This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like classes and objects. It provides examples of creating classes for animals in a zoo, with subclasses for different types of animals. It also gives examples of creating classes to represent a zoo that houses animals, a menu for user input, and an application class. Finally, it describes exercises to create a student grading program using classes to represent students and their grades, and to graph grade distributions with asterisks.

1. (Object Oriented Programming)
EXERCISE
Creating Classes and Objects
I. Objectives:
At the end of the experiment, students must be able to:
Cognitive
a) understand how object-oriented programming and some of its concepts
b) understand the classes and objects
c) understand how instance variables/methods and class(static) variables/methods are being
used
Psychomotor:
a) construct a program using classes and objects
b) compile and debug the error of the program

2. Affective
a) appreciate the concept behind this experiment
II. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
A class is a considered as the center of Object Oriented Programming methodology and
defines the abstract characteristics of a thing (object), including the thing's characteristics (its
attributes, fields or properties) and the thing's behaviors (the things it can do, or methods,
operations or features). An object is an instantiation of a class.
In a way, a class and its objects have the relationship of a data type and variables. A class is
simply a template for holding objects. It is abstract but objects are real.
Classes are generally declared using the keyword “class”.
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. A zoo contains a large number of different types of animal. All animals respond to
a message 'talk()' by announcing what they are and their name and age. Each type
of animal is represented by a different sub-class of the animal class.
The zoo itself provides methods to add and subtract animals and responds to the
message 'feedingTime()' by sending the message talk to all the animals.
Animal classes
Create an Animal class and appropriate sub-classes for say Lion, Tiger etc.
Zoo class
Create a Zoo class can contain a number of animals and provides methods to add
and remove animals as well as responding to the method 'feedingTime()'.
Menu class
As this apllication, like so many, will require a menu for the user to drive it, create
a Menu class which has a constructor which enables a set of menu item strings to
be specified and a method which displays the menu and returns the user choice as
an integer. This method should perform some error checking on the user input.
Application class
Create a suitable application class with a main method which provides a menu for
user interaction and interacts with a zoo object.
2. Write a grading program for each class with the following grading policies:
a. There are two quizzes, each graded on the basis of 10 points.
b. There is one midterm exam and one final exam, each graded on the basis of 100
points.
c. The final exam counts for 50% of the grade, the midterm counts for 25%, and
the two quizzes together count for a total of 25%.(Do not forget to normalize the
quiz scores. They should be converted to a percent before they are average in.) Any
grade of 90 or more is an A, any grade of 80 or more (but less than 90 is B, any
grade of 70 or more (but less than 80) is a C, any grade of 60 or more (but less than
70) is a D, and any grade below 60 is an F. The program will read in the student’s
scores and output the student’s record, which consists of two quiz and two exam
scores as well as the student’s overall numeric score for the entire course and final
letter grade. Define and use a class for the student record. The class should have
instance variables for the quizzes, midterm, final, course overall numeric score, and
course final letter grade. The overall numeric score is a number in the range 0 to
100, which represents the weighted average of the student’s work. The class should
have input and output methods. The input method should not ask for the final
numeric grade nor should it ask for the final letter grade. The class should have
methods to compute the overall numeric grade and the final letter grade. These last
two methods will be void methods that set the appropriate instance variables.
Remember, one method can call another method. If you prefer, you can define a
single method that sets both the overall numeric score and the
final letter grade, but if you do this, use a helping method. Your program should
use all the methods we discussed. Your class should have a reasonable set of
accessor and mutator methods, whether or not your program uses them. You may
add other methods if you wish.

3. 3. Create a class that graphs the grade distribution (number of A’s, B’s, C’s, D’s, and
F’s) horizontally by printing lines with proportionate numbers of asterisks
corresponding to the percentage of grades in each category. Write methods to set the
number of each letter grade; red the number of each letter grade, return the total
number of grades, return the percent of each letter grade as a whole number between 0
and 100, inclusive; and draw the graph. Set it up so that 50 asterisks correspond to
100% (each one corresponds 2%), include a scale on the horizontal axis indicating
each 10% increment from 0 to 100%, and label each line with its letter grade. For
example, if there are 1 A’s, 4 B’s, 6 C’s, 2 D’s and 1 F, the total number of grades is
14, the percentage of A’s is 7, percentage of B’s is 29, percentage of C’s is 43,
percentage of D’s is 14, and percentage of F’s is 7. The A row would contain 4
asterisks (7% of 50 rounded to the nearest the B row 14, the C row 21, the D row 7,
and the F row 4, so the graph would look like this
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
***************************************************
**** A
************** B
********************* C
******* D
**** F

4. V. QUESTION AND ANSWER:
1. What is the difference between classes and objects?
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2. Consider the following class:
public class IdentifyMyParts {
public static int x = 7;
public int y = 3;
}
1. What are the class variables?
2. What are the instance variables?
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