The document discusses digital logic design concepts including adaptive logic modules, logic array blocks, lookup tables, and timing analysis reports. It provides definitions and descriptions of these basic building blocks used in FPGAs. It also outlines the steps to generate and interpret timing analysis reports, identify timing violations, and apply clock constraints to solve violations by specifying a restricted maximum frequency of 500MHz.
The Principle Of Ultrasound Imaging SystemMelissa Luster
The document describes a project to design an audio amplifier system that incorporates digital delay effects, where the system uses an FPGA platform to implement the design and includes components like sensors, ADCs, and DACs to acquire analog audio signals, convert them to digital, process them with digital delay effects using the FPGA, and convert them back to analog for output. The goal is to add effects like reverb and echo to the audio in real-time using programmable digital logic on the FPGA rather than traditional analog circuitry for such effects.
The document discusses automation and programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes how automation delegates human control functions to equipment to achieve higher productivity, superior product quality, efficient energy usage, and improved safety. It then defines PLCs, explaining that they are industrial computers that monitor inputs, make decisions based on programs, and control outputs to automate processes. PLCs have input and output modules, a central processing unit, memory, and power supply. They use ladder logic programming and have advantages like increased reliability but also disadvantages like high initial costs. The document also briefly introduces supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems.
Short.course.introduction.to.vhdl for beginners Ravi Sony
This document provides an introduction to VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language). It discusses modeling and different levels of abstraction in modeling. It describes the design flow from idea to fabrication. It gives examples of architectural design, data path design, control path design, and register allocation. It discusses high-level synthesis and the tasks of scheduling and allocation. Finally, it provides some historical context and applications of hardware description languages.
The document provides information about programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines a PLC as a digital computer used to automate electromechanical processes. The document then discusses the key advantages of PLCs like being cost-effective, flexible, and able to operate reliably for years. It also describes the basic architecture of a PLC including input and output modules, a central processing unit, and a programming device. Examples of ladder logic programming are also included to illustrate how PLCs can be programmed to control processes like starting motors in forward and reverse directions.
The document discusses Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). It describes how PLCs were developed in the 1960s-1970s to control industrial machines and processes using programmable memory. The document outlines the typical components of a PLC including a microprocessor, memory, power supply, input and output modules. It also discusses how PLCs communicate with external devices like sensors, actuators and operator workstations using different types of communication methods and protocols.
technical report presents a comprehensive study. .pptxMostafaKhaled78
This technical report presents a comprehensive study on the design and implementation
of an 8-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) using Verilog. The ALU is a fundamental
component in digital processors, orchestrating arithmetic and logical operations
essential for computation. The report explores the ALU's architecture, detailing its
arithmetic, logic, shifter, control, and register units, and the integration of these
components. Functional requirements, including operation selection and control
mechanisms, are elucidated. The ALU is implemented in Verilog with two distinct
approaches: behavioral and structural
Training report prepared on PLC on CNC at BHEL,Hyderabad. It have sufficient slides to know the basics about PLC on CNC and working of that with coding. It was worth learning on BHEL.
This document provides an overview of microprocessor systems and embedded devices at different levels. It discusses that at the high end, Intel Pentium 4 processors operate at 3.2GHz and consume over 100W, while low-power embedded devices consume as little as 250-300mW. Computer technology is experiencing dramatic changes with processors doubling in speed every 1.5 years, and memory and storage capacities increasing exponentially. Future computers are predicted to have processors operating at 5GHz with 4GB of memory and 2TB of storage. Embedded systems face challenges in power consumption, size, cost, reliability and meeting application-specific requirements.
The Principle Of Ultrasound Imaging SystemMelissa Luster
The document describes a project to design an audio amplifier system that incorporates digital delay effects, where the system uses an FPGA platform to implement the design and includes components like sensors, ADCs, and DACs to acquire analog audio signals, convert them to digital, process them with digital delay effects using the FPGA, and convert them back to analog for output. The goal is to add effects like reverb and echo to the audio in real-time using programmable digital logic on the FPGA rather than traditional analog circuitry for such effects.
The document discusses automation and programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes how automation delegates human control functions to equipment to achieve higher productivity, superior product quality, efficient energy usage, and improved safety. It then defines PLCs, explaining that they are industrial computers that monitor inputs, make decisions based on programs, and control outputs to automate processes. PLCs have input and output modules, a central processing unit, memory, and power supply. They use ladder logic programming and have advantages like increased reliability but also disadvantages like high initial costs. The document also briefly introduces supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems.
Short.course.introduction.to.vhdl for beginners Ravi Sony
This document provides an introduction to VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language). It discusses modeling and different levels of abstraction in modeling. It describes the design flow from idea to fabrication. It gives examples of architectural design, data path design, control path design, and register allocation. It discusses high-level synthesis and the tasks of scheduling and allocation. Finally, it provides some historical context and applications of hardware description languages.
The document provides information about programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines a PLC as a digital computer used to automate electromechanical processes. The document then discusses the key advantages of PLCs like being cost-effective, flexible, and able to operate reliably for years. It also describes the basic architecture of a PLC including input and output modules, a central processing unit, and a programming device. Examples of ladder logic programming are also included to illustrate how PLCs can be programmed to control processes like starting motors in forward and reverse directions.
The document discusses Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). It describes how PLCs were developed in the 1960s-1970s to control industrial machines and processes using programmable memory. The document outlines the typical components of a PLC including a microprocessor, memory, power supply, input and output modules. It also discusses how PLCs communicate with external devices like sensors, actuators and operator workstations using different types of communication methods and protocols.
technical report presents a comprehensive study. .pptxMostafaKhaled78
This technical report presents a comprehensive study on the design and implementation
of an 8-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) using Verilog. The ALU is a fundamental
component in digital processors, orchestrating arithmetic and logical operations
essential for computation. The report explores the ALU's architecture, detailing its
arithmetic, logic, shifter, control, and register units, and the integration of these
components. Functional requirements, including operation selection and control
mechanisms, are elucidated. The ALU is implemented in Verilog with two distinct
approaches: behavioral and structural
Training report prepared on PLC on CNC at BHEL,Hyderabad. It have sufficient slides to know the basics about PLC on CNC and working of that with coding. It was worth learning on BHEL.
This document provides an overview of microprocessor systems and embedded devices at different levels. It discusses that at the high end, Intel Pentium 4 processors operate at 3.2GHz and consume over 100W, while low-power embedded devices consume as little as 250-300mW. Computer technology is experiencing dramatic changes with processors doubling in speed every 1.5 years, and memory and storage capacities increasing exponentially. Future computers are predicted to have processors operating at 5GHz with 4GB of memory and 2TB of storage. Embedded systems face challenges in power consumption, size, cost, reliability and meeting application-specific requirements.
The correct 8-bit encoding for 5 volts given an analog input range of 0-15 volts is:
01010000
To get this encoding using successive approximation:
1) Start with the most significant bit (MSB) of 128 set: 10000000
2) Compare analog input (5V) to half scale (7.5V): 5V < 7.5V so keep MSB reset
3) Move to next bit and divide range in half: 01001000
4) Compare input (5V) to new half scale (5.625V): 5V > 5.625V so set this bit
5) Repeat for each bit until the input voltage is approximated
This document describes a digital alarm clock designed and implemented on an Artix7 FPGA development board using Verilog HDL. The clock displays time in hours, minutes and seconds using 8 seven-segment displays and blinks the decimal point LED between hour and minute display. It allows the user to set the current time and alarm time using buttons and has functionality for clock setting, alarm setting and an alarm alert indicator LED or sound. The design was tested successfully using hardware on the FPGA board and some minor issues were addressed. Future work proposed includes modifying the clock format and adding a date display.
The document provides information about programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and distributed control systems (DCSs). It discusses the history and components of PLCs, including the central processing unit, input and output modules, power supply, and programming languages. DCSs are described as systems that divide plant control into areas managed by individual controllers connected by a communication network. Key advantages of DCSs include reliability, redundancy, flexibility in configuration, and ease of maintenance. The document compares PLCs and DCSs, noting that DCSs are more suitable for large-scale, complex plant control applications.
This document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It provides a brief history of PLCs, describing their origins in the 1960s as replacements for relay logic systems. The document outlines the typical components of a PLC system, including the processor, memory unit, power supply, input/output modules, and programming device. It also describes ladder logic, a common programming language for PLCs using a logic diagram format. Finally, some applications of PLCs in industries like manufacturing and materials handling are listed.
Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
This document describes a system on chip (SOC) architecture used in an industrial control system for a hydraulic damper test bench. The system uses a 32-bit ARM920T microcontroller as the digital controller. It interfaces with sensors, actuators, and other peripherals on a single printed circuit board. Software is developed in LabVIEW to implement PID control of the hydraulic damper testing process. Simulation results showed that the ARM920T-based electronic module provided more effective, lower cost and higher accuracy control compared to previous mechanical systems.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
This document describes a system on chip (SOC) architecture used in an industrial control system for a hydraulic damper test bench. The system uses a 32-bit ARM920T microcontroller as the digital controller. It interfaces with sensors, actuators, and other peripherals on a single printed circuit board. Software is developed in LabVIEW to implement PID control of the hydraulic damper testing process. Simulation results showed that the ARM920T-based electronic module provided more effective, lower cost and higher accuracy control compared to previous mechanical systems.
Density based traffic light controlling (2)hardik1240
The document discusses the aims and scope of a project to build a traffic control system based on density. It uses IR sensor pairs placed at intervals to automatically detect traffic density and give priority to heavier traffic. The system aims to solve the problem of wasted time at intersections when traffic density is uneven between sides. It will control traffic lights based on real-time density calculations from the sensor data.
This paper Presentation(ppt) is totally on Industrial Automation for seminar along with project ( PLC based water bottle filling system) which work on the principle of Industrial Automation .
This document provides an introduction to VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language). It discusses what VHDL is used for, including modeling digital systems at different levels of abstraction, design specification, documentation, verification through simulation, test generation, and hardware synthesis. The document outlines the design flow process from initial idea to physical design. It provides examples of modeling behavioral and structural designs in VHDL and using VHDL for register transfer level logic design.
The system monitors and controls greenhouse parameters like temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and sunlight using sensors, an analog-to-digital converter, microcontroller, and actuators. The sensors continuously sense the parameters and send the data to the microcontroller via the ADC. The microcontroller then takes corrective actions like turning on the water pump, cooler, or lights if a parameter exceeds its threshold. An LCD displays the parameter readings and status of the control actions. Test results found the system provides reliable and accurate monitoring and control with low power consumption.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses the history and development of PLCs, describing how they were created to replace relay-based control systems. The major components of a common PLC are outlined, including the power supply, input/output modules, processor, and programming device. Various PLC specifications and applications are also reviewed.
This document describes a microcontroller-based timer project. It provides background on the company Future Robotix, which designs embedded systems using microcontrollers like the AVR and MCS51 families. Embedded systems are integral computer systems found in devices like cell phones, cars, and medical equipment. The project uses an 8051 microcontroller as the control unit and interfaces it with switches and a buzzer. The microcontroller counts down the time and triggers the buzzer when the timer expires. Keil software is used for programming the 8051 microcontroller.
PPTS on Topic-PLC
In this ppts there is simple introduction to plc and one example of project using PLC. This also include programming for the given project (Metal segregation using PLC)
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the course objectives which are to understand the major PLC components, interpret specifications, troubleshoot PLCs, convert relay logic to PLC programming, and operate and program a PLC for applications. The course covers the history of PLCs, components like the CPU and I/O system, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. It also provides examples of PLC programming for mixing tank controls.
The document provides an overview of the ASIC design and verification process. It discusses the key stages of ASIC design including specification, high-level design, micro design, RTL coding, simulation, synthesis, place and route, and post-silicon validation. It then describes the importance of verification, including why 70% of design time and costs are spent on verification. The verification process uses testbenches, directed and constrained-random testing, and functional coverage to verify the design matches specifications. Verification of more complex designs like FPGAs, SOCs is also discussed.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the course objectives which are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC language, and operate and program a PLC. The document lists the course contents which include the history of PLCs, programming concepts, and applications. It also provides details on the basic hardware components of a PLC including the processor, memory, I/O modules, and programming device.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the objectives of the training as teaching the major components of PLCs, programming techniques, and how to troubleshoot applications. The document lists the course contents which cover topics like the history of PLCs, relay logic, the central processing unit, programming concepts, and applications. It also provides examples of PLC components, programming, and a sample control application using a liquid mixing tank.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that PLCs were invented in 1968 to replace relay-based control systems. The document then describes the basic architecture of a PLC including its main components like the power supply, input/output modules, processor, and programming device. It also discusses the different types of PLC programming including ladder logic and the use of timers and counters. Some key applications and advantages of PLCs are that they provide reliable, flexible and cost-effective control of complex automation systems.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
The correct 8-bit encoding for 5 volts given an analog input range of 0-15 volts is:
01010000
To get this encoding using successive approximation:
1) Start with the most significant bit (MSB) of 128 set: 10000000
2) Compare analog input (5V) to half scale (7.5V): 5V < 7.5V so keep MSB reset
3) Move to next bit and divide range in half: 01001000
4) Compare input (5V) to new half scale (5.625V): 5V > 5.625V so set this bit
5) Repeat for each bit until the input voltage is approximated
This document describes a digital alarm clock designed and implemented on an Artix7 FPGA development board using Verilog HDL. The clock displays time in hours, minutes and seconds using 8 seven-segment displays and blinks the decimal point LED between hour and minute display. It allows the user to set the current time and alarm time using buttons and has functionality for clock setting, alarm setting and an alarm alert indicator LED or sound. The design was tested successfully using hardware on the FPGA board and some minor issues were addressed. Future work proposed includes modifying the clock format and adding a date display.
The document provides information about programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and distributed control systems (DCSs). It discusses the history and components of PLCs, including the central processing unit, input and output modules, power supply, and programming languages. DCSs are described as systems that divide plant control into areas managed by individual controllers connected by a communication network. Key advantages of DCSs include reliability, redundancy, flexibility in configuration, and ease of maintenance. The document compares PLCs and DCSs, noting that DCSs are more suitable for large-scale, complex plant control applications.
This document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It provides a brief history of PLCs, describing their origins in the 1960s as replacements for relay logic systems. The document outlines the typical components of a PLC system, including the processor, memory unit, power supply, input/output modules, and programming device. It also describes ladder logic, a common programming language for PLCs using a logic diagram format. Finally, some applications of PLCs in industries like manufacturing and materials handling are listed.
Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
This document describes a system on chip (SOC) architecture used in an industrial control system for a hydraulic damper test bench. The system uses a 32-bit ARM920T microcontroller as the digital controller. It interfaces with sensors, actuators, and other peripherals on a single printed circuit board. Software is developed in LabVIEW to implement PID control of the hydraulic damper testing process. Simulation results showed that the ARM920T-based electronic module provided more effective, lower cost and higher accuracy control compared to previous mechanical systems.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
This document describes a system on chip (SOC) architecture used in an industrial control system for a hydraulic damper test bench. The system uses a 32-bit ARM920T microcontroller as the digital controller. It interfaces with sensors, actuators, and other peripherals on a single printed circuit board. Software is developed in LabVIEW to implement PID control of the hydraulic damper testing process. Simulation results showed that the ARM920T-based electronic module provided more effective, lower cost and higher accuracy control compared to previous mechanical systems.
Density based traffic light controlling (2)hardik1240
The document discusses the aims and scope of a project to build a traffic control system based on density. It uses IR sensor pairs placed at intervals to automatically detect traffic density and give priority to heavier traffic. The system aims to solve the problem of wasted time at intersections when traffic density is uneven between sides. It will control traffic lights based on real-time density calculations from the sensor data.
This paper Presentation(ppt) is totally on Industrial Automation for seminar along with project ( PLC based water bottle filling system) which work on the principle of Industrial Automation .
This document provides an introduction to VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language). It discusses what VHDL is used for, including modeling digital systems at different levels of abstraction, design specification, documentation, verification through simulation, test generation, and hardware synthesis. The document outlines the design flow process from initial idea to physical design. It provides examples of modeling behavioral and structural designs in VHDL and using VHDL for register transfer level logic design.
The system monitors and controls greenhouse parameters like temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and sunlight using sensors, an analog-to-digital converter, microcontroller, and actuators. The sensors continuously sense the parameters and send the data to the microcontroller via the ADC. The microcontroller then takes corrective actions like turning on the water pump, cooler, or lights if a parameter exceeds its threshold. An LCD displays the parameter readings and status of the control actions. Test results found the system provides reliable and accurate monitoring and control with low power consumption.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses the history and development of PLCs, describing how they were created to replace relay-based control systems. The major components of a common PLC are outlined, including the power supply, input/output modules, processor, and programming device. Various PLC specifications and applications are also reviewed.
This document describes a microcontroller-based timer project. It provides background on the company Future Robotix, which designs embedded systems using microcontrollers like the AVR and MCS51 families. Embedded systems are integral computer systems found in devices like cell phones, cars, and medical equipment. The project uses an 8051 microcontroller as the control unit and interfaces it with switches and a buzzer. The microcontroller counts down the time and triggers the buzzer when the timer expires. Keil software is used for programming the 8051 microcontroller.
PPTS on Topic-PLC
In this ppts there is simple introduction to plc and one example of project using PLC. This also include programming for the given project (Metal segregation using PLC)
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the course objectives which are to understand the major PLC components, interpret specifications, troubleshoot PLCs, convert relay logic to PLC programming, and operate and program a PLC for applications. The course covers the history of PLCs, components like the CPU and I/O system, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. It also provides examples of PLC programming for mixing tank controls.
The document provides an overview of the ASIC design and verification process. It discusses the key stages of ASIC design including specification, high-level design, micro design, RTL coding, simulation, synthesis, place and route, and post-silicon validation. It then describes the importance of verification, including why 70% of design time and costs are spent on verification. The verification process uses testbenches, directed and constrained-random testing, and functional coverage to verify the design matches specifications. Verification of more complex designs like FPGAs, SOCs is also discussed.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the course objectives which are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC language, and operate and program a PLC. The document lists the course contents which include the history of PLCs, programming concepts, and applications. It also provides details on the basic hardware components of a PLC including the processor, memory, I/O modules, and programming device.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the objectives of the training as teaching the major components of PLCs, programming techniques, and how to troubleshoot applications. The document lists the course contents which cover topics like the history of PLCs, relay logic, the central processing unit, programming concepts, and applications. It also provides examples of PLC components, programming, and a sample control application using a liquid mixing tank.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that PLCs were invented in 1968 to replace relay-based control systems. The document then describes the basic architecture of a PLC including its main components like the power supply, input/output modules, processor, and programming device. It also discusses the different types of PLC programming including ladder logic and the use of timers and counters. Some key applications and advantages of PLCs are that they provide reliable, flexible and cost-effective control of complex automation systems.
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Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
6. Fitter Resource Usage Summary Report
The Fitter Resource Usage Summary report displays a detailed analysis
of logic utilization based on calculations of ALM usage.
Logic utilization is the metric for the number of ALMs necessary to
implement your design, displayed as a fraction of the total ALMs
available on the target device (ALMs needed / total ALMs on the
device).
The report displays logic utilization as the result of operations on the
number of ALMs fulfilling different functions.
8. DSP (Digital Signal Processing) Blocks
Each device has two to four columns of DSP blocks that efficiently implement
multiplication, multiply-accumulate (MAC) and multiply-add functions.
The figure below shows the arrangement of one of the DSP block columns with the
surrounding LABs.
Each DSP block can be configured to support:
■ Eight 9 × 9-bit multipliers
■ Four 18 × 18-bit multipliers
■ One 36 × 36-bit multiplier