International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Oil spillage and gas flaring by the oil industry has devastated the Niger Delta for more than half a century. Oil pollution causes both immediate damage and long-term harm to fish, agricultural lands and the health of the living environment.
Vast oil reserves in Nigeria have generated significant export revenues but widespread poverty and lack of development persist in the Niger Delta region where the oil is extracted. Oil spills regularly occur from pipelines and cause water and soil pollution, reducing agricultural output. Much of the oil revenue is stolen by corrupt officials while most Delta residents live on less than $1 per day. With politicians benefiting from oil, there has been little investment in infrastructure or welfare. Militant groups disrupt oil supply to protest environmental degradation and poverty.
The petroleum industry in Nigeria is the largest industry and mean generator of Gross Domestic product (GDP) in the West African Nation. Inspite of the huge financial investment made by the Nigerian government in the oil and gas industry of the economy, it has not resulted in significant benefits for most Nigerians.
http://bonnylightcrudeoil.org
Oil exploration and spillage in the niger delta of nigeriaAlexander Decker
Oil exploration and spillage has been ongoing in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria for several decades since oil was first discovered in 1956. Approximately 1.5 million tons of oil has been spilled in the region over this time period, contaminating rivers, streams, and forests. The Niger Delta region is home to diverse ecosystems and species and is a major source of income for local populations, making the oil spills problematic. While oil companies reported decreases in spill quantities and increases in incidents between 1976-2000, reliable data on more recent spills is lacking and further evaluation is needed.
Oil spillage and pollution in nigeria organizational management and instituti...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes oil production and pollution in Nigeria. It discusses how oil was discovered in Nigeria in the 1950s and how production has increased over time, with 11 companies now operating over 1500 oil wells. It also describes how oil exploration has led to various forms of pollution like oil spills, gas flaring, and soil/water contamination. Finally, it outlines Nigeria's existing laws around environmental protection but notes they need improvement to better address the issues caused by oil operations.
Environmental and socio economic impact of oil exploration on the niger delta...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the environmental and socio-economic impacts of oil exploration in Ibeno, Nigeria. The study found:
1) Oil exploration has had some positive impacts on infrastructure development and socio-economic well-being in the host community.
2) However, oil exploration has also had significant negative impacts on the local ecosystem.
3) The study concludes that while oil companies generate employment and revenue, their activities have also destroyed aquatic life, farmland, and wildlife in the area.
Climate change is negatively impacting fishing in coastal Tanzania. Rising ocean temperatures are causing many fish species to move to deeper waters or cooler regions, while also introducing new species with unpredictable effects. These shifting conditions are making it difficult for fishermen in Tanzania to catch fish, threatening their livelihoods and food security. Fisheries provide over 177,000 direct jobs and millions more indirect jobs in Tanzania, but climate change is reducing fish catches and contributing to economic losses. While Tanzania contributes little to global warming, it lacks the resources to effectively adapt its fishing communities to the effects of climate change.
Oil spillage and gas flaring by the oil industry has devastated the Niger Delta for more than half a century. Oil pollution causes both immediate damage and long-term harm to fish, agricultural lands and the health of the living environment.
Vast oil reserves in Nigeria have generated significant export revenues but widespread poverty and lack of development persist in the Niger Delta region where the oil is extracted. Oil spills regularly occur from pipelines and cause water and soil pollution, reducing agricultural output. Much of the oil revenue is stolen by corrupt officials while most Delta residents live on less than $1 per day. With politicians benefiting from oil, there has been little investment in infrastructure or welfare. Militant groups disrupt oil supply to protest environmental degradation and poverty.
The petroleum industry in Nigeria is the largest industry and mean generator of Gross Domestic product (GDP) in the West African Nation. Inspite of the huge financial investment made by the Nigerian government in the oil and gas industry of the economy, it has not resulted in significant benefits for most Nigerians.
http://bonnylightcrudeoil.org
Oil exploration and spillage in the niger delta of nigeriaAlexander Decker
Oil exploration and spillage has been ongoing in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria for several decades since oil was first discovered in 1956. Approximately 1.5 million tons of oil has been spilled in the region over this time period, contaminating rivers, streams, and forests. The Niger Delta region is home to diverse ecosystems and species and is a major source of income for local populations, making the oil spills problematic. While oil companies reported decreases in spill quantities and increases in incidents between 1976-2000, reliable data on more recent spills is lacking and further evaluation is needed.
Oil spillage and pollution in nigeria organizational management and instituti...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes oil production and pollution in Nigeria. It discusses how oil was discovered in Nigeria in the 1950s and how production has increased over time, with 11 companies now operating over 1500 oil wells. It also describes how oil exploration has led to various forms of pollution like oil spills, gas flaring, and soil/water contamination. Finally, it outlines Nigeria's existing laws around environmental protection but notes they need improvement to better address the issues caused by oil operations.
Environmental and socio economic impact of oil exploration on the niger delta...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the environmental and socio-economic impacts of oil exploration in Ibeno, Nigeria. The study found:
1) Oil exploration has had some positive impacts on infrastructure development and socio-economic well-being in the host community.
2) However, oil exploration has also had significant negative impacts on the local ecosystem.
3) The study concludes that while oil companies generate employment and revenue, their activities have also destroyed aquatic life, farmland, and wildlife in the area.
Climate change is negatively impacting fishing in coastal Tanzania. Rising ocean temperatures are causing many fish species to move to deeper waters or cooler regions, while also introducing new species with unpredictable effects. These shifting conditions are making it difficult for fishermen in Tanzania to catch fish, threatening their livelihoods and food security. Fisheries provide over 177,000 direct jobs and millions more indirect jobs in Tanzania, but climate change is reducing fish catches and contributing to economic losses. While Tanzania contributes little to global warming, it lacks the resources to effectively adapt its fishing communities to the effects of climate change.
This document discusses the state of coastal and marine environments in Africa. It notes that as coastal populations grow and human activities increase, coastal habitats are being degraded, diminishing biodiversity. The main causes are poverty, economic development pressures, overexploitation of fisheries, and pollution. Coastal areas provide resources like fisheries and support industries like tourism, but unsustainable practices are damaging ecosystems. There are opportunities to better manage resources and involve communities to improve livelihoods, but degradation continues due to pressures including climate change impacts.
This document provides background information on petroleum and the environment in Nigeria. It discusses:
[1] How Nigeria was previously dependent on agriculture but has become reliant on crude oil exports since its discovery in 1956. Exports have increased from 5,000 barrels in 1958 to 2.5 million barrels per day currently.
[2] However, this oil development has come at a huge cost to the environment from oil spills, gas flaring, and other pollution. The Niger Delta region where most oil is extracted has suffered tremendous degradation, impacting communities.
[3] The government and oil companies share responsibility to prevent environmental incidents and protect communities. This thesis will examine the environmental impacts on the Niger
Discovery of Crude Oil in Nigeria; A Blessing or a Cursebolawafadoju
The document discusses how crude oil in Nigeria has had both positive and negative economic, social, and environmental impacts. It has generated substantial revenues but also led to overdependence on oil, neglect of other sectors, pollution, and health issues. While oil brought initial prosperity, it has contributed to poverty, unemployment, and a lack of development in other areas despite Nigeria's significant oil wealth and status as a top oil producer. The future depends on diversifying the economy, supporting other sectors like agriculture, holding government accountable, and properly managing oil resources and revenues for the benefit of all Nigerians.
This document discusses establishing a No-Go Zone policy for mineral extraction in the Philippines by considering four key areas: fragile ecosystems, food security, disaster risk, and intensified conflict. It provides background on the country's population and poverty levels, finite natural resources, effects of mining and climate change, and ongoing resource-based conflicts. The document argues that in developing mining for economic growth, the government must consider mining's potential irreversible impacts and effects on exacerbating hunger, disasters, and conflicts.
The Irony of Amnesty Programme: Incessant Oil Theft and Illegal Bunkering In ...inventionjournals
The document discusses the irony of Nigeria's Amnesty Programme in failing to curb oil theft in the Niger Delta region, despite reducing militant activities. It provides background on the Niger Delta's oil wealth and environmental degradation. While the Amnesty Programme increased oil production post-2009, oil theft has risen even higher than before. The perpetrators of oil theft are highly complex and organized, ranging from local communities to military officials to politicians both within and outside Nigeria. The motivations and impacts of continued oil theft pose serious economic and security threats if not addressed.
Contested planet resource booklet june 2010Sally Longford
The document provides information about the challenges facing biodiversity in Pacific small island developing states (SIDS). Key points include:
- Pacific SIDS have high levels of biodiversity but it is threatened, with up to 50% of species at risk. Threats include habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, and climate change.
- Coral reefs, forests, and marine life are ecologically and economically important but vulnerable to threats like overfishing, logging, and natural disasters exacerbated by climate change.
- Climate change poses severe risks like sea level rise, which could make some low-lying Pacific islands uninhabitable.
Ensuring harmonious relations among investors and communities in an emerging ...Alexander Decker
The document discusses potential areas of conflict between investors and communities in Ghana's emerging oil and gas industry, drawing on lessons from mining areas globally. It identifies several key issues: 1) Economic ventures and influx of non-indigenes could cause tensions as outsiders prosper while locals lack skills; 2) Unequal development and disputes over land use between companies and indigenous groups have occurred elsewhere; 3) A lack of effective communication and consultation about industry risks and impacts has led to mistrust and protest. The document proposes improved information sharing, land management tools to support livelihoods, financial benefits like royalties for communities, and employing local youth, to help ensure harmonious relations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the effects of erosion from the Agulu-Nanka complex on local communities in Anambra State, Nigeria. Data collected through questionnaires with 154 households found that 54 households (35%) were displaced, with 235 hectares of farmland and 80 houses destroyed. The erosion has severely impacted the socio-economic conditions of residents by destroying homes and farmland, disrupting transportation, and forcing people to relocate. While various control efforts have been undertaken, more coordinated long-term efforts are needed to fully address the erosion problem and support affected communities. Recommendations include sustained government funding, reforestation programs, an erosion control appeal fund, and preventing waste from worsening the erosion
The document summarizes Palau's progress towards sustainable development since the 1992 Earth Summit. It outlines major concerns such as the effects of climate change, lack of coordination in legislative frameworks and natural resource management, inadequate pollution control, and limited resources. It also describes strategies Palau has implemented, including sustainable development plans, the National Environment Protection Council, and public awareness programs. The document provides background on Palau's socioeconomics, environment, biodiversity, and international agreements related to sustainable development.
Saifur Rahman introduces himself as a 24-year old Bangladeshi student studying agricultural extension education with interests in photography, travelling, and reading. The document provides an overview of Bangladesh, including key facts such as its independence day, capital, GDP, population, and languages. Major tourist attractions discussed include the world's longest sea beach in Cox's Bazar, the Sundarbans mangrove forest, and sites in Sylhet. Natural disasters that frequently impact Bangladesh like flooding and cyclones are also summarized.
Geopolitical instability (petroleum), increased complexity of policy change (mining, petroleum), uncertainty over regulations (mining, petroleum), and technically challenging physical environments (geothermal) have aggravated existing risks for the Philippine resources industry. Nevertheless, a changing landscape provides opportunities for resources companies willing to embrace a degree of risk and gain access to future growth areas - technology, business optimization, etc. that will be the key to unlocking future potential.
The document summarizes marine life in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It discusses the importance of the islands as a biodiversity hotspot home to many endemic species. However, marine life faces threats such as climate change, pollution, overexploitation, and habitat loss. Warming waters due to climate change negatively impact coral reefs and species like sea turtles. Pollution from sewage, oil spills, and industrial waste harm marine organisms. Overfishing has depleted many fish stocks. Habitat loss from development fragmenting and destroying environments puts more species at risk. Conservation efforts are needed to protect the valuable marine ecosystem and resources.
Reasserting the Relevance of the Geology Profession Under the Duterte Adminis...Fernando Penarroyo
The document discusses recent global trends in mining and petroleum, China's activities in the South China Sea, and the implications of Trump's presidency. It then summarizes updates in the Philippine resources industry under Duterte, including developments in petroleum, coal, geothermal, and legal issues. Finally, it identifies opportunities for geologists, such as infrastructure projects, solutions to disputes over the West Philippine Sea, and work related to climate change and water management.
Change in climate and consequent global warming are posing threats to food security in many developing nations including Nigeria because of the climate-dependent nature of agricultural systems and lack of coping capabilities. The spatiotemporal pattern of temperature and rainfall of Nigeria between 1901 and 2005 (105 years), using temperature and rainfall data to support the concept of regional climate change and its impact on Agriculture and food security was in-vestigated. Also assessed was the level of agriculture funding and output in Nigeria. Mean annual air temperature and rain-fall data between 1901- 2005 (105 years) were obtained from Food and Agricultural Organization publications, National Bureau of Statistics, Central Bank of Nigeria bulletin and National Meteorological Agency. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The results showed that within the period of 105 years, rainfall decreased by 81 mm with increasing temperature of 1.1℃. The unpredictability of rainfall and steadily increasing air temperature were observed from 1971-2005. The total federal budget between 2001 and 2005 averaged 824 billion Naira per year of which very small amount (14.7 billion (1.8%)) went to agricultural sector. The actual spending was 681 billion Naira per year with 11.4 bil-lion Naira for agriculture. Over 25 years, there were low and dramatic walloping of public spending in agriculture relative to large size and importance of agricultural sector in the economy. There is a continuous rise in output from 1987 to 2000 before it dropped in 2001. Land degradation, desert encroachment, drying up of surface waters, coastal inundations, and shift in cultivated crops over time affected the food security in Nigeria. The current available data showed that Nigeria, like most parts of the world is experiencing the basic features of climate change. Therefore, Nigerian government/ private sector partnership should encourage agricultural, industrial and domestic practices which will not contribute to the emission of greenhouse gasses.
This document discusses environmental pollution in Nigeria. It identifies the four main types of environmental pollution as land, water, air, and noise pollution. It also classifies pollutants as either natural or human-caused. Natural pollutants like flooding and desertification occur naturally and are out of human control, while human pollutants result from activities like burning bushes, vehicle emissions, gas flaring, and oil spills. The document analyzes several Nigerian laws aimed at curbing different types of pollution but notes they are often not properly enforced and punishments are not strong enough to deter violations.
Status of Soil Pollution in Central America and the CaribbeanExternalEvents
The main causes of soil pollution in Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean are fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture, mining activities, and oil spills. Fertilizers have led to unsafe levels of cadmium and herbicide residues in soils. Mining destroys forests and watersheds, especially in Jamaica where bauxite mining causes deforestation. Oil spills like the 2010 Gulf of Mexico spill have long-lasting impacts. Legislation exists but monitoring and remediation programs need improvement.
Applications of Biogas: State of the Art and Future Prospective
Review Article
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research Vol. 1 (3), 2014, 79–107
Abdeen Mustafa Omer *
THE APPRAISAL OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK REGULATING GAS FLARING IN NIGERIA’S UPSTREAM...IAEME Publication
Nigeria is ranked one of the main producers of crude oil in Africa and due to this, oil exploration activities have occasioned high rate of gas flaring which was intensified by poor enforcement of anti-gas flaring laws by the regulatory authorities. Associated natural gas is generated from oil production and it is flared in large volumes, thereby leading to the emission of greenhouse gases and a waste of natural resources which could have potentially spawned billions of dollars for the Federal government. Nigerians are apprehensive that if nothing is done to combat this menace, the environment and man will be at risk due its damaging consequences. There is therefore the need to stop gas flaring by replicating the approaches used in the relatively advanced petroleum countries like Norway to tackle the menace. The research is an appraisal of legal frameworks regulating gas flaring in Nigeria’s Upstream Petroleum Sector. It is a doctrinal legal research that adopts a library based research approach. Weak enforcement and ambiguity of some anti-gas flaring laws are largely identified as the key factors responsible for the menace. It recommends the use of more advanced technologies, sophisticated mixture of regulations and none-regulatory incentives such as fiscal policies, gas market restructuring and proffer practical suggestions.
JEL Classifications: K2, K42, Q4, Q5, P28, K32, K12
1. The document describes the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the leaf extract of Ficus Elastica and their application in controlling air pollution.
2. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a microwave-mediated method with Ficus Elastica leaf extract. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, and FTIR.
3. Batch experiments were conducted to study the removal of SO2 from aqueous solutions using the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The effect of contact time, initial SO2 concentration, nanoparticle dosage, and temperature were evaluated. Kinetic and adsorption models were applied to the experimental data.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document discusses the state of coastal and marine environments in Africa. It notes that as coastal populations grow and human activities increase, coastal habitats are being degraded, diminishing biodiversity. The main causes are poverty, economic development pressures, overexploitation of fisheries, and pollution. Coastal areas provide resources like fisheries and support industries like tourism, but unsustainable practices are damaging ecosystems. There are opportunities to better manage resources and involve communities to improve livelihoods, but degradation continues due to pressures including climate change impacts.
This document provides background information on petroleum and the environment in Nigeria. It discusses:
[1] How Nigeria was previously dependent on agriculture but has become reliant on crude oil exports since its discovery in 1956. Exports have increased from 5,000 barrels in 1958 to 2.5 million barrels per day currently.
[2] However, this oil development has come at a huge cost to the environment from oil spills, gas flaring, and other pollution. The Niger Delta region where most oil is extracted has suffered tremendous degradation, impacting communities.
[3] The government and oil companies share responsibility to prevent environmental incidents and protect communities. This thesis will examine the environmental impacts on the Niger
Discovery of Crude Oil in Nigeria; A Blessing or a Cursebolawafadoju
The document discusses how crude oil in Nigeria has had both positive and negative economic, social, and environmental impacts. It has generated substantial revenues but also led to overdependence on oil, neglect of other sectors, pollution, and health issues. While oil brought initial prosperity, it has contributed to poverty, unemployment, and a lack of development in other areas despite Nigeria's significant oil wealth and status as a top oil producer. The future depends on diversifying the economy, supporting other sectors like agriculture, holding government accountable, and properly managing oil resources and revenues for the benefit of all Nigerians.
This document discusses establishing a No-Go Zone policy for mineral extraction in the Philippines by considering four key areas: fragile ecosystems, food security, disaster risk, and intensified conflict. It provides background on the country's population and poverty levels, finite natural resources, effects of mining and climate change, and ongoing resource-based conflicts. The document argues that in developing mining for economic growth, the government must consider mining's potential irreversible impacts and effects on exacerbating hunger, disasters, and conflicts.
The Irony of Amnesty Programme: Incessant Oil Theft and Illegal Bunkering In ...inventionjournals
The document discusses the irony of Nigeria's Amnesty Programme in failing to curb oil theft in the Niger Delta region, despite reducing militant activities. It provides background on the Niger Delta's oil wealth and environmental degradation. While the Amnesty Programme increased oil production post-2009, oil theft has risen even higher than before. The perpetrators of oil theft are highly complex and organized, ranging from local communities to military officials to politicians both within and outside Nigeria. The motivations and impacts of continued oil theft pose serious economic and security threats if not addressed.
Contested planet resource booklet june 2010Sally Longford
The document provides information about the challenges facing biodiversity in Pacific small island developing states (SIDS). Key points include:
- Pacific SIDS have high levels of biodiversity but it is threatened, with up to 50% of species at risk. Threats include habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, and climate change.
- Coral reefs, forests, and marine life are ecologically and economically important but vulnerable to threats like overfishing, logging, and natural disasters exacerbated by climate change.
- Climate change poses severe risks like sea level rise, which could make some low-lying Pacific islands uninhabitable.
Ensuring harmonious relations among investors and communities in an emerging ...Alexander Decker
The document discusses potential areas of conflict between investors and communities in Ghana's emerging oil and gas industry, drawing on lessons from mining areas globally. It identifies several key issues: 1) Economic ventures and influx of non-indigenes could cause tensions as outsiders prosper while locals lack skills; 2) Unequal development and disputes over land use between companies and indigenous groups have occurred elsewhere; 3) A lack of effective communication and consultation about industry risks and impacts has led to mistrust and protest. The document proposes improved information sharing, land management tools to support livelihoods, financial benefits like royalties for communities, and employing local youth, to help ensure harmonious relations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the effects of erosion from the Agulu-Nanka complex on local communities in Anambra State, Nigeria. Data collected through questionnaires with 154 households found that 54 households (35%) were displaced, with 235 hectares of farmland and 80 houses destroyed. The erosion has severely impacted the socio-economic conditions of residents by destroying homes and farmland, disrupting transportation, and forcing people to relocate. While various control efforts have been undertaken, more coordinated long-term efforts are needed to fully address the erosion problem and support affected communities. Recommendations include sustained government funding, reforestation programs, an erosion control appeal fund, and preventing waste from worsening the erosion
The document summarizes Palau's progress towards sustainable development since the 1992 Earth Summit. It outlines major concerns such as the effects of climate change, lack of coordination in legislative frameworks and natural resource management, inadequate pollution control, and limited resources. It also describes strategies Palau has implemented, including sustainable development plans, the National Environment Protection Council, and public awareness programs. The document provides background on Palau's socioeconomics, environment, biodiversity, and international agreements related to sustainable development.
Saifur Rahman introduces himself as a 24-year old Bangladeshi student studying agricultural extension education with interests in photography, travelling, and reading. The document provides an overview of Bangladesh, including key facts such as its independence day, capital, GDP, population, and languages. Major tourist attractions discussed include the world's longest sea beach in Cox's Bazar, the Sundarbans mangrove forest, and sites in Sylhet. Natural disasters that frequently impact Bangladesh like flooding and cyclones are also summarized.
Geopolitical instability (petroleum), increased complexity of policy change (mining, petroleum), uncertainty over regulations (mining, petroleum), and technically challenging physical environments (geothermal) have aggravated existing risks for the Philippine resources industry. Nevertheless, a changing landscape provides opportunities for resources companies willing to embrace a degree of risk and gain access to future growth areas - technology, business optimization, etc. that will be the key to unlocking future potential.
The document summarizes marine life in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It discusses the importance of the islands as a biodiversity hotspot home to many endemic species. However, marine life faces threats such as climate change, pollution, overexploitation, and habitat loss. Warming waters due to climate change negatively impact coral reefs and species like sea turtles. Pollution from sewage, oil spills, and industrial waste harm marine organisms. Overfishing has depleted many fish stocks. Habitat loss from development fragmenting and destroying environments puts more species at risk. Conservation efforts are needed to protect the valuable marine ecosystem and resources.
Reasserting the Relevance of the Geology Profession Under the Duterte Adminis...Fernando Penarroyo
The document discusses recent global trends in mining and petroleum, China's activities in the South China Sea, and the implications of Trump's presidency. It then summarizes updates in the Philippine resources industry under Duterte, including developments in petroleum, coal, geothermal, and legal issues. Finally, it identifies opportunities for geologists, such as infrastructure projects, solutions to disputes over the West Philippine Sea, and work related to climate change and water management.
Change in climate and consequent global warming are posing threats to food security in many developing nations including Nigeria because of the climate-dependent nature of agricultural systems and lack of coping capabilities. The spatiotemporal pattern of temperature and rainfall of Nigeria between 1901 and 2005 (105 years), using temperature and rainfall data to support the concept of regional climate change and its impact on Agriculture and food security was in-vestigated. Also assessed was the level of agriculture funding and output in Nigeria. Mean annual air temperature and rain-fall data between 1901- 2005 (105 years) were obtained from Food and Agricultural Organization publications, National Bureau of Statistics, Central Bank of Nigeria bulletin and National Meteorological Agency. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The results showed that within the period of 105 years, rainfall decreased by 81 mm with increasing temperature of 1.1℃. The unpredictability of rainfall and steadily increasing air temperature were observed from 1971-2005. The total federal budget between 2001 and 2005 averaged 824 billion Naira per year of which very small amount (14.7 billion (1.8%)) went to agricultural sector. The actual spending was 681 billion Naira per year with 11.4 bil-lion Naira for agriculture. Over 25 years, there were low and dramatic walloping of public spending in agriculture relative to large size and importance of agricultural sector in the economy. There is a continuous rise in output from 1987 to 2000 before it dropped in 2001. Land degradation, desert encroachment, drying up of surface waters, coastal inundations, and shift in cultivated crops over time affected the food security in Nigeria. The current available data showed that Nigeria, like most parts of the world is experiencing the basic features of climate change. Therefore, Nigerian government/ private sector partnership should encourage agricultural, industrial and domestic practices which will not contribute to the emission of greenhouse gasses.
This document discusses environmental pollution in Nigeria. It identifies the four main types of environmental pollution as land, water, air, and noise pollution. It also classifies pollutants as either natural or human-caused. Natural pollutants like flooding and desertification occur naturally and are out of human control, while human pollutants result from activities like burning bushes, vehicle emissions, gas flaring, and oil spills. The document analyzes several Nigerian laws aimed at curbing different types of pollution but notes they are often not properly enforced and punishments are not strong enough to deter violations.
Status of Soil Pollution in Central America and the CaribbeanExternalEvents
The main causes of soil pollution in Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean are fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture, mining activities, and oil spills. Fertilizers have led to unsafe levels of cadmium and herbicide residues in soils. Mining destroys forests and watersheds, especially in Jamaica where bauxite mining causes deforestation. Oil spills like the 2010 Gulf of Mexico spill have long-lasting impacts. Legislation exists but monitoring and remediation programs need improvement.
Applications of Biogas: State of the Art and Future Prospective
Review Article
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research Vol. 1 (3), 2014, 79–107
Abdeen Mustafa Omer *
THE APPRAISAL OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK REGULATING GAS FLARING IN NIGERIA’S UPSTREAM...IAEME Publication
Nigeria is ranked one of the main producers of crude oil in Africa and due to this, oil exploration activities have occasioned high rate of gas flaring which was intensified by poor enforcement of anti-gas flaring laws by the regulatory authorities. Associated natural gas is generated from oil production and it is flared in large volumes, thereby leading to the emission of greenhouse gases and a waste of natural resources which could have potentially spawned billions of dollars for the Federal government. Nigerians are apprehensive that if nothing is done to combat this menace, the environment and man will be at risk due its damaging consequences. There is therefore the need to stop gas flaring by replicating the approaches used in the relatively advanced petroleum countries like Norway to tackle the menace. The research is an appraisal of legal frameworks regulating gas flaring in Nigeria’s Upstream Petroleum Sector. It is a doctrinal legal research that adopts a library based research approach. Weak enforcement and ambiguity of some anti-gas flaring laws are largely identified as the key factors responsible for the menace. It recommends the use of more advanced technologies, sophisticated mixture of regulations and none-regulatory incentives such as fiscal policies, gas market restructuring and proffer practical suggestions.
JEL Classifications: K2, K42, Q4, Q5, P28, K32, K12
1. The document describes the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the leaf extract of Ficus Elastica and their application in controlling air pollution.
2. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a microwave-mediated method with Ficus Elastica leaf extract. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, and FTIR.
3. Batch experiments were conducted to study the removal of SO2 from aqueous solutions using the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The effect of contact time, initial SO2 concentration, nanoparticle dosage, and temperature were evaluated. Kinetic and adsorption models were applied to the experimental data.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
1) The document presents a new zero-voltage switching (ZVS) topology for a three-phase grid-connected inverter. The topology uses an additional active clamping leg to achieve ZVS for all the main switches.
2) A new space vector modulation scheme is proposed to control the inverter such that the auxiliary switch operates at the same frequency as the main switches. This ensures ZVS turn-on of the main switches.
3) Simulation results on a 30kW prototype verify that the ZVS topology reduces switching losses, improves efficiency, and makes the inverter suitable for practical high power applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Este documento fornece instruções sobre como usar o Dropbox para armazenar arquivos com segurança, acessá-los de qualquer dispositivo e compartilhá-los com outras pessoas. Ele explica como instalar os aplicativos Dropbox, adicionar arquivos, compartilhar links, criar pastas compartilhadas e obter mais espaço de armazenamento com assinaturas pagas.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
8. modelos de enseñanza y método de casosfanyml1031
Este documento discute diferentes modelos de enseñanza y métodos educativos. Propone que un modelo educativo exitoso debe integrar las perspectivas de todos los involucrados, como maestros, padres y estudiantes. También debe adaptarse continuamente a los cambios sociales y permitir que los estudiantes participen activamente. La evaluación debe usarse para mejorar continuamente el proceso educativo.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Global Wariming Impact on Fiji Food Security and PovertyZ3P
This document provides an overview of the agricultural situation and food security challenges in Fiji. It discusses how Fiji is highly dependent on food imports due to its isolation and rising costs. Climate change is expected to negatively impact agriculture through increased droughts, flooding, and storms. Adaptation is needed to build resilience against these climate impacts and ensure food security.
The document discusses the environmental challenges facing the Philippines at the national and local level. It notes that climate change is a major issue, with the Philippines experiencing rising temperatures, sea levels and extreme weather. It also discusses threats like deforestation, mining activities, overfishing and pollution, which are putting stress on the country's biodiversity, forests, waters and other natural resources. At the local level, it highlights concerns around forest loss, vulnerability to sea level rise and threats to rivers and waters in Iloilo City.
Review of Climate Change and Its effect on Nigeria EcosystemAI Publications
This paper examines the issue of climate change and its impact on the environment. The effects of man's activities as well as those of natural phenomena on global warming, climate change and the environment are presented and discussed. The options that are available as response to global warming: mitigation, adaptation and possible human suffering as consequences of what cannot be avoided by mitigation and adaptation are presented. An overview of the Nigerian environment, preparedness for the impact of global warming and related problems are also presented. The status of environmental data and the need for environmental baseline survey and the creation of a comprehensive database for the country driven by geographical information system are presented and discussed. The paper then underscores the need for governments at all levels to adequately fund geo information production and cultivate the culture of its usage for adequate and proactive response to global warming, sustainable environmental management and national development.
Rinesh ram government of fiji country report on water resource management for...Rinesh Ram
This document provides an overview of water resource management and climate change adaptation efforts in Fiji. It discusses the country's climate, challenges to water management under climate change, and various government initiatives and projects aimed at integrated water resource management, renewable energy development, and mangrove ecosystem protection to enhance adaptation. Key organizations involved in water management in Fiji include the Land and Water Resource Management Division, Water Authority of Fiji, Fiji Electricity Authority, and several NGOs supporting projects on issues such as mangrove restoration, biofuels, and community-based adaptation. The document outlines capacity building needs and hot issues for water resources in Fiji relating to development planning, water supply/quality, natural disasters, land use, and
The Role of developing countries in achieving Climate protection goalsEMMANUEL ADU OHENE
The document discusses the role of developing countries in achieving climate protection goals. It notes that developing countries are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The document then provides examples of climate impacts in different regions of the developing world, including increased water scarcity in Africa, decreased agricultural productivity in Asia, and effects on ecosystems and water resources in Latin America. It also examines Ghana as a case study, outlining Ghana's climate mitigation and adaptation strategies as well as some of the challenges it faces. The document argues that developing countries will require assistance to effectively adapt to climate change impacts.
Climate change poses threats to many types of tourism including mountain, winter, island and coastal tourism. Rising global temperatures are causing glaciers and snowpacks to melt, threatening winter sports. Sea level rise also endangers coastal and island destinations. While some areas may see longer summer seasons, warmer conditions could discourage tourists from visiting destinations known for cooler climates. The tourism industry will need to adopt new strategies like artificial snowmaking to adapt to climate change impacts.
Papua New Guinea is a culturally diverse country with great potential for economic growth due to its natural resources. It is preparing to host two major international events - the 2015 Pacific Games and the 2018 APEC summit. The minister of sports, Justin Tkatchenko, is confident these events will be successful and help transform PNG's international image from one of unknown risk to a modernizing nation. He emphasizes developing education, infrastructure, and tourism to realize PNG's economic potential and ensure a bright future.
Climate Change and Vulnerability in Ghana by Justice Ampofo AgyeiJustice Ampofo
Climate change is one of the greatest environmental, social and economic threats to the livelihood of forest dependent communities in developing countries. The impacts of climate change on ecosystem services and the livelihood of communities surrounding the SRFR have been identified in this paper. These communities are very vulnerable due to their high dependence on ecosystem services and their low capacity to climate change impacts. Sectors that are adversely affected by climate change include agriculture, biodiversity, and water resources. These impacts are most likely to deepen poverty, food insecurity and the poor livelihoods of the communities. To address these negative impacts, the communities have adapted various adaptation strategies in agriculture, biodiversity conservation, and water resources management to minimize climate change impacts. To improve ecosystem services, adaptation to climate change impacts, the resilience and capacity of the local communities, it is important to put in place appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies.
Environmental sustainability in Ghana. An evalution of Climate Change awarene...Dzifa Acolor
Ghana has taken steps to address climate change through policies and initiatives, but faces ongoing challenges. The country is vulnerable to climate impacts due to its tropical climate and reliance on agriculture and natural resources. While Ghana has established frameworks and agencies to mitigate emissions and adapt, deforestation remains a problem due to population growth and subsistence farming. Greater awareness campaigns and affordable sustainable energy alternatives are still needed to effectively address climate change.
1) The document discusses the vulnerability of small island developing states (SIDS) to climate change impacts such as sea level rise, extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and water scarcity.
2) SIDS are disproportionately affected by climate change even though they contribute very little to global greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting issues of equity in the global climate system.
3) The document explores renewable energy options that can help SIDS mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts, reducing reliance on imported fossil fuels and promoting sustainable development. Articles examine the potential of biofuels, fisheries policies, and geothermal/hydropower to support SIDS energy needs.
12 years-left-to-save-the-world-scientists-warn -- as Published in the New Vi...Dr. Joshua Zake
The New vision published an article about the recently published IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5ºC approved by governments. The article presents the implications for Uganda as one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change impacts in sub-Saharan Africa. The article also quotes the opinions of Dr. Joshua Zake (PhD) in this respect.
Disaster management involves preparing for, responding to, recovering from, and mitigating both natural and human-made disasters. It includes preparedness activities before a disaster strikes, rebuilding and supporting society after natural disasters occur, and dealing with their impacts. Major goals are minimizing harm and damage through preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation efforts. Common natural disasters in India include floods, droughts, earthquakes, cyclones, and tsunamis. Major human-made disasters discussed are the Bhopal gas tragedy, Chernobyl disaster, and 2013 Uttarakhand floods. Modern technology can help forecast and mitigate disaster impacts if people make informed preparedness a priority.
- The document discusses the impacts of climate change that have already been observed in Pacific Island Countries (PICs), such as changes in rainfall patterns and fish catches. It notes that climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of natural hazards like floods, storms and droughts.
- The text then outlines several projections for future climate changes, such as increased warming, sea level rise, threats to mangroves and coral reefs in PICs. It notes that without emissions mitigation, global temperatures will exceed 2°C above pre-industrial levels by mid-21st century.
- Finally, it summarizes the positions of PICs at international climate negotiations in Cancun and Copenhagen, calling for stronger
This document provides an overview of Pakistan's climate, current environmental issues, and agriculture sector. It discusses the different climate zones in Pakistan and how climate influences lifestyle and economic activities. It then outlines several major environmental challenges facing Pakistan, including water scarcity, deforestation, air and water pollution, and natural hazards like earthquakes and flooding. Problems in the agriculture sector are also examined, such as limited cultivable land, waterlogging, outdated farming methods, and lack of infrastructure and irrigation facilities. Potential solutions proposed include increasing the supply of agricultural credit, controlling waterlogging and salinity, and constructing new dams.
Climate change is negatively impacting agriculture in Uganda, which provides livelihoods for over 70% of the population. Rising temperatures and shifts in rainfall patterns have led to crop failures, water shortages, and deaths of animals and people from starvation. To address this, Uganda needs financing for climate-smart agriculture practices that sustainably increase productivity while building resilience and reducing emissions. However, climate change funding is limited given other development needs. Uganda should pursue funding from international climate funds and carbon markets, working with organizations like the World Bank and FAO to implement collaborative climate action in line with its commitments under the Paris Agreement.
Climate change impacts in nepal and its futureprajwal1974ad
Climate change is expected to have significant impacts in Nepal:
- Temperatures are increasing faster than the global average, with winters warming more than summers. Extreme weather events will become more common.
- Agriculture, which many depend on for livelihood, will be negatively impacted. Staple crops like rice, wheat and maize are expected to see decreased yields.
- Glacial retreat and increased glacial lake outburst floods pose catastrophic flooding risks. The frequency and size of such events are increasing.
- Other impacts include increased water-borne diseases, altered ecosystems affecting livelihoods, and substantial expected economic losses.
- Adaptation is a priority given Nepal's high vulnerability and existing low
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on sub-Saharan Africa and actions being taken. It finds that climate change is negatively affecting sub-Saharan Africa's growing population through increased drought, threats to food security and negative economic impacts. While some countries are taking actions like transitioning to renewable energy and mainstreaming climate adaptation, more cross-sectoral actions are needed across the region to fully address the challenges.
This document discusses key environmental issues and conservation efforts. It provides facts on issues like access to clean water and the impacts of deforestation and climate change. It then summarizes challenges in South Africa, including high biodiversity threatened by habitat loss, water scarcity exacerbated by population growth, and an energy system reliant on coal. Conservation efforts in the country aim to protect natural resources and transition to renewable energy, but implementation of laws and policies remains a challenge. Supporting environmental sustainability through projects that enlist leadership and develop local expertise can help address issues in a sustainable way.
Climate change and natural resources management in SIDS in the context of imp...FAO
Small island developing states face significant challenges to managing natural resources and ensuring food security due to climate change impacts like sea level rise, increased temperatures, and more extreme weather. This threatens agriculture, fisheries, and livelihoods. SIDS also struggle with import-reliance, limited land, and competition over land use. To address these issues, SIDS are prioritizing disaster risk reduction, building climate resilience, establishing coordination frameworks, and developing financial mechanisms to support recovery efforts. Partnerships across agencies and internationally are also key to supporting adaptation efforts.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
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Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
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7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
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Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and Milvus
L41018792
1. Eshan Ahuja et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.87-92
www.ijera.com
RESEARCH ARTICLE
OPEN ACCESS
Economic Stability to Papua New Guinea by Contribution in
Reducing Carbon Emissions through Support of DC
Eshan Ahuja*, Sidharth Ahuja **, Dr. Navin Kumar Kohli ***
*(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia,)
** (BE, Electrical Engineering. India)
*** DGM, MP Power Management Co. Ltd., India)
ABSTRACT
Papua New Guinea is said to be PNG which is one of the most adversely affected small country by the impacts
of climate change. Climate Change is one of the biggest challenges facing by them today, its devastation is
widespread and intense. This issue has been discussed to evolve a method to support the nation in achieving the
goal of emission reduction. The affects include those on Agriculture, Fisheries, Forestry and Tourism which
have major contribution towards GDP of the PNG. PNG has a very low economic growth rate according to
several economic and social indicators, the performance of the PNG economy since independence has been
disappointing. Thus, there is need of taking special attention & responsibilities by giving cooperation by the
nations. This is to be done by especially developed ones so as to support the small island nations in adaptation to
the impacts of climate change through financial support. Through this act, the Least Developed Countries will
achieve economic stability as well as imparting in reduction of carbon emissions. This paper discusses to find a
path and sort out the issue. The paper also discusses various negotiating points so as to achieve the said goal
mutually and amicably.
Keywords - PNG, Climate Change, Least Developed Countries and negotiating points
higher frequency of natural disasters as well as
impacts on bio diversity. The Canberra Accord
I.
INTRODUCTION
Papua New Guinea is said to be PNG is one
convention is an opportunity for PNG to assure the
of the most adversely effected by the impacts of
world that their opinions are heard with respect to
climate change. Climate Change is one of the biggest
the climate change issue.
& greatest challenges facing by them today, its
devastation is widespread and intense. It is a major
and lasting change in spatial weather patterns in the
II.
PNG ECONOMY AND ITS STATUS
earth’s climate system. Key findings and reports
According to the Australian Government
indicate that anthropogenic activities have and are
Department of Foreign Trade and Affairs, Papua
resulting in increased concentrations of CO2 in the
New Guinea country brief, [2] PNG is a small island
atmosphere which are destabilizing the environment.
nation with an area of about 463,000 square
Based on empirical modeling, [1] estimated that
kilometres twice the size of UK, home to the world’s
mean sea level is projected to continue to rise during
third-largest tropical forest and one of the greatest
the 21st century, with increases of up to +140 cm
concentrations of biological diversity has a
projected for 2100.Moreover as by United Nations
population of about 6.7 million which is estimated to
Framework Convention on Climate Change,
be growing at a rate of 2.8 percent per annum .The
vulnerability and adaptation to Climate Change in
country has more than 800 known languages out of
SIDS there might be an increase in the intensity of
which English, Hiri Motu and Tok Pisin are the
Cyclones in PNG and other areas of Pacific in the
official languages spoken by the natives who are
upcoming future. A sad reality of climate change
mostly Melanesian.
impacts is that the countries least equipped to deal
The nation has a Dual economy comprising
with the issue are the ones most affected by it. It has
of a corporate based sector & the informal sector.
been estimated that maximum of the climate change
The informal sector includes agriculture, forestry and
related deaths have resulted in the LDC countries.
fisheries while corporate sector includes industries,
The PNG is another such country which has been
manufacturing, and public sector service. Among
suffering from adverse impacts of climate change.
these, the predominant economic sectors of PNG
These changes have affected the agriculture, forestry
include Mining, Agriculture, Tourism and Fisheries.
and tourism sectors the worst. Other impacts include
As per Australian Government [2] more than 2/3rd
degradation of land, health and welfare of citizens,
of the population is dependent and engaged in the
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87 | P a g e
2. Eshan Ahuja et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.87-92
informal sector which generates more than 1/3rd of
the country’s GDP. PNG has a very low economic
growth rate according to several economic and social
indicators, the performance of the PNG economy
since independence has been disappointing.
It remains one of the least developed nations on earth
and according to United Nations Development
Programme.
Papua
New
Guinea,
Human
Development Index rank of the nation is 156th of
187 countries surveyed, lower than any other country
in the Pacific. On the basis of Australian
Government [2], the nation’s GDP growth rate was
above 9 per cent in 2012.This growth rate is
supported by improved mining productivity as well
as the construction activity in relation to PNG’s
Liquefied Natural Gas Project.
Economy of PNG faces risks such as
impacts from growth in the mineral sector, fisheries
and the LNG project. Some of the obstacles to the
economic development are Policy instability, Poor
Infrastructure, Inflation, Foreign Currency & Trade
regulations also PNG government revenues remain
vulnerable to volatility in global prices for gold,
copper and oil. According to New Agriculturist,
PNG is a major exporter to Australia, Japan and
China and amongst all the exported products
agriculture based products contribute to about 1/5th
of the overall exports moreover the nation is
amongst the top exporters of tropical hardwood all
over the world. Major exports include gold, copper
ore, logs, coffee, cocoa, fishes & prawns.
III.
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON PNG
According to the World Bank, World
Development Indicators [3],[4] PNG’s net energy
consumption rose more than 30 % from 1990-2011,
moreover there is a two-fold increase in total carbon
dioxide emissions of the nation in a time span of 20
years initiating from 1990. Pokana wrote out of all
the carbon emitting sources of the nation Land use,
land use change and forestry (LULUCF) contributes
to more than 3/4th of total emissions by the main
drivers of emissions to be Logging and Subsistence
agriculture. [5] As by UFCCC, commercial logging
is fairly widespread throughout the regions of the
nation with more than 1 million hectares already
logged, other than logging the other contributors to
the emissions in PNG are Agriculture Leases and
Commercial Agriculture etc. The climate change
impact on PNG is much worse compared to other
small island nations as a result of its geographical
location. Majority population of the nation
especially, rural, have natural resources as the only
source of Income. Over recent times, Droughts,
floods increased frequency of tropical cyclones e.g.
El Nino case have affected thousands of people
every year causing billions worth damages in
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addition to loss of lives and property. There are
various most affected aspects which are most
vulnerable to climate change which account for more
than 3/4th of the nation’s GDP and more than 80 %
of the population relies on them as the major source
of food and income. [6][7]
i. Agriculture is the most important sector on the
basis of the economic conditions of the nation as
it consists of a wide variety of crops which are
exported to other countries. According to Bell,
increase of extreme weather events due to
climate change affects the livelihood & the
business of the rural people by causing damage
to agriculture crops. [1] This was evident by a
decreased production of crops like Taro,
Cassava, Sugarcane & some major commercial
crops such as coffee, cocoa due to extreme
variations in the rainfall patterns.[8] As per
PNG, crops such as coconuts, mango, betel nut
and breadfruit are now observed in higher
altitudes than before.[9] Thus as by worldwide
fund for nature in PNG, overall the livelihood,
employment and food security of the people of
PNG are affected by the impacts of climate
change on the agricultural sector. As this sector
supports the unstable economy of the nation
thus, there is a dire need of attention to it so as
to strengthen the economy as well as to improve
the standard of living of the people of PNG.[3]
ii. PNG on the basis of New Agriculturist,
comprises of one of the largest fisheries zone in
the Pacific and has extensive and valuable
fisheries resources ranging from inland river
fisheries, and aquaculture to large-scale deep
water tuna fisheries.[10] The increase in Coastal
Erosion and Saltwater intrusion as a result of
Sea level rise in low lying coastal areas result in
increased fishing pressure on coastal habitats.
Moreover, the decline in the saturation level
considered adequate for coral growth due to
Ocean Acidification is contributing in the
destruction of ocean life especially fishes like
Tuna which are amongst the highest contributors
in exports so such conditions if left unseen can
impact the economy of the nation.
iii. The tourism potential in PNG is far ahead of
that of other tourism based nations and its group
members of small island nations yet it is
underdeveloped. One of the reasons behind this
is improper organisation and less priority been
given to tourism by the government of PNG
moreover according to Institute of National
Affairs (INA). Research of economic growth in
PNG majority of the rural parts of the nation
remains untouched by modern industry and has
archaeological and geological landscapes such
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as grand sierras and majestic canyons still at
present, the annual tourism income is about 20
million US dollars, and recently evidence of
some of the earliest agricultural people on earth
is found in PNG. Thus, as by UNFCC,
vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in
SIDS.[12] Tourisms is one of the major
economic sectors in PNG but due to impacts of
climate change such as Sea-level rise,
accelerated beach erosion, degradation of coral
reefs (including bleaching), and the loss of
cultural heritage on the coasts through
inundation and flooding, the attractiveness of
the nation is affected. Increase in the frequency
or intensity of hurricanes and cyclones also
strongly affects the tourism industry.
iv. Nation’s reliance on Oil & gas sector shows its
importance and even justifies the money
invested on the production side. According to
World Bank Group in PNG, PNG economic
briefing, the impacts of climate change is
affecting the economic growth of this sector as
seen in the recent year case i.e. wetter than usual
weather was one of the major factors which
hampered the Oil & Gas production especially
in the first half of the year 2012.[13]
v. Frequent precipitation events and flooding due
to sea level rise is affecting the land use at a
much higher level. As per Climate Frontlines,
Climate Change in PNG, the impact of flooding
in the case of Carteret Island in PNG resulted in
resettlement of the people to other areas in
Bougainville, there are other low lying attols too
such as Tuvalu, Tokelau, Kiribati etc. which are
experiencing the same issues. Furthermore,
United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCC), vulnerability and
adaptation to climate change in SIDS wrote
inappropriate land use practices due to
intensified farming systems accelerate the land
degradation (e.g. soil erosion, siltation, and loss
of soil fertility), especially the indigenous
population of PNG. As they have connected
cultural values with their land so the land loss
can affect them psychologically as well as
sociologically. [14]
IV.
KEY NATIONAL INTERESTS
Today, PNG suffers from numerous climate
change impacts these include short term and long
term, irreversible and impacts of tremendous
magnitude. The economy of the country is highly
dependent on its agriculture, marine eco systems,
mining and tourism sector. Needless to say, climate
change threatens their economy as well as the lives
of people and stands in the way of our path towards
security and sustainability. Based on the above
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mentioned future impacts, there is a constitution of
independent state of PNG. The PNG government has
the following key national interests:
i. To achieve Development Primarily through the
use of Papua New Guinean forms of social ,
political and economic organization
ii. Stability of economy
iii. Reducing Emissions from deforestation and
forest degradation
iv. Sustainable management of forest and
enhancement of Forest Carbon Stocks
v. Protection of coastal marine and land
ecosystems
Highlighting the importance of coastal
marine ecosystems such as mangroves, tidal salt
marshes and sea grass meadows to adaptation and
mitigation to climate change and looking forward to
continue work on this under Subsidiary Body for
Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA).
V.
UNFCC APPROACH
In the Rainforest Politics & the CarbonCredit Trade in PNG, one of the previous approaches
of the nation is its activeness with regards to
deforestation. It has been a founding member of the
rainforest coalition alongside Costa Rica. Its interests
in deforestation were shown initially in the Montreal
conference of 2005. PNG out of all the small island
nations has got recognition as one of the leaders in
promotion of International level of discussions on
Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
Degradation (REDD) moreover PNG’s role in
encouraging the carbon trading is globally
appreciated. [15] Majority of population is
dependent on the forest products as their source of
livelihood. One of the significant initiatives by PNG
for improving their livelihood is evident from the
PNG-Australia Forest Carbon Partnership (PNGAFCP) which further aims to protect the biodiversity.
Overall, PNG has shown great interest in forest
conservation and has been a prominent player in the
climate regime in the context to deforestation. Some
of the Current Funds to PNG and other small island
nations so as to deal with the devastating effects of
climate change are discussed below.
Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA),
funded by the European Commission Development
that aims to increase capacities to adapt to the effects
of climate change. Global Facility for Disaster
Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) funded by the
World Bank provides technical and financial
assistance to mainstream disaster risk reduction into
the national plans. International Development
Association (IDA) funds projects supporting
adaptation to climate change, including improved
access to clean energy, and transition to low carbon
development. MDG Achievement Fund by the
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Spanish Govt. is in environment and climate change
related activities.
Small Activities Scheme (SAS) funded by
Australia's Aid Program (AUSAID) provides funds
for community generated climate change adaptation
projects. The negotiating points as discussed below
considering the national interests of PNG and the
previous approaches under UNFCC.
5.1 Negotiating Point No 1-(Financial Assistance
and Adaptation Fund)
According to Canberra Accord,[16] parties
agree to establish the Financial Assistance and
Adaptation Fund (FAAF) to facilitate the mandatory
contribution of funds to those are adversely affected
by climate change and the transition to clean
technology.
i.
In order for full transparency and fairness the
FAAF board will be composed equally and
answerable to the COP.
ii.
Funded by a global tax on international
currency transfers of less than 0.1%.
iii.
o qualify FAAF grant, the receiving party
must demonstrate co-operation to advance
free trade agreements between parties.
iv.
Funding will be assigned towards a science
based ecological accounting system.
v.
Takes note that recipients of FAAF assistance
shall be subject to a midterm review.
vi.
Funding shall be arranged on the condition
that fund will allow open talk on trade
agreements.
The previous negotiation had a similar
objective but didn’t considered such a broad
spectrum and was lacking a scope of efficient and
strategic applications because it doesn’t included the
an approach of funds as per the global tax on
international currency transfers which ensures proper
regulation, implementation as well as commitments
from the parties. Final decisions related to funding
on that gets how much. Economic conditions of the
government of PNG don’t allow the allocation of a
monetary fund for the Ecological Accounting
Systems (EAS) in order to assess its ecological
assets worth. Moreover, economic status of PNG
also results in very low market exchange rates, in
times of transfer of technology the net benefit
received is very low the global tax on currency
transfer being administered by World Bank ensures
maximised benefits for LDC’S Developing the
ability to resist sustain and mitigate impacts of
climate change requires grants and funding which
aim to develop clean and resistive technologies
towards climate change. The distribution of funds
from a central body with a specific objective of
assisting most effected poor nation would ensure an
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equitable distribution and swift achievement of
objectives.
5.2 Negotiating Point No 2- Ensuring the
effectiveness of the REDD+ mechanism
i. Parties agree to establish REDD+ as an
international mechanism by including it in
the LULUCF agreement currently included
under the UNFCCC.
ii. REDD+ will create incentives for forest
conservation and preservation for all
countries through carbon credits and offsets.
iii. The current United Nations Collaborative
Programme on reducing emissions from
deforestation and forest degradation will
incorporate LULUCF.
The poor economic conditions of PNG is in a dire
need of an economic incentive , with forest as our
biggest natural asset the initiatives of their carbon
credits for their conservation would allow a steady
inflow of funds. According to INA, research of
economic growth in PNG, only 50% of the
population in PNG receives primary education and
the numbers are even worse in the rural areas, the
reason for high rate of deforestation apart from lack
of alternatives is the lack of knowledge. Educating
this segment of population is expected to drastically
reduce these rates ultimately leading to decreased
GHG emissions from PNG. Thus, for dealing with
the devastating effects of climate change REDD+
effectiveness is a must.
5.3 Negotiating Point No 3- establishment of an
Insurance Fund
On the basis of Canberra Accord, parties agree to
establish an insurance fund to aid non-Annex
countries in combating future unforseen or
unpredictable climate change impacts and
emergencies including, but not limited to, natural
disasters (i.e. droughts, floods, storms) and the
spread of infectious diseases. Funding priority will
be given to countries with higher indexes of
vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. This
fund would be contributed annually by all countries
on 1% of their GDP, and on a voluntary basis by all
the other parties as all countries are eligible for
funding.
PNG is aware of the economic and social
impacts of the natural disasters. The risks as well as
the costs related to these disasters are increasing with
respect to the continuous changes in the climate.
Events such as the Western Highlands floods where
smallholder coffee plantations were washed away
are one such investment as these types of calamities
effects people’s financial security. This agreement
will ensure the government and its poor citizens do
not have to pay for such calamities in the future.
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Historically, malaria was limited to coastal regions,
but a warming climate is enabling mosquitoes to
survive in the highlands, endangering the lives of 2
million people who were previously not at risk.
Thus, there is a need for disaster risk management
(DRM) not only to address current risks, but also
risks heightened through climate change , and this
insurance fund will ensure Security to the people of
PNG and will help reduce migration of the nation’s
population to other countries .
VI.
CONCLUSION
According to UNFCC, vulnerability and
adaptation to climate change in SIDS amongst the
members of AOSIS and SIDS, PNG is one of the
most adversely affected by the impacts of climate
change. There is a need of mutual understanding of
responsibilities and cooperation amongst the nations
especially developed ones so as to support the small
island nations in adaptation to the impacts of climate
change by contributing some percentage of their
GDP as a financial aid on the basis of respective
needs of the LDC as well transfer of technological
expertise with the latter going towards adaptation
strategies. This will act as an opportunity for the
Least Developed Countries to achieve economic
stability as well as contribute in reducing carbon
emissions thereby achieving the emission reduction
goals on a large scale. Thus, according to the basic
requirements of the above mentioned goals the
negotiating points are being framed.
As PNG contributes to climate change
mainly via deforestation and the Clean Development
Mechanism is such that afforestation and
reforestation are the only carbon sequestration
activities allowed. Thus ensuring the continuity of
REDD as a market based system by including in
LULUCF is reasonable and appropriately justified.
Overall, we appreciate that the entire negotiations
occurred making use of science and equity, as
discussed above and resulted in a win-win solution
for all the countries.
VII.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Eshan Ahuja is BE (Mech. Engg.) and has
experience in energy efficiency consulting firm. He
has published six papers in the past on energy and
climate change. He is completing Master of Energy
Change from the Australian National University,
Canberra. He acknowledges with thanks for the
support provided by the Australian National
University, in completing the present paper.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
xv.
xvi.
xvii.
i.
ii.
iii.
ABBREVIATIONS
Australia's Aid Program –AUSAID
Developed Country- DC
Disaster risk management - DRM
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Ecological Accounting Systems –EAS
Financial Assistance and Adaptation Fund –
FAAF
Global Climate Change Alliance –GCCA
Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and
Recovery -GFDRR
Institute of National Affairs – INA
International Development Association IDA
Land use, land use change and forestryLULUCF
Least Developed Country- LDC
Papua New Guinea- PNG
Papua New Guinea-Australia Forest Carbon
Partnership - PNGA-FCP
Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and
Forest Degradation – REDD
Small Activities Scheme -SAS
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and
Technological Advice –SBSTA
United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change- UNFCC
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