The document summarizes the normal physiology of labour and delivery. It describes the three stages of labour as: 1) cervical dilation and effacement, 2) descent and expulsion of the fetus, and 3) delivery of the placenta. Key events in each stage include progressive cervical changes, descent and rotation of the fetus, and uterine contraction and retraction to deliver the placenta. Optimal management focuses on monitoring labour progress, relieving pain, and preventing complications to support the natural birth process.
Normal labor is defined as the process by which the fetus, placenta, cord, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through contractions of the uterine musculature. Several factors can contribute to the onset of labor, including uterine distension, fetal and placental hormones like estrogen and prostaglandins, and nervous stimulation. In the weeks leading up to labor, women may experience lightening, bloody show, and cervical changes. True labor is characterized by painful contractions over the uterine fundus that become stronger and more frequent, resulting in cervical effacement and dilation. The progress of labor depends on contractions of the uterine musculature, the passenger (fetus), passage (maternal pelvis), and maternal mental
The document discusses the process of labor and delivery. It defines labor as the series of events that lead to the expulsion of the fetus, placenta, and membranes from the uterus through the vagina. Normal labor is spontaneous in onset, involves a vertex presentation, and does not prolong unduly without complications. Abnormal labor is referred to as dystocia. The document then examines the various hormonal and physical changes involved in initiating and progressing labor, including uterine distension, fetal contributions, estrogen, progesterone, prostaglandins, and oxytocin. It describes the stages of labor and how contractions become more frequent, intense, and prolonged over time.
NORMAL LABOR.. (EUTOCIA) ABNORMAL LABOR ALSO EXPLAINED. Series of events that take place in the genital organs in an effort to expel the viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into the outer world is called LABOR.
Pathophysiology of Normal Labor:
A series of events that take place in female genital organs to expel the product of conception that are fetus, placenta, membranes) out of womb through the vagina into the outer world. We further describe pathogenesis and features of different stages of labor
The document discusses the causes and onset of normal labor. It defines normal labor as spontaneous in onset, low-risk, and resulting in the spontaneous vaginal delivery of a full-term infant in the vertex position. The onset of normal labor involves lightening, cervical changes, and false pains in the prelabor stage. True labor begins with the show, true labor pains characterized by regular contractions, cervical dilation and effacement, and formation of the bag of waters. The four phases of parturition involve quiescence, activation, stimulation, and involution, influenced by different hormones at each stage.
Normal labor is defined as spontaneous in onset, low-risk throughout, and results in spontaneous vaginal delivery of a single infant between 37 and 42 weeks. It involves three stages: early labor with cervical changes and contractions; active labor of stronger contractions and cervical dilation; and delivery of the infant. The causes and mechanisms of normal labor involve hormonal changes, cervical ripening, uterine contractions, and fetal descent that work together to initiate and progress labor.
Group 6 Reproductive Health Discussion.pptxYIKIISAAC
1. The document discusses normal labor and delivery, including the definition of labor, causes of labor onset, the stages of labor (first, second, third, and fourth), and signs of complications.
2. It provides details on first stage labor including the phases (latent, active, transition) and mechanisms of cervical dilation. Second stage labor involves delivery of the baby, while third stage involves delivery of the placenta.
3. Potential danger signs during labor requiring medical attention are discussed, such as prolonged contractions, abnormal fetal heart rate, failure to progress, excessive bleeding, and signs of infection.
Normal labor is defined as the process by which the fetus, placenta, cord, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through contractions of the uterine musculature. Several factors can contribute to the onset of labor, including uterine distension, fetal and placental hormones like estrogen and prostaglandins, and nervous stimulation. In the weeks leading up to labor, women may experience lightening, bloody show, and cervical changes. True labor is characterized by painful contractions over the uterine fundus that become stronger and more frequent, resulting in cervical effacement and dilation. The progress of labor depends on contractions of the uterine musculature, the passenger (fetus), passage (maternal pelvis), and maternal mental
The document discusses the process of labor and delivery. It defines labor as the series of events that lead to the expulsion of the fetus, placenta, and membranes from the uterus through the vagina. Normal labor is spontaneous in onset, involves a vertex presentation, and does not prolong unduly without complications. Abnormal labor is referred to as dystocia. The document then examines the various hormonal and physical changes involved in initiating and progressing labor, including uterine distension, fetal contributions, estrogen, progesterone, prostaglandins, and oxytocin. It describes the stages of labor and how contractions become more frequent, intense, and prolonged over time.
NORMAL LABOR.. (EUTOCIA) ABNORMAL LABOR ALSO EXPLAINED. Series of events that take place in the genital organs in an effort to expel the viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into the outer world is called LABOR.
Pathophysiology of Normal Labor:
A series of events that take place in female genital organs to expel the product of conception that are fetus, placenta, membranes) out of womb through the vagina into the outer world. We further describe pathogenesis and features of different stages of labor
The document discusses the causes and onset of normal labor. It defines normal labor as spontaneous in onset, low-risk, and resulting in the spontaneous vaginal delivery of a full-term infant in the vertex position. The onset of normal labor involves lightening, cervical changes, and false pains in the prelabor stage. True labor begins with the show, true labor pains characterized by regular contractions, cervical dilation and effacement, and formation of the bag of waters. The four phases of parturition involve quiescence, activation, stimulation, and involution, influenced by different hormones at each stage.
Normal labor is defined as spontaneous in onset, low-risk throughout, and results in spontaneous vaginal delivery of a single infant between 37 and 42 weeks. It involves three stages: early labor with cervical changes and contractions; active labor of stronger contractions and cervical dilation; and delivery of the infant. The causes and mechanisms of normal labor involve hormonal changes, cervical ripening, uterine contractions, and fetal descent that work together to initiate and progress labor.
Group 6 Reproductive Health Discussion.pptxYIKIISAAC
1. The document discusses normal labor and delivery, including the definition of labor, causes of labor onset, the stages of labor (first, second, third, and fourth), and signs of complications.
2. It provides details on first stage labor including the phases (latent, active, transition) and mechanisms of cervical dilation. Second stage labor involves delivery of the baby, while third stage involves delivery of the placenta.
3. Potential danger signs during labor requiring medical attention are discussed, such as prolonged contractions, abnormal fetal heart rate, failure to progress, excessive bleeding, and signs of infection.
Normal Labour & Nursing Management of First stage of LabourNeha Parmar
Definition of normal labor, Terminology , events of labour, causes of labour, signs , stages of labour , signs and symptoms of labour, diagnosis in first stage of labour, Partograph, difference between true labour and false labour ,nursing management of first stage of labour.
1. The document defines labor as a series of events that take place to expel the fetus, placenta, and membranes from the uterus through the vagina.
2. Normal labor is called eutocia and meets criteria like spontaneous onset at term with head-first position and natural termination with minimal aids.
3. Abnormal labor is called dystocia and deviates from the criteria for normal labor.
This document discusses abnormal uterine action during labor, including definitions, types, causes, diagnosis, and management. The main types discussed are uterine inertia, ineffective contractions, abnormal polarity, incoordinate contractions including spastic lower segment and constriction ring, cervical dystocia, precipitate labor, tonic contractions, and retraction ring. The importance of assessing uterine tone, frequency and strength of contractions is emphasized for diagnosis. Management depends on the specific abnormality but may include oxytocin augmentation, amniotomy, operative vaginal delivery, or cesarean section.
The document defines labor as the process by which the fetus is expelled from the uterus through the vagina. Labor is considered normal when a full-term fetus in the vertex position is delivered within 24 hours through natural efforts alone. Key factors that contribute to the initiation of labor include uterine distension from fetal and amniotic fluid growth, fetal and placental hormones like estrogen and prostaglandins, uterine contractions stimulated by oxytocin, and neurological signals. The mechanism of uterine contractions involves calcium, myosin, actin, and other proteins. Retraction of the uterine muscles is also an important component of labor.
Abnormal uterine action during labor can lead to complications for both mother and baby if not properly managed. It includes conditions like uterine inertia with weak contractions, hypertonic dysfunction with excessive contractions, and incoordinate uterine action where the uterus contracts irregularly. Treatment depends on the type of abnormality but may include oxytocics, changing positioning, or in severe cases cesarean section. Careful monitoring is needed to prevent issues like prolonged labor, fetal distress, and postpartum hemorrhage.
The document defines labor as the series of events involving the expulsion of the fetus, placenta, and membranes from the uterus through the vagina. It describes the three stages of labor and the normal physiological changes that occur in each stage, including cervical dilation, fetal descent, and uterine contractions. Key points are provided on the engagement and descent of the fetal head through the birth canal, as well as the rotation, flexion, and extension movements involved in the normal birthing mechanism when the fetus is in the vertex position.
Normal Labor and delivery , brief lectureshaymadeeb
Normal labor and delivery involves 4 stages:
1) Cervical dilation and effacement leading to birth of infant
2) Expulsion of fetus
3) Expulsion of placenta within 30 minutes of birth
4) 1-2 hour postpartum period involving uterine contraction and monitoring
Key factors like fetal position, lie, presentation and descent are important. Cardinal movements guide fetal rotation and delivery. Stages are managed through monitoring, analgesia, and active management of third stage to prevent postpartum hemorrhage. Complications include perineal lacerations classified by degree of tissue involvement.
The document summarizes the stages of labour. It describes the four stages as: first stage from onset of labour pains until full cervical dilation; second stage from full dilation until baby's delivery; third stage from delivery until placenta delivery; and fourth stage the observation period after placenta delivery. It provides details on the events, phases, and management of each stage. Complications that can occur in each stage are also mentioned. Defining the stages has allowed studying labour trends and identifying abnormal labour.
The document discusses the structure and function of the myometrium, the muscular layer of the uterine wall, during labor and delivery. It contains three layers of smooth muscle (longitudinal, circular, and oblique) that contract during labor due to hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins. Calcium entry into uterine muscle cells allows the interaction of actin and myosin fibers to cause contractions. Synchronized contractions of the myometrium expel the fetus through the birth canal in three stages: cervical dilation and effacement in stage one; fetal expulsion in stage two; and placental separation and delivery in stage three.
Labor is the process by which uterine contractions result in cervical changes allowing passage of the fetus through the birth canal. It has three stages: first stage involves cervical effacement and dilation; second stage is birth of the fetus; third stage is placental delivery. Uterine contractions are regulated by hormones like progesterone and oxytocin. Contractions start in the fundus and spread across the uterus. The upper segment contracts and retracts while the lower segment dilates, aided by fetal pressing, to progress labor. Average first stage duration is 12 hours in primiparous and 6 hours in multiparous women.
The document discusses the first stage of labor, including its definition, phases, and physiological changes. The first stage begins with regular uterine contractions and ends with full cervical dilation. It is divided into latent, active, and transition phases. During this stage, the cervix effaces and dilates due to uterine contractions and mechanical factors like pressure from the amniotic sac. Midwives should monitor labor using a partograph to assess progress and fetal wellbeing.
The document discusses various types of abnormal uterine contractions that can occur during labor, including:
- Excessive contractions like polysystole, hyperstimulation, and tetanic contractions.
- Uterine inertia where contractions are inadequate.
- Tonic uterine contraction and retraction where the whole uterus undergoes spasm.
- Constriction ring where a localized ring of muscle forms around the fetus.
It provides details on symptoms, diagnosis, and management for each abnormality, with conditions like uterine inertia generally treated with oxytocin and procedures like caesarean often needed for severe tonic contractions or constriction rings.
Normal labor and delivery involves 3 stages: 1) dilation of the cervix, 2) delivery of the baby, and 3) delivery of the placenta. The fetus moves through the birth canal via engagement, descent, flexion, internal rotation, extension, and external rotation. Labor is considered normal if it is spontaneous in onset, involves a single cephalic fetus at term, lasts less than 12 hours for first-time mothers and 8 hours for others, and results in an unassisted vaginal birth.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Pathophysiology of Normal Labour by Sunil Kumar Dahasunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Management and pathophysiology of Normal Labour . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
This document summarizes various types of abnormal uterine action that can occur during labor and delivery. It describes normal labor progression and defines abnormalities as any deviation from the normal pattern of uterine contractions that affects the course of labor. Various types of abnormalities are outlined, including dysfunctional labor, uterine inertia, incoordinate uterine action, cervical dystocia, and precipitate labor. Causes, diagnostic features, effects on the mother and fetus, and management approaches are provided for each abnormality.
physiological changes during pregnancy
effect of pregnancy on physiological functions during pregnancy
cardiovascular, respiratory and hormonal changes
Shifa Riaz
gynecology
obstetrics
females
physiological effects on different systems of body during pregnancyshifanoor4
The document summarizes various physiological changes that occur during pregnancy across multiple body systems. Key changes include:
- Increased blood volume, cardiac output, and respiratory rate to support growth of the fetus and placenta.
- Softening of ligaments and joints due to relaxin to accommodate birth.
- Enlargement and changes in position of organs like the uterus, kidneys, and breasts to make room for the growing fetus.
- Increased progesterone and estrogen levels impacting muscles, metabolism, and other functions to sustain pregnancy.
- Common symptoms like nausea and back pain emerge from these systemic adaptations during each trimester.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Normal Labour & Nursing Management of First stage of LabourNeha Parmar
Definition of normal labor, Terminology , events of labour, causes of labour, signs , stages of labour , signs and symptoms of labour, diagnosis in first stage of labour, Partograph, difference between true labour and false labour ,nursing management of first stage of labour.
1. The document defines labor as a series of events that take place to expel the fetus, placenta, and membranes from the uterus through the vagina.
2. Normal labor is called eutocia and meets criteria like spontaneous onset at term with head-first position and natural termination with minimal aids.
3. Abnormal labor is called dystocia and deviates from the criteria for normal labor.
This document discusses abnormal uterine action during labor, including definitions, types, causes, diagnosis, and management. The main types discussed are uterine inertia, ineffective contractions, abnormal polarity, incoordinate contractions including spastic lower segment and constriction ring, cervical dystocia, precipitate labor, tonic contractions, and retraction ring. The importance of assessing uterine tone, frequency and strength of contractions is emphasized for diagnosis. Management depends on the specific abnormality but may include oxytocin augmentation, amniotomy, operative vaginal delivery, or cesarean section.
The document defines labor as the process by which the fetus is expelled from the uterus through the vagina. Labor is considered normal when a full-term fetus in the vertex position is delivered within 24 hours through natural efforts alone. Key factors that contribute to the initiation of labor include uterine distension from fetal and amniotic fluid growth, fetal and placental hormones like estrogen and prostaglandins, uterine contractions stimulated by oxytocin, and neurological signals. The mechanism of uterine contractions involves calcium, myosin, actin, and other proteins. Retraction of the uterine muscles is also an important component of labor.
Abnormal uterine action during labor can lead to complications for both mother and baby if not properly managed. It includes conditions like uterine inertia with weak contractions, hypertonic dysfunction with excessive contractions, and incoordinate uterine action where the uterus contracts irregularly. Treatment depends on the type of abnormality but may include oxytocics, changing positioning, or in severe cases cesarean section. Careful monitoring is needed to prevent issues like prolonged labor, fetal distress, and postpartum hemorrhage.
The document defines labor as the series of events involving the expulsion of the fetus, placenta, and membranes from the uterus through the vagina. It describes the three stages of labor and the normal physiological changes that occur in each stage, including cervical dilation, fetal descent, and uterine contractions. Key points are provided on the engagement and descent of the fetal head through the birth canal, as well as the rotation, flexion, and extension movements involved in the normal birthing mechanism when the fetus is in the vertex position.
Normal Labor and delivery , brief lectureshaymadeeb
Normal labor and delivery involves 4 stages:
1) Cervical dilation and effacement leading to birth of infant
2) Expulsion of fetus
3) Expulsion of placenta within 30 minutes of birth
4) 1-2 hour postpartum period involving uterine contraction and monitoring
Key factors like fetal position, lie, presentation and descent are important. Cardinal movements guide fetal rotation and delivery. Stages are managed through monitoring, analgesia, and active management of third stage to prevent postpartum hemorrhage. Complications include perineal lacerations classified by degree of tissue involvement.
The document summarizes the stages of labour. It describes the four stages as: first stage from onset of labour pains until full cervical dilation; second stage from full dilation until baby's delivery; third stage from delivery until placenta delivery; and fourth stage the observation period after placenta delivery. It provides details on the events, phases, and management of each stage. Complications that can occur in each stage are also mentioned. Defining the stages has allowed studying labour trends and identifying abnormal labour.
The document discusses the structure and function of the myometrium, the muscular layer of the uterine wall, during labor and delivery. It contains three layers of smooth muscle (longitudinal, circular, and oblique) that contract during labor due to hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins. Calcium entry into uterine muscle cells allows the interaction of actin and myosin fibers to cause contractions. Synchronized contractions of the myometrium expel the fetus through the birth canal in three stages: cervical dilation and effacement in stage one; fetal expulsion in stage two; and placental separation and delivery in stage three.
Labor is the process by which uterine contractions result in cervical changes allowing passage of the fetus through the birth canal. It has three stages: first stage involves cervical effacement and dilation; second stage is birth of the fetus; third stage is placental delivery. Uterine contractions are regulated by hormones like progesterone and oxytocin. Contractions start in the fundus and spread across the uterus. The upper segment contracts and retracts while the lower segment dilates, aided by fetal pressing, to progress labor. Average first stage duration is 12 hours in primiparous and 6 hours in multiparous women.
The document discusses the first stage of labor, including its definition, phases, and physiological changes. The first stage begins with regular uterine contractions and ends with full cervical dilation. It is divided into latent, active, and transition phases. During this stage, the cervix effaces and dilates due to uterine contractions and mechanical factors like pressure from the amniotic sac. Midwives should monitor labor using a partograph to assess progress and fetal wellbeing.
The document discusses various types of abnormal uterine contractions that can occur during labor, including:
- Excessive contractions like polysystole, hyperstimulation, and tetanic contractions.
- Uterine inertia where contractions are inadequate.
- Tonic uterine contraction and retraction where the whole uterus undergoes spasm.
- Constriction ring where a localized ring of muscle forms around the fetus.
It provides details on symptoms, diagnosis, and management for each abnormality, with conditions like uterine inertia generally treated with oxytocin and procedures like caesarean often needed for severe tonic contractions or constriction rings.
Normal labor and delivery involves 3 stages: 1) dilation of the cervix, 2) delivery of the baby, and 3) delivery of the placenta. The fetus moves through the birth canal via engagement, descent, flexion, internal rotation, extension, and external rotation. Labor is considered normal if it is spontaneous in onset, involves a single cephalic fetus at term, lasts less than 12 hours for first-time mothers and 8 hours for others, and results in an unassisted vaginal birth.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Pathophysiology of Normal Labour by Sunil Kumar Dahasunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Management and pathophysiology of Normal Labour . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
This document summarizes various types of abnormal uterine action that can occur during labor and delivery. It describes normal labor progression and defines abnormalities as any deviation from the normal pattern of uterine contractions that affects the course of labor. Various types of abnormalities are outlined, including dysfunctional labor, uterine inertia, incoordinate uterine action, cervical dystocia, and precipitate labor. Causes, diagnostic features, effects on the mother and fetus, and management approaches are provided for each abnormality.
physiological changes during pregnancy
effect of pregnancy on physiological functions during pregnancy
cardiovascular, respiratory and hormonal changes
Shifa Riaz
gynecology
obstetrics
females
physiological effects on different systems of body during pregnancyshifanoor4
The document summarizes various physiological changes that occur during pregnancy across multiple body systems. Key changes include:
- Increased blood volume, cardiac output, and respiratory rate to support growth of the fetus and placenta.
- Softening of ligaments and joints due to relaxin to accommodate birth.
- Enlargement and changes in position of organs like the uterus, kidneys, and breasts to make room for the growing fetus.
- Increased progesterone and estrogen levels impacting muscles, metabolism, and other functions to sustain pregnancy.
- Common symptoms like nausea and back pain emerge from these systemic adaptations during each trimester.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
2. Labour :
• Series of events that place in the genital organ in an effort to expel the
viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into
the outer world.
• Term labour
• Preterm labour
3. Delivery:
• Expulsion or extraction of the viable fetus out of the womb
• Normal delivery (vaginal route)
• Delivery via caesarean section
4. Criteria for Normal labour
● Spontaneous in onset and at term
● With vertex presentation
● Without undue prolongation
● Natural termination with minimal aids
● Without having any complications affecting the health of mother and
or baby
Abnormal labour
5. Date of Onset of labor
• Naegeles formula ( Expected date of delivery)--?????
• EDD- 4%
• 1 week on either side- 50%
• 2 weeks earlier and 1 week later – 80%
• At 42 weeks - 10%
• At 43 weeks- 4 %
6. Causes of onset of labour:
• Uterine distension: -increases gap junction proteins, receptors for
oxytocin and specific contraction associated proteins (CAPs).
• Fetoplacental contribution: Fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
axis
9. Progesterone:
• Increased fetal production of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-
S) and cortisol
• Inhibits the conversion of fetal pregnenolone to progesterone.
• Progesterone levels therefore fall before labor.
10. • Alteration in the estrogen: progesterone ratio rather than the fall in the
Prostaglandin:
• Initiate and maintain labour.
• Major sites of synthesis of prostaglandins are—
Amnion,
Chorion,
Decidual cells
Myometrium
P
11. Synthesis is triggered by—
• Rise in estrogen level, glucocorticoids, mechanical stretching in late
pregnancy, increase in cytokines (IL–1, 6, TNF), infection, vaginal
examination and separation or rupture of the membranes.
• Prostaglandins enhance gap junction (intramembranous gap between
two cells through which stimulus flows) formation.
12. Biochemical Mechanisms Involved in the Synthesis of Prostaglandins
Phospholipase A2 in the lysosomes of the fetal membranes near term →
esterified arachidonic acid formation of free arachidonic
acid →
synthesis of prostaglandins through
prostaglandin
synthetase.
13. • Prostaglandins (E2 and F2α) diffuse in the myometrium → act directly
at the sarcoplasmic reticulum → inhibit intracellular cAMP generation
→ increase local free calcium ions → uterine contraction
14. Oxytocin and myometrial oxytocin receptors:
(i) Large number of oxytocin receptors are
present in the fundus compared to the
lower segment and the cervix
(ii) Receptor number increases during
pregnancy reaching maximum during
labor.
(iii)Receptor sensitivity increases during labor.
15. Neurological factor
(1) α receptors, which on stimulation, produce a decrease in
cyclic AMP (adenosine monophosphate) and result in contraction
of the uterus
(2) β receptors, which on stimulation,
produce rise in cyclic AMP and result in inhibition of uterine
contraction
release of PGs (E2 and F2α) from amnion and decidua
16. Contractile system of myometrium:
The basic elements involved in the uterine contractile systems are:
(a) Actin
(b) myosin
(c) adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
(d) the enzyme myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and
(e) Ca++.
• Structural unit of a myometrial cell – myofibril(contains the proteins
—actin and myosin.
• The interaction of myosin and actin is essential for muscle contraction.
17. BraxtonHicks contractions
• Irregular involuntary spasmodic painless uterine contraction with
simultaneous hardening of the uterus.
• Do not increase in frequency or regularity.
• No effect on dilatation of cervix
18. PRELABOR (Premonitory stage):
• In primigravidae - 2–3 weeks before the onset of true labour
• In multiparae -a few days before the onset of true labour
• The features are inconsistent and may consist of the following:
Lightening
Cervical changes
19. Lightening (welcome sign)
• Presenting part sinks into the true pelvis due
to active pulling up of the lower pole of the
uterus around the presenting part.
• Diminishes the fundal height and hence
minimizes the pressure on the diaphragm
• Mother experiences a sense of relief from
the mechanical cardiorespiratory
embarrassment.
• May be frequency of micturition or
constipation due to mechanical factor—
pressure by the engaged presenting part.
20.
21. Cervical changes
A ripe cervix is
(a) soft,
(b) 80% effaced (<1.5 cm in length),
(c) admits one finger easily, and
(d) cervical canal is dilatable.
Appearance of false pain
22. FALSE PAIN (False labor, Spurious labor):
• due to stretching of the cervix and lower uterine segment with
consequent irritation of the neighbouring ganglia .
• Primigravidae > Parous women.
• Usually appears prior to the onset of true labor pain by 1 or 2 weeks in
primigravidae and by a few days in multiparae.
23. Characteristic of False labour pain
(i) Dull in nature
(ii) Confined to lower abdomen and groin
(iii) May be associated with hardening of the uterus
(iv) No other features of true labour pain
(v) Usually relieved by analgesic.
24. Characteristic of True labour pain:
(i) Painful uterine contractions at regular intervals
(ii) Frequency of contractions increase gradually
(iii) Intensity and duration of contractions increase progressively
(iv) Associated with ‘SHOW’’
(v) Progressive effacement and dilatation of the cervix,
(vi) Descent of the presenting part,
25. (vii) Formation of the ‘bag of forewaters’
SHOW:
Expulsion of cervical mucus plug mixed with blood.
Dilatation of internal os:
• cervical canal begins to dilate more in the upper part than in the lower,
• stretching of the lower uterine segment
26. Formation of ‘bag of waters’:
• the membranes are detached easily because of its loose attachment to
the poorly formed decidua.
• With the dilatation of the cervical canal, the lower pole of the fetal
membranes becomes unsupported and tends to bulge into the cervical
canal.
•
27. • As it contains liquor, which has passed below the presenting
part, it is called ‘bag of waters’.
• Formation of bag of membrane with regular contractions and cervical
changes are signs of onset of labour.
28. Physiology of normal labour
• Marked hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the uterine muscle and the
enlargement of the uterus.
• At term, Length of the uterus including cervix - 35 cm (after delivery
20 cm vertically 8 inch and 10 cm anteroposteriorly 4 inch )
• Fundus is wider both transversely and anteroposteriorly than the lower
segment.
• Uterus assumes pyriform or ovoid shape.
29. UTERINE CONTRACTION IN LABOR
• Braxton-Hicks contraction
• Character of the contractions changes with the onset of labor.
• The pacemaker of the uterine contractions is situated in the region
of the tubal ostia from where waves of contractions spread downward.
30. • There is good synchronization of the contraction waves from both
halves of the uterus and also between upper and lower uterine
segments.
• There is fundal dominance of contractions that diminish gradually in
duration and intensity through mid zone down to lower segment.
• It takes about 10–20 seconds.
• The waves of contraction follow a regular pattern.
31. • The upper segment of the uterus contracts more strongly and for a
longer time than the lower part.
• Intra-amniotic pressure rises beyond 20 mm Hg during uterine
contraction.
• Good relaxation occurs in between contractions to bring down the
intra-amniotic pressure to less than 8 mm Hg.
• Contractions of the fundus last longer than that of the mid zone
32. • During contraction, uterus becomes hard and pushed anteriorly to
make the long axis of the uterus in line with that of pelvic axis.
• Simultaneously, the patient experiences pain which is situated more on
the hypogastric region, often radiating to the thighs.
• Pain of uterine contractions - cutaneous nerve distribution of T10 to
L1.
• Pain of cervical dilatation and stretching is referred to the back through
the sacral plexus
33. Probable causes of pain are:
(a) Myometrial hypoxia during contractions (as in angina),
(b) Stretching of the peritoneum over the fundus
(c) Stretching of the cervix during dilatation
(d) Stretching of the ligament surrounding the uterus
(e) Compression of the nerve ganglion
34. Tonus:
• Intrauterine pressure in between contractions and is inversely
proportional to relaxation
During pregnancy- 2–3 mm Hg.
During the first stage of labor - varies from 8 to 10 mm Hg.
The factors which govern the tonus are:
(i) Contractility of uterine muscles,
(ii) intra-abdominal pressure
(iii) over distension of uterus as in twins and hydramnios.
35. Intensity
• Degree of uterine systole.
• The intensity gradually increases with advancement of labor
First stage - raised to 40–50 mm Hg and
Second stage of labor –raised to 100 to 120 mm Hg
37. Retraction
• Muscle fibers are permanently
shortened once and for all.
Contraction
• Temporary reduction in length of
the fibers, which attain their full
length during relaxation
38. Retraction in normal labor- how does it
help?
● Essential property in the formation of LUS and dilatation and
effacement of the cervix.
● Maintain the descent of the presenting part made by the uterine
contractions and to help in ultimate expulsion of the fetus.
● Reduce the surface area of the uterus favouring separation of placenta.
● Effective haemostasis after the separation of the placenta
40. First stage: (cervical stage of labour)
Onset of true labour pain to full dilatation of the cervix.
Average duration-
Primigravidae- 12 hours
Multiparae- 6 hours
41. Events in the first stage of labour:
• Preparation of the birth canal so as to facilitate expulsion of the fetus
in the second stage.
The main events that occur in the first stage are—
(a) dilatation and effacement of the cervix and
(b) full formation of lower uterine segment.
.
42. Dilatation of cervix
Important structural components of the cervix are—
(a) smooth muscle (5–20%),
(b) collagen and
(c) the ground substance
43. Predisposing factors which favour smooth dilatation:
a. Softening of the cervix.
b. Fibromusculoglandular hypertrophy.
c. Increased vascularity
d. Accumulation of fluid in between collagen fibers
e. Breaking down of collagen fibrils by enzymes collagenase and
elastase
44. f. Change in the various glycosaminoglycans (e.g. increase in
Actual Factors Responsible are:
• Uterine contraction and retraction: ‘polarity of uterus’.
• Fetal axis pressure
• Bag of membrane
• Vis-a-tergo
45. Effacement or Taking up of cervix
• Muscular fibers of the cervix are pulled upward and merges with the
fibers of the lower uterine segment.
• In primigravidae, effacement precedes dilatation of the cervix, whereas
in multiparae, both occur simultaneously.
46. Lower uterine segment
● During labor the demarcation of an active upper segment and a
relatively passive lower segment is more pronounced.
• The wall of the upper segment becomes progressively thickened with
progressive thinning of the lower segment.
• A distinct ridge is produced at the junction of the two, called
physiological retraction ring which should not
49. Clinical course of first stage of labour.
● First symptom to appear is intermittent painful uterine contractions
followed by expulsion of blood-stained mucus (show) per vaginam.
● Pain
● Dilatation and effacement of cervix
50. Management of first stage of labour
(1) Non-interference with watchful expectancy.
(2) Monitor the progress of labour, maternal conditions and fetal
behaviour so as to detect any intra-partum complication early.
51. Actual management
A)General—
Antiseptic dressing
Encouragement, emotional support and assurance
Constant supervision is ensured.
• Bowel
• Diet
• Bladder care
• Relief of pain
• Assessment of progress of labour and partograph recording
• Abdominal examination
52. Second stage of labour
• From the full dilatation of the cervix to expulsion of the fetus from the
birth canal.
53. Events in the second stage of labour :
Second stage has two phases:
1. Propulsive—from full dilatation until head touches the
pelvic floor.
2. Expulsive—since the time mother has irresistible desire to ‘bear
down’and push until the baby is delivered.
Average duration:
Primigravidae- 2 hours
54. • Delivery of the fetus is accomplished by the downward thrust offered
by uterine contractions supplemented by voluntary contraction of
abdominal muscles ( bearing down effort) against the resistance
offered by bony and soft tissues of the birth canal.
• Tendency to push the fetus back into the uterine cavity by the elastic
recoil of the tissue of the vagina and the pelvic floor.
• Counterbalanced by the power of retraction.
55. • Thus, with increasing contraction and retraction, the upper segment
becomes more and more thicker with corresponding thinning of lower
segment.
• Endowed with power of retraction, the fetus is gradually expelled
from the uterus against the resistance offered by the pelvic floor.
• After the expulsion of the fetus, the uterine cavity is permanently
reduced in size only to accommodate the afterbirths.
56. Clinical course of second stage of labour
• Pain
• Bearing down effort- Initiated by nerve reflex (Ferguson reflex) due to
stretching of the vagina by the presenting part.
• Membranes may rupture with a gush of liquor per vaginum.
• Descent of the fetus- Abdominal and vaginal examinations.
Abdominal findings are- using fifth formula
Internal examination reveals descent of the head in relation
to ischial spines
57. • Vaginal signs-
• With the descend of presenting part head - distends the perineum, -
scalp hair is visible.
• vulval opening becomes circular (expulsive phase).
• Adjoining anal sphincter is stretched and stool comes out during
contraction.
• The head recedes after the contraction passes off but is held up a little
in advance because of retraction.
• Ultimately, the maximum diameter of the head (biparietal) stretches
the vulval outlet and there is no recession even after the contraction
passes off- ‘crowning’ of the head’.
58. Maternal signs:
• Ëxhaustion
• Immediately following the expulsion of the fetus, the mother heaves a
sigh of relief.
Fetal effects:
Slowing of FHR during contractions is observed, which comes back to
normal before the next contraction
59. Management of second stage of labour
PRINCIPLES:
(1) To assist in the natural expulsion of the fetus
(2) To prevent perineal injuries.
60. General measures-
• The patient should be in bed.
• Constant supervision
• FHR is recorded at every 5 minutes.
• To administer inhalation analgesics
• Vaginal examination –
Confirm its onset but
To detect any accidental cord prolapse.
To find the position and the station of the head
To find the progressive descent of the head.
61. • Preparation for delivery-
Position
Toileting the external genitalia
catheterization the bladder
• Conduction of delivery- divided into three phases :
1. Delivery of the head
2. Delivery of the shoulders
3. Delivery of the trunk
62. • Prevention of perineal laceration: - controlled delivery of the head.
Delivery by early extension is to be avoided.
Spontaneous forcible delivery of the head is to be avoided.
To deliver the head in between contractions.
To perform timely episiotomy
63. • Immediate care of the new born –
Clearing of the air passage and eyes
Clamping and ligaturing of the umbilical cord
APGAR scoring
64. Third stage:
• From expulsion of the fetus to expulsion of the placenta and
membranes (afterbirths).
Average duration –
15 minutes in both primigravidae and multiparae.
65. Events in the third stage of labour :
Mechanism of PLACENTAL SEPARATION:
• A shearing force between the placenta and the placental site.
• The plane of separation runs through deep spongy layer of decidua
basalis.
66. • Two ways of separation of placenta .
(1) Central separation (Schultze):
• Detachment starts at the center resulting in opening up of few uterine
sinuses and accumulation of blood behind the placenta (retroplacental
hematoma).
s
67. (2) Marginal separation (Mathews-Duncan):
• Separation starts at the margin as it is mostly unsupported. With
progressive uterine contraction, more and more areas of the placenta
get separated.
Separation of membrane
68. • Expulsion of placenta- voluntary contraction of abdominal muscles
(bearing down efforts) or by manual procedure
Mechanism of control of bleeding-
• Living ligature.
• Thrombosis
• Myotamponade.
69. Clinical course of third stage of labour
Separation, descent and expulsion of the placenta with its membranes.
70. Before separation of placenta
Per abdomen—
• Uterus becomes discoid in shape, firm in feel and non-ballottable.
• Fundal height reaches slightly below the umbilicus.
Per vaginam-
• Slight trickling of blood.
• Length of the umbilical cord as visible from outside remains static.
71. After separation of placenta
Per abdomen:
Uterus becomes globular, firm, and ballottable.
Fundal height is slightly raised.
Slight bulging in the suprapubic region due to distension of the lower
segment by the separated placenta.
• Per vaginam:
Slight gush of vaginal bleeding.
• Permanent lengthening of the cord is established.
72. • EXPULSION OF PLACENTA AND MEMBRANES:
MATERNAL SIGNS:
• Chills and occasional shivering.
• Slight transient hypotension is not unusual.
73. Management of third stage of labour
Expectant management
Active management of third stage of labour