Laboratory anesthetics
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The document discusses laboratory anesthetics for animals. It states that barbiturates like pentobarbital sodium are commonly used anesthetics, producing surgical anesthesia at doses of 35-45mg/kg intraperitoneally or intravenously. Pentobarbital has an immediate onset and duration of anesthesia of 45-60 minutes, with maintenence doses able to provide longer anesthesia. It also briefly mentions chloralose as another anesthetic.
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These drugs can induce unconsciousness when given alone but do not provide full general anesthesia effects like sedation, analgesia and muscle relaxation. They must be used with other agents to achieve complete general anesthesia. Barbiturates are commonly used injectable anesthetics that act on the central nervous system to cause depression and loss of consciousness, though their use has decreased with the development of newer agents like propofol. Thiopental and pentobarbital are examples of ultra-short and short-acting barbiturates used for induction and seizure treatment, respectively.
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1. IV induction drugs cause rapid loss of consciousness within one arm-brain circulation time by depressing the reticular activating system when given in appropriate doses.
2. An ideal IV induction drug would have rapid onset, short duration, and few side effects. It would be water soluble, stable, and inexpensive.
3. Common IV induction drugs include barbiturates like thiopental and methohexital, non-barbiturates like propofol and etomidate, benzodiazepines, and dissociatives like ketamine. Each drug has unique properties affecting absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
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Laboratory anesthetics
- 1. Laboratory anesthetics Bestha Chakrapani M.pharm Department of pharmacology
- 2. Laboratory anesthetics Barbiturates are the most commonly used anesthetics in the laboratory animals. Pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal) is the anesthetic of choice. It produces surgical anesthesia in a dose of 35- 45mg/kg when given by intraperitoneal or intravenous routes of administration. The onset of action is almost immediate and the duration of anesthesia lasts for 45-60 min.
- 4. If longer action is needed a maintence dose may be administered. It produces reversible anesthesia . When the drug is given by intravenous route, special precaution should be taken to administer it slowly other wise it may cause respiratory paralysis. Pentobarbitone anesthesia may not be suitable for the study of cardiovascular drugs as it affects the basal activity of cardiovascular system. The other commonly used an aesthetics are chloralose (80-100mg/kg,ip or iv). Both these agents produce irreversible and produce several hours of anesthesia.
- 5. Since chloralose is not suitable in cold water it is prepared in boiling water and injected when hot (30-40 c).⁰
- 7. RefeRence Hand book of experimental pharmacology by S.k .kulkarani.
- 8. Thank you