving famishing humanity," and speaking of
Hoover's proposal to set up American soup kitchens in
Belgium for the feeding of 1,000,000 adults and 2,000,000
children, claimed, "For a year and a half before the German-
Russian phrase of the war, Hoover's food relief functioned in
Poland. There depots were set up in Cracow and Warsaw for
distribution to Poles, Jews and Ukrainians, without
interference by German military forces nor has there been any
attempt to seize any supplies by the Germans [emphasis
added].""The former president,"wrote Cudahy, "points to this
example as proof of what may be expected from the German
Army in fulfillment of the undertaking in Belgium."'g
3. Justas the prisoner-of-war camps were easily transformed
into Red Cross distribution centers, the same could have been
done with certain German concentration camps. (As will be
shown, some of this was done.)
In the 1948 Report of the Joint Relief Commission of the
International Red Cross 1941-46one finds, "The distribution of
relief in camps was more easily controlled than distribution
among the civilian population of a country."20
Simply formulated: What other wartime option did the
Germans have, in the face of their massive manpower
shortage, but to import large numbers of foreigners, men and
women, for employment in German industry and agriculture?
The problems in terms of work discipline and security were
8. 78 THE JOURNALOF HISTORICALREVIEW
such that these millions of alien workers were housed in labor
and even concentration camps, which were transformed into
huge manufacturing complexes as the war progressed. The
German manpower shortage, in the face of strong
underground resistance which engaged in effective guerrilla
operations and even more effective economic sabotage,
further complicated things by encouraging resort to terror
tactics in policing.
In fact this massive reliance on foreign and captive labor
afforded an opportunity to thwart the Anglo-American hunger
blockade through centralized distribution to millions of
workers in Central Europe. At the same time this use of
foreign labor, as well as the concentration of the Jews in
camps and ghettoes, gave Allied propagandists the
opportunity to claim that these German policies were part of a
grand plan to exterminate non-Germans.
Had the Anglo-American Allies been willing to allow
shipping additional food and clothing, some camps were
strategically located and could have at times been useful for
IRC aid. Thus Stutthof was on the Baltic Sea, convenient to
Sweden. Mauthausen, Dachau, and Buchenwald were
immune from much of the Allied bombing, and these camps,
plus Bergen-Belsen, were fairly accessible by rail from
Switzerland. That this was more than an option is shown by
the fact that despite Allied sabotage and hindrance of aid to
the camp deportees "...from the 12 November 1943to the 8th
of May 1945,some 751,000 parcels. ..were sent by the IRC to
deportees in concentration camps."21 Beside the Allied
restrictions there were also inner-camp problems in the
distribution. This was so at least in Buchenwald. There much
of the distribution was in the hands of the prisoners'
committees. These committees were dominated by the
Communists, since they had been in the camp the longest.22
The prisoners' committees tended to give food to those who
toed the mark for the Communists. To solve this the IRC and
others insisted that parcels could be sent only to specific
persons, so that reception could be acknowledged. But
internees had often changed their names and were thus
difficult to locate in the midst of chaotic conditions. The
circumstances, and not German policy, were the problem.
4. Across occupied Europe there was a network of
churches, which was left intact by the Germans, and as the
IRC final report pointed out, church connections were most
helpful in Greece.
9. Red Cross Humanitarianism 79
5. The Americans, Canadians and others were willing to
help. A bill to aid the peoples of the occupied countries was
passed by the U.S. Congress as late in the war as the spring of
1944.23Despite Allied war demands there was no shortage of
agricultural goods in Allied countries. Canada, for example,
had its biggest crop in the summer of 1942.Neutral ships were
available. Money was no problem, for various humanitarian
organizations, in addition to the churches, were eager to help.
(Also available were the financial assets and shipping
properties of the occupied countries which had been seizedby
the Americans and Canadians.) The governments-in-exile
advocated such aid. Pacifists were eager to volunteer despite
the risks involved.
Despite these favorable factors, the humanitarians were
frustrated in their endeavors, with the exception of Greece.
Their frustrations were rooted in the deliberate intransigence
of the Allies.
IV. IRC Humanitarianism Versus
the "Cloak"of UNRRA Humanitarianism
Regarding aid to occupied Europe, two basic thrusts in
American political leadership are to be distinguished. One, as
noted, was associated with congressmen such as Knutson.
The other was that of President Roosevelt's "inner clique".
For men such as Knutson and Hoover, the overallAmerican
policy should have been one of minimizing the war's human
losses without jeopardizing an Allied victory. In Knutson's
approach one can also isolate a racial aspect, for in singling
out Roosevelt and Churchill, he charged, "The future of white
civilization in Europe rests in their hands." Knutson and his
supporters, like the Red Cross, sought to provide, without
much fanfare, as much aid as possible before the actual Allied
military liberation. Thus the basic question was whether aid
should be supplied before, or only after, the military liberation.
Evidently, there was a split within the Roosevelt
Administration regarding such matters. Thus William C.
Bullitt, although he does not mention humanitarian aid, wrote
in 1946,"Few errors more disastrous have ever been made by
a president of the United States and those citizens of the
United States who bamboozled the President into acting as if
Stalin were a cross between Abraham Lincoln and Woodrow
Wilson, [these citizens] deserve a high place on the American
roll of dishonor. A government of the United States would
have begun in 1941to declare as a peace aim the creation of a
10. 80 THE JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL REVIEW
democratic European Federation and would have directed all
its politics and policies in Europe toward the achievement of
that aim."24
Since Bullitt spoke of directing "all. ..economic policies"to
outflank Stalin, it would seem that he did not stand in the way
of IRC aid. A masterstroke for Roosevelt's "inner clique,"
which excluded Bullitt, was the formation of the United
Nations Relief and Rehabilitational Administration clique in
late 1942. Its unexpressed aim was to undermine the
effectiveness of the humanitarian work of such organizations
as the Red Cross and the Christian churches.25
Factors favoring the humanitarians were deliberately
sabotaged by the Allies. Thus Jan Ciechanowski, the Polish
ambassador to the United States during the war years wrote,
in his Defeat In Victory (1947),regarding the UNRRA: "It was
known to only a few people in Washington- outside the secret
inner sanctum of the Big Four Powers, the United States,
Britain, Soviet Russia and China-that the pattern of Power
dictatorship was first secretly introduced through the innocent-
looking greatest relief organization in the world- the UNRRA
[emphasis added]."26
What made the IRC the IRC was its helping for the sake of
helping, helping human beings because they were human
beings, that is, humanizing without dehumanizing. The key
was to help now and not later. The Swiss Max Huber, who
repeatedly articulated the Red Cross version of
humanitarianism, pointed out that the IRC must be above all
national, political and racial ties, even regarding the Fascists
and the National Socialists. His model, which served as well
for such other humanitarians as the Quaker Hoover, was the
good Samaritan of the New Testament (the Germans speak of
the compassionate Samaritan). In the New Testament that
parable was spoken by Jesus in response to the question: 'Who
is my neighbor?" Huber was of the opinion that this was not
just a parable, but that Jesus had an actual episode in
mind-perhaps somewhat embellished by tradition. Without
having a clear-cut future ideal or vision, the Samaritan,
overcome by compassion, saw the victim's need, responded
immediately, and accomplished his deed of helping.2ea
Applying the response of the good Samaritan to Allied
decision-making in World War 11,undoubtedly the situation in
the winters of 1944, '45 and '46 would have been quite
different in Europe if the Allies had cooperated more fully
with the IRC. Yet, according to Red Cross documentation,
11. Red CrossHumanitarianism 81
"The Allied blockade control of exports from Switzerland
grew"even "stricter as the years passed." For the real policy of
Roosevelt and his advisors, those whom Bullitt termed
bamboozlers, was one of undermining and countering the IRC
approach. Their approach was based on the UNRRA version
of humanitarianism: instead of giving aid while the war was in
progress, the truly humanitarian approach was to amass it and
wait until the war is over. Thus UNRRA, for example, made
"mass purchases to build up stock just to undercut the Red
Cross.za The word "rehabilitation"was employed to justify this
refusal to help during the war.
A strong element in this approach was the Morgenthau Plan
for the Germans, a plan never officially adopted but
nevertheless largely carried out. An American Lutheran
churchman who was directly involved with church aid to
Germany after the war called the Morgenthau Plan
"vengeful."2g In other words, the UNRRA approach was
closely linked with the conviction that the world had to solve
forever what was termed "the German problem." In so doing
one could create a model for solving the world's racial
problems and the problem of anti-Semitism everywhere. In a
way, the same mentality that ordered the bombing of Dresden
and Pforzheim weeks before the end of the war also worked
against the Red Cross. By allowing the adoption of the
UNRRA version of humanitarianism, Roosevelt and Churchill
cold-bloodedly sacrificed millions of human beings on the
altar of unconditional surrender, in the same way that Stalin
had done with the Ukrainian kulaks in the 1930's.
Since Huber, Hoover and others found deep inspiration in
the parable of the good Samaritan, a parable closely connected .
with the Christian tradition, there is also a churchly aspect to
this. Some may say that war is war and that therefore
Christian considerations were not relevant. Yet when
Roosevelt and Churchill met on the American cruiser
Augusta, in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland in August, 1941,
they formulated the Atlantic Charter, and "Frank and Winnie"
sang the Christian hymn that goes "Onward Christian soldiers
marching as to war, With the cross of Jesus going on before,"at a
worship service. The American, Canadian and British armed
forces all had Christian military chaplains, paid by their
governments. How can one avoid the Christian dimension?
From a Christian standpoint, regarding the two versions of
humanitarianism, there is indeed a difference between those
who profess faith in God and those, who devoid of this faith,
12. 82 THE JOURNALOF HISTORICALREVIEW
aim to realize their own future idea. The disparity is evident
also in the difference between the so-called religious
principles and the commandments of God. Principles lack, in
some ways, the urgency of God's commandments. The good
Samaritan could have waited and justified his refusal to help
by saying, "I'll have to report this to the police," or, "I need to
protect myself so I can help other victims in the future." For
this Samaritan, however, the only thing that mattered was
helping now. The IRC thought and acted likewise.
Clearly at odds with the Christian imperative was the
conduct of the Provisional Committee of the World Council of
Churches in actually adopting the un-Christian UNRRA
policy of withholding material aid to Germany to further its
preconceived postwar plan for the Germans. It was in
accordance with this plan that a delegation of eight from the
Professional Committee sought to establish postwar
fellowship with representatives of the newly formed German
Protestant Church at Stuttgart in October 1945. There, in the
name of ecumenism, the PCWCC delegation, in cooperation
with the British and American military, wielded the implied
threat of withholding material assistance in feeding and
clothing the German people unless the German churchmen
complied with their demand: to formulate and sign a
declaration of an all-German guilt for World War 11. Thereby
the Provisional Committee adopted an un-Christian
unilateralism of guilt, out of step with true Christianity but
quite in step with the inhuman unconditional surrender
demands proclaimed by President Roosevelt at Casablanca in
1943.a0
The World Council of Churches' action also had important
theological ramifications. The notion of a unique, all-German
guilt flew in the face of the universality of Christian baptism. It
meant that the World Council was driven by a sectarian
political obsession, thus making it a sect which pre-empted the
term "church for its sectarian purposes. This sectarian,
theocratic (legalistic) spirit became further evident in the
imposition of pre-conceived standards, regarding the
leadership of the postwar German Protestant churches, on the
Germans. That is, it was insisted on that only those who had
publicly opposed National Socialism could qualify as church
leaders. Such sectarianism, therefore, even set its own
stipulations regarding discipleship and apostleship, pre-
empting the twelve of the New Testament. A clergyman like
Prof. D. Meinhold, who personally contributed in helping to
13. Red Cross Humanitarianism 83
save the lives of thousands of Greeks, would not have qualified
as a church leader, simply because of his service as a chaplain
in the German army. Thus the new sect known as the World
Council of Churches prostituted not only baptism but also
ordination. The World Council of Churches continues to
discredit outstanding Christian theologians and church
leaders of the past.
This was somewhat foreseen by some at the time. In 1946
the Swiss Karl Alfons Meyer, in his article Rotes Kreuz in
Bedrangnis (The Red Cross in Distress), wrote of the IRC
version of humanitarianism: "The Red Cross, in contrast to all
churches and also every form of atheism, was in every way the
living model of pure Christianity."31
It is high time that those associated with the World Council
of Churches-which spoke so nobly in 1945 of the German
need for repentance-recognize the error of their ways and
follow President Ronald Reagan's lead at Bitburg in 1985,
where he termed the German guilt that which is in reality, i.e.
"imposed."
Clearly a key reason for the Allies' frustration of IRC and
others' attempts to succor occupied Europe was that the
resulting privation could be exploited for propaganda
purposes. Wartime aid to the people of occupied Europe
would have deprived the Allied liberation of a good deal of the
impact it achieved through the flow of food, clothing, and
medical supplies which followedin its wake. Furthermore, the
terrible disease and hunger which afflicted occupied Europe
at the war's end could be laid at the door of the "evil"Germans
and their "evilwleaders. The horrors caused in no small part by
the Anglo-American refusal to relax the blockade would serve
as much of the basis for a postwar propaganda which would
slowly harden into "history." In turn this history would be
harnessed to the task of "re-educating"the Germans and the
rest of the world as to the virtues of certain nations and
ideologies and the evils of others.
Unquestionably the IRC involvement in Greece, and other
related topics, have been neglected in historical writing. One
can hardly fault the IRC, the thrust of which is helping from
humanitarian motives and not propagandizing for the sake of
public relations. As Huber expressed it: 'The biblical words
tell us that one does not light a lamp and put it under a bushel.
Yet, for the IRC the spirit dies as soon as its workers put it
above the bushe1."33The IRC was concerned with helping, not
with getting credit, quite unlike the propagandists and the
14. 84 THE TOURNAL OF HISTORICAL REVIEW
politicians, whose priorities are often reversed. This explains
the IRC's helplessness against UNRRA, and how its "living
model of pure Christianity" could be successfully abused by
the Provisional Committee of the World Council of Churches.
Yet this cannot be the case for honest historians, for as the
Famine Relief Committee wrote in its final report in 1945,
"History will judge our government harshly for its futile
persistence in a policy of total blockade of foodstuffs."34
From a humanitarian viewpoint, the decisive time for the
English and American leadership in World War I1 was the
summer of 1943, when Knutson and his fellow Republicans
made their dramatic plea. Before that, especially before June
1941, the blockade was virtually England's only weapon. But
by the summer of 1943 the situation was changing rapidly,
and central Europe was in disruption. In the face of this, who
would say, realistically speaking, that the IRC aid to the Allied
prisoners of war in Germany prolonged the war? Or that the
751,000 parcels to those in the concentration camps or the
714,000 metric tons of food provided for the civilian
population in Greece prolonged the war? In fact, it
contributed heavily in keeping Greece from falling into the
Communist orbit afterwards. Might not similar aid, even if
less dramatic, have changed the course of history and
prevented countries like Poland from falling into the hands of
the Communists? In any case the fact remains that millions of
Greeks are alive today because of aid.35
In closing, one might ask how men such as Knutson,
Hoover, Gibson, Rich, Walker, and the other members of the
Famine Relief Committee felt when they read and heard of the
horror scenes in the German concentration camps at the war's
end. They knew that the Allies could have alleviated at least
some of those horrors. But Roosevelt, Churchill, and the
others who stymied humanitarian aid stood ready not merely
to exploit, but to create the circumstances which led to such
conditions. Whereas the humanitarians knew that Germans
had no patent on man's inhumanity to man, the Allied leaders
counterfeited a deceitful image of German brutality which has
played a crucial role in the distortion of modern history.
The images from the camps of spring 1945 very much need
to be reassessed. It is hoped that this paper is a contribution to
that reassessment.
15. Red Cross Humanitarianism 85
Notes
Goldwyn Smith, History of England (Third Edition), New York:
Charles Scribner & Sons, 1957, pp. 782-3. Smith writes: "Without this
aid, millions of Greeks would have perished."
Congressional Record (1943),pp. 6681-2.
In Collier's Yearbook (1940), covering 1939, p. 277, John F. Rich is
designated a secretary of the Quaker Committee in Poland.
Christian Century, Oct. 29, 1941. pp. 1326 ff.
Ronald C. D. Jasper, George Bell: Bishop of Chichester, Oxford Univ.,
New York-Toronto, 1967, p. 266. Bell also protested "against
obliteration bombings [against Germanyy in the House of Lords, cf.
Christian Century, March 22, 1944.
Marcel Junod, Warriors without Weapons, New York: Macmillan Co.,
1951, pp. 164-184.
Ravitaillement de la Grece, pendant I'occupation 194144 et pendant Jes
premiers cinq mois apres la liberation. Rapport final de la Commission
de Gestion pour les Secours en Grhce sous Ies auspices du Comite
International de la Croix-Rouge. Imprimerie de la "SociBtBHellenique
&Editions," S. A. Athbnes 1949. The report was edited by Bengt
Helger, who was president when the commission was liquidated Nov.
1945 to Sept. 1946. Cf. p. 73 (Evidently this report was never
translated into another language.)
Junod, Warriors, p. 178.
Ravitaillement, p. 625.
Ravitaillement, p. 19. Of the 610,000 tons, 470,000 were wheat and
wheat product and. 140,000 tons dry milk, canned products, vitamins
and medicines. Of the 102,100 tons, 3,600 came from Sweden, 2,100
from Turkey, 31,000 from the Axis Powers, 4,400 Greek products,
55,000 from the Military Liaison, and 6,000 was left for the Red Cross
by the Germans before they departed. Not included in this total is the
tonnage of the ship Hallaren which was allowed to operate between
Italy and Greece. This ship brought in 55,000 tons of foodstuffs.
Ravitaillement, p. 97.
Ravitaillement, p. 58 ff.
Eugene Lyons, Herbert Hoover: A Biography, Doubleday, Garden City,
NY,1964, p. 361.
Ravitaillement. The final report lists the Swiss and Swedish delegates.
On this list are about 40 Swedes and 20 Swiss. The Swedish list
includes 9 professors, a council of the Swedish Supreme Court, naval
officers, pastors and bankers.
Junod, Warriors, p. 157.
Although general in nature, the Report of the Joint Relief Commission
of the International Red Cross, 194146, Geneva, 1948, shows that the
Red Cross was indeed active throughout the war. Chapter 11, entitled
"The Blockade," tells of aid to practically all occupied countries. Thus
16. 86 THE JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL REVIEW
on p. 298 one finds that 644,900tons of foodstuffs and clothing were
shipped to Poland, and 27,885 tons of pharmaceutical products. This
aid was provided, primarily, from within the Third Reich, despite the
Allied blockade and deliberate Allied hindrances.
Ravitaillement, p. 81 and 87.
"10 Eventful Years," Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 111, 1947, p. 644,
under the heading "Prisoners of War."
Collier's Year Book, P.F. Collier & Son, 1942.P. 340 under Jews. "Early
in January, the new Warsaw ghetto for Jewsbegan to be administered
by a Jewish Community Council, with 1,000 Jewish 'policemen'
guarding the section, which was enclosed by an eight-foot wall.
Entrance of 'Aryans' into the Warsaw ghetto was discouraged. That
same month, the Joint Distribution Committee of America was
assisting at least 600,000 destitute Polish Jews."[Non-JewishPoles like
Germans were termed Aryans.]
Walter N. Sanning, The Dissolution of Eastern European Jewry,
Costa Mesa, CA: Institute for Historical Review, p. 44, claims that in
the areas in Poland under German control, there were 757,000 Jews.
JohnCudahy, TheArmies March, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1941,p. 224
ff.
The Report of theJoint Relief Commission of the International Red Cross
194146, Geneva, 1948, p. 14.
International Committee of the Red Cross, The Work of the ICRC for
Civilian Detainees in the German Concentration Camps (1939-19451,
Geneva, 1975, p. 24.
Noel F. Busch, Lost Continent?,Harper, New York and London: 1945.
Busch was a well-knownwriter. On pp. 73 and 74 he tells of his visit to
Buchenwald ten days after the liberation. The one-timeinmate, Robert
Robertin, whose father was fairly well-known in the Czech
government, showed him around. "Robertin . . . told me something
about the internal organization of the camp and especially of the
prisoners' committees, which, according to him, did most of the
governing of the camp with the approval of the official Gestapo
authorities . . . According to him, they [the committees] were . . .
almost wholly Communist-controlled,since the Communists had been
the first internees and thus had priority on the best jobs . ..Many of
the horrors attributed to the Gestapo authorities were, according to
Robertin, not only encouraged by the committees but instigated by
them."
Lutheran Companion,Augustana Book Concern, Rock Island, IL: May
17, 1944. "On Feb. 15 the Senate passed a resolution, 'urging the
Administration to send food to the Nazi dominated countries in
western and northern Europe, as has already been done so
successfully in Greece. The House passed it unanimously on April
17,"' pp. 3-4.
William C. Bullitt, The Great Globe Itself, New York: Charles Scribner
& Sons, 1946, p. 193.
17. Red Cross Humanitarianism 87
Sigrid Arne, United Nations Primer, New York, Toronto: Farrar &
Rinehart, 1945, p. 41. "It [UNNRA] would help Allied nationals,
wherever they were found, and needed help. It would not help the ex-
enemy. It would spend money in Germany to repatriate the French,
for instance, but it would not spend money in Germany to help hungry
Germans."
Jan Ciechanowski, Defeat In Victory, Doubleday, Garden City, N.Y.,
1947, p. 251. He speaks of the forming of UNRRA in these words: "the
veto sneaks in."
Fritz Wartenweiler, Max Huber, Zurich: Rotapfel Verlag, 1953, p. 342
ff. (Huberalso wrote the foreword for Warriors without Weapons).
Report of the Joint Relief Commission of the International Red Cross
1941-46, Geneva: League of Red Cross Societies, 1948, p. 65.
Op. cit., p. 67.
Richard W. Solberg, As Between Brothers, Minneapolis: Augsburg,
1957, p. 27 and 57.
New York: Helen Lombard, While They Fought: Behind the Scenes in
Washington, 194146, Charles Scribner & Sons, 1947. This highly
informed correspondent gives us a keen insight into this re-education
on page 313: "Shortly after the occupation of Germany by American
troops, the education and orientation branch of the Army started
producing moving pictures for the guidance of the G.I. in Germany.
They were not for release within the Untied States but one of them
was privately shown after a Washington dinner party in honor of
Undersecretary of War and Mrs. Patterson. The movie portrayed the
German people preparing for World Wars I and 11. The 'sound'
accompanying the film was a man's voice. It exhorted the American
soldier to hate all Germans-from the smallest child to the very aged.
"'Of course, someday the German people will have to be reeducated.
They will have to be taught the ways of democracy. But that will be
done by one of our Allies!'"-was the ending message. The company,
largely composed of War Department and administration officials,
applauded vigorously."
Cf. also R. Clarance Lang, "Imposed German Guilt: The Stuttgart
Declaration of 1945,"TheJournal of Historical Review,Costa Mesa, CA
Vol. 8, No. 1, Spring 1988.
Karl Alfons Meyer, "Rotes Kreuz in Bedrangnis," a special reprint from
the Schweizer Monatshefte (June 1946). Meyer further stressed "We
must battle and salvage the International Red Cross."
In 1943, a special edition article appeared entitled Reconstruction
Supplement, The Red Cross, "The Future of the Red Cross" by
Lieut.-Col. L.E. Gielguid, MBD, which is most critical of the neutrality
of the Red Cross. He speaks of "meaningless neutrality." This was an
attempt, like others, to politicize the organization, integrating it into
the UNRRA concept of humanitarianism.
Regarding the "evil"of the Germans, one can easily overlook the strong
Allied psychological impetus promoting the idea of "evil,"that is, the
Allied need for exoneration. In 1933 Jewish leaders called for an
18. THE JOURNALOF HISTORICAL REVIEW
economic and financial boycott against Germans and German goods.
During the war the Allies whitewashed the crimes of Josef Stalin. Late
in the war the Allies needlessly bombed German cities, such as
Dresden and Pforzheim, and, through UNRRA, sabotaged the work of
humanitarian organizations such as the International Red Cross. Even
the World Council of Churches used and is still using the idea of
German "evil" for its selfish organizational purposes.
33. Wartenweiler, Max Huber, p. 343.
34. Jasper, George Bell, p. 343.
35. Sumner Welles, Where Are We Heading? New York: Harper, 1945. p.
171. Welles, after the war, deplored the "lack of organized force of
trained personnel." He claimed, ". ..it can be asserted that for lack of
effective organization to meet a situation which should have been
foreseen, many thousands of innocent persons experienced a degree
of tragedy and suffering which was altogether unnecessary." Welles
might have added, that if UNRRA had not undermined the work of
such organizations as the Red Cross, much could have been alleviated.
But the leaders of America, many of them emigres from the Third
Reich, had re-education on their minds. And although this was quite
un-American, they were prepared to use, and did use, the chaotic
conditions of the war and an imposed starvation for that purpose.