L22 Games and Gamification
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This document provides a summary of the history and evolution of computer games. It discusses early experimental games in the 1940s-1960s, the rise of arcade games and consoles like Pong, Atari 2600, and Nintendo Entertainment System in the 1970s-1980s, the growth of PC gaming and genres like interactive fiction, and the modern gaming market dominated by consoles like PlayStation, Xbox and Nintendo Switch. It also covers topics like the impact of games, genres like casual/social games, monetization strategies, and debates around using games and gamification to solve problems and improve intelligence and skills.
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L22 Games and Gamification
- 1. LECTURE L21 GAMES AND GAMIFICATION
- 2. Disclaimer
- 3. Games are the one of the most powerful force in the world
- 5. Early Games Cathode ray tube amusement device, 1947 Analog game, purely electromechanical Controlled by control knobs which influences the trajectory of the CRT's light beam Player controls a reticle and aligns it to an airplane to shoot down
- 6. Noughts And Crosses, 1952 A Tic-Tac-Toe game Ran on EDSAC Used the tank display CRT as 35 x 16 pixel screen for displaying his game Game did not get well known Early Games
- 7. Early Games Early 1960s - Two cultures contributed to the idea that computers should be things we interact with and play with: Walter Isaacson: The Innovators Hackers - “the hands on imperative” Rebel entrepreneurs - eager to break into the amusement industry
- 9. Programmed on PDP-1 in MIT in 1960 by Steve Russel One of the first time-sharing computers Space game where two players try to shoot each others without being drawn to the sun in the center Spacewar! 1961 Early Games
- 10. Impact: 1. Collaboration - Liquid network effect 2. Free - Open Source 3. Strengthened the view that Computers should be Personal and Interactive in real-time Spacewar! 1961 Early Games
- 11. Arcades Special purpose machines Most popular game was PONG Arcades became popular amongst young in 1971-1974 2-D boards and movement of objects Special controls and buttons
- 13. Pong 1974 Atari VCS 2600 1977 Game Consoles In 1974 game consoles start to appear Computer games market emerges Atari became the industry leader - Nolan Bushnell VCS – Video Computer System 1974 – 1984 Discontinued in 1991
- 15. The Video Game Crash In 1983 the computer game market crashed Throughout the 1984 and 1985, the home video game industry was nearly dead Too much supply of similar games Low quality The public lost interest Atari did not want to credit developers
- 16. Game Consoles Come Back Nintendo Entertainment System, 1986 Started the second computer console revolution Changed the way games were marketed Strict control of what games were produced and sold Instituted quality standards Instituted content standards
- 17. Enter the Personal Computer In the 80s Personal computers become more wide spread Games slowly appear in the PCs
- 19. Interactive fiction In the 80s Interactive fiction games became popular Role-playing game in which the player moves around in imaginative adventure world and solves mysteries Early games where text games with simple commands Slowly graphics was added
- 20. Enter CD-ROM With CD-ROM new types of games became possible More graphic The 7th guest from 1992 Myst from 1993 became an unexpected huge success
- 22. Multiplayer and 3-D Games Early games were multiplayer games Pong and Spacewar! were multiplayer Most games after that were single player games where player plays against the computer or players take turn In the late 80s and early 90s networks start to appear Ethernet LANs, then the Internet
- 24. DOOM introduced 3-D graphics and multiplayer capabilities in 1993 3D game where the player moves around in a 3-D world Breakthrough graphics Multiplayer capability on a LAN Multiplayer and 3-D Games
- 25. Impact of Computer Games
- 26. “Games offer immediate feedback, you can see your progress, you can try something and be frustrated but later learn more… that’s why game play is so engaging to us.” —Barbara Chamberlin, project director at the New Mexico State University Learning Games Lab
- 28. Addiction Some games are highly addictive Role playing games, MUD (Multiple User Dialog) Example: EverQuest Games with progression, construction and commands Examples: WarCraft, CounterStrike, Sims Impact of Computer Games
- 30. Really simple game, but highly addictive Released on May 24, 2013, discontinued Feb 8, 2014
- 31. Violence Some games are violent, made for mature adult audience Most games are not violent Impact of Computer Games
- 33. The Gaming Market “In twenty years, games will have taken over the world and everything will be virtual reality.” -- Ray Kurzwiel
- 34. Average Game Player Age 35 Source: ESA Essential facts, US data
- 35. Source: ESA Essential facts, US data
- 36. Source: ESA Essential facts, US data
- 37. Source: ESA Essential facts, US data
- 38. 1990 $10 bn 2000 2010 $20 bn $50 bn Games $100 bn 2017
- 39. Game Consoles
- 41. Sony Products: PlayStation, PlayStation2, 3 and 4 PlayStation Portable Have the broadest market Has most of the games PlayStation3 came with IBM’s Cell Movie and TV show downloads PlayStation4 released late 2013
- 43. XBox Products: XBox, XBox 360, XBox One Appeal to hard-core games Most powerful console Xbox Live – online game service Kinect Microsoft is promoting xbox as entertainment device
- 45. Nintendo Products: GameCube, GameBoy Wii, Wii U, DS Appeal to families Apply strict standards Wii got a very good start with Wii Remote Nintendo Switch
- 46. The Market PlayStation 2 is still on top What is the most popular game console of all time?
- 49. The Market Tetris What is the most popular game of all time?
- 51. Games are played by anyone
- 52. Games are part of growing up
- 53. Millennials wants entertainment and play in their work, education and social life
- 54. Starts early
- 55. Why should we stop playing when we grow up?
- 56. Casual Games Simple and easy games, last for short time (50+ hours) Addictive with low barriers Pictures from PopCap Source: IGDA 2008-2009 Casual Games White Paper
- 57. Social Games Multiplayer games that are played with others Synchronous or Asynchronous
- 58. Source: The online computer and video game industry (OECD Report) The MMORPG Top List Thousands of players Roles and responsibility Continuity and progress MMORPG
- 59. Monetizing games
- 60. Monetizing games Monetization strategy depends heavily on the type of game To make successful games, you have to be a really good game designer Art style, tone, uniqueness, game design and balancing have to work
- 61. Monetizing games Ad supported - free, low barrier, large audience Free 2 Play - optional in-play purchase, time, skills, virtual stuff Download - Pay for downloads for PC, console and mobile games Subscription - Pay for access, monthly Money gaming - Play for money and take rake or percentage
- 62. Give player access to play significant portion of the game without paying Then charge for extras, VIP access, more choices, virtual stuff, advancement Based on the Freemium concept Free to Play - F2P
- 63. VIRTUAL STUFF Tom Chatfield 7 ways video games engage the brain (2010) TED Talk
- 65. The 90-9-1 Rule In social communities, 90% of the users don’t contribute In gaming 90% play for free but are needed so the community works 90% Play for free 9% Pay for added value 1% Pay for anything
- 66. Can games improve the world?
- 67. Jane McGonigal: Gaming can make a better world (2010)
- 69. Can we use games to solve (boring, untasteful…) problems?
- 71. Gamification
- 72. Gamification is the process of using game thinking and game mechanics to engage audiences and solve problems
- 73. game me•chan•ics Techniques used by game designers to make games fun and addictive
- 75. leaderboard
- 76. progression
- 78. Games are the most powerful motivation to influence behaviour
- 81. How can we use game mechanics to change the real world?
- 85. Each week we spend 3 billion hours playing computer games
- 86. At the age of 21 people have spent 10.000 hours playing computer games
- 88. The time people have spent playing World of Warcraft is 5,93 million years
- 89. Evolution of man took 5,93 million years
- 90. Fluid intelligence is the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge Crystallized intelligence is the ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience Evolution of Man gave us Intelligence
- 92. Gabe Zichermann: How games make kids smarter (2010)
- 94. Real life can be so boooooring
- 96. Why should we take games seriously? Clearly people are wasting time
- 98. But we need scientific evidence
- 99. Daphne Bavelier: Your brain on video games (2012)
- 101. “ ... people who play action games far outperform the people who don’t” - Green and Bavelier’s experiment
- 104. Better in exploring new options
- 105. Track more objects
- 106. Better in monitoring cluttered world
- 107. Better at processing visual stream of information
- 108. And when you are hiring a person to do a job for you, what is your first interview question?
- 109. Do you play video games?
- 111. Play games with your kids