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This document summarizes the Dance Preservation & Digitization Project, which established three regional hubs in San Francisco, New York City, and Washington D.C. to digitize dance collections on VHS. It describes the digitization workflow and the design of the VHS digitizing station in Washington D.C., which involved selecting equipment like playback decks, capture cards, and working with a video engineer. It provides guidance on working with engineers, including asking them to recommend equipment, provide training on tools like waveform monitors, and establish standard operating procedures. Sample budgets and wiring diagrams are also included to help others set up similar digitization projects.
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Hydrogen recovery from purge gas(energy saving)
Ammonia is continuously condensed out of the loop and fresh synthesis gas is added. Because the synthesis gas contains small quantities of methane and argon, these impurities build up in the loop and must be continuously purged to prevent them from exceeding a certain concentration. Although this purge stream can be used to supplement reformer fuel gas, it contains valuable hydrogen which is lost from the ammonia synthesis loop In order to achieve optimum conversion in synthesis convertor, it is necessary to purge a certain quantity of gas from synthesis loop so as to as to reduce inerts concentration in the loop. Purge gas stream from ammonia process contains ammonia, hydrogen, nitrogen and other inert gases. Among them, ammonia itself is the valuable product lost with the purge stream. Moreover it has a serious adverse effect on the environment.This purge gas containing about 60% Hydrogen was fully utilised as primary reformer fuel.
Heater treater
The document discusses heater treaters, which are equipment used to treat crude oil emulsions by applying heat to speed up the separation of water from oil. It consists of four sections - an inlet degassing section, heating section, differential oil control chamber, and coalescing section. In the heating section, heat breaks the emulsion into separate water and oil phases. The coalescing section then uses electrodes to further coalesce any remaining water droplets from the oil. Heater treaters are typically used downstream of separators or knockouts when additional heat is needed to fully break emulsions.
Design and Rating of Packed Distillation Columns
Design and Rating of Packed Distillation Columns
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
5 PERFORMANCE GUARANTEES
6 DESCRIPTION OF PACKED COLUMN INTERNALS
7. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
7.1 Selection of Packing Size
7.2 Rough Design
7.3 Detailed Design and Rating
8 LIQUID DISTRIBUTION AND REDISTRIBUTION
8.1 Basic Concepts
8.2 Pour Point Density
8.3 Peripheral Irrigation - the Wall Zone
8.4 Distributor Levelness
8.5 Maximum Bed Height and Liquid Redistribution
9 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF PACKED COLUMN DESIGN
9.1 Packing
9.2 Support Grid
9.3 Liquid Collector
9.4 Liquid Distributor or Redistributor
9.5 Packing Hold-down Grid
9.6 Reflux or Feed Pipe
9.7 Reboil Return Pipe
9.8 Liquid Draw-offs
9.9 Vapor Draw-offs
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A DEFINITIONS
A.1 INTRODUCTION
A.2 MECHANICAL DEFINITIONS
A.3 PERFORMANCE DEFINITIONS
B PACKING HYDRAULICS - THE NORTON METHOD
TABLES
1 PACKING FACTORS FOR THE MORE COMMON
RANDOM PACKINGS
psv and pvrvdesign calculation.ppt
- The document discusses sizing pressure safety valves (PSVs) for oil and gas facilities.
- It covers PSV types, causes of chattering, and outlines the step-by-step process for sizing calculations including developing relief scenarios, determining required relief areas, and selecting valve sizes.
- Relief scenarios considered include blocked outlets, thermal expansion, tube rupture, gas blow-by, inlet valve failure, and exterior fires. Relief calculations involve assessing single-phase, two-phase, and transient relief situations.
heat transfer enhancement in pipe flow
1. The document is a seminar report submitted for a master's degree in mechanical engineering focusing on heat transfer augmentation for fluid flowing through pipes using computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
2. It analyzes factors that affect heat transfer enhancement techniques using roughened pipes, such as the ratio of pitch to pipe diameter and Reynolds numbers.
3. The results showed that increasing the Reynolds number and decreasing the ratio of pitch to pipe length leads to an increase in the heat transfer coefficient and thermo-hydraulic performance.
Psv scenario-and-calculation
1. The document discusses procedures for calculating pressure safety valve (PSV) sizes for various scenarios that could lead to overpressure. It covers scenarios like closed outlets, external fires, control valve failures, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, and power or cooling failures.
2. Calculation methods include enthalpy balances for fractionating columns and the use of relief equations specified in codes like API 521. Worst cases are chosen from all possible scenarios to determine the required PSV size.
3. Key scenarios discussed in detail include closed outlets on vessels, external fires, failures of automatic controls, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, total and partial power failures, reflux losses,
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The document discusses factors that influence the design of vessels used in industrial processes. It focuses on selecting the appropriate vessel type based on the material properties, operating conditions, and intended function. The main types of vessels discussed are open vessels, closed cylindrical vessels with flat or conical bottoms, and spherical/modified spherical vessels. Criteria for selecting each type include operating pressure and temperature, material hazards, and storage volume.
Cyclic Steam Injection
The document discusses CSS (cyclic steam stimulation) technology for heavy oil recovery. It describes the CSS mechanism and main production process, which involves injecting steam to reduce oil viscosity and increase mobility. It then outlines some key mature CSS technologies, including high-efficiency steam injection systems using vacuum insulated tubing and thermal packers, as well as downhole measurement techniques. Finally, it provides selection standards for reservoirs suitable for successful CSS projects.
Recommended
Hydrogen recovery from purge gas(energy saving)
Ammonia is continuously condensed out of the loop and fresh synthesis gas is added. Because the synthesis gas contains small quantities of methane and argon, these impurities build up in the loop and must be continuously purged to prevent them from exceeding a certain concentration. Although this purge stream can be used to supplement reformer fuel gas, it contains valuable hydrogen which is lost from the ammonia synthesis loop In order to achieve optimum conversion in synthesis convertor, it is necessary to purge a certain quantity of gas from synthesis loop so as to as to reduce inerts concentration in the loop. Purge gas stream from ammonia process contains ammonia, hydrogen, nitrogen and other inert gases. Among them, ammonia itself is the valuable product lost with the purge stream. Moreover it has a serious adverse effect on the environment.This purge gas containing about 60% Hydrogen was fully utilised as primary reformer fuel.
Heater treater
The document discusses heater treaters, which are equipment used to treat crude oil emulsions by applying heat to speed up the separation of water from oil. It consists of four sections - an inlet degassing section, heating section, differential oil control chamber, and coalescing section. In the heating section, heat breaks the emulsion into separate water and oil phases. The coalescing section then uses electrodes to further coalesce any remaining water droplets from the oil. Heater treaters are typically used downstream of separators or knockouts when additional heat is needed to fully break emulsions.
Design and Rating of Packed Distillation Columns
Design and Rating of Packed Distillation Columns
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
5 PERFORMANCE GUARANTEES
6 DESCRIPTION OF PACKED COLUMN INTERNALS
7. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
7.1 Selection of Packing Size
7.2 Rough Design
7.3 Detailed Design and Rating
8 LIQUID DISTRIBUTION AND REDISTRIBUTION
8.1 Basic Concepts
8.2 Pour Point Density
8.3 Peripheral Irrigation - the Wall Zone
8.4 Distributor Levelness
8.5 Maximum Bed Height and Liquid Redistribution
9 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF PACKED COLUMN DESIGN
9.1 Packing
9.2 Support Grid
9.3 Liquid Collector
9.4 Liquid Distributor or Redistributor
9.5 Packing Hold-down Grid
9.6 Reflux or Feed Pipe
9.7 Reboil Return Pipe
9.8 Liquid Draw-offs
9.9 Vapor Draw-offs
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A DEFINITIONS
A.1 INTRODUCTION
A.2 MECHANICAL DEFINITIONS
A.3 PERFORMANCE DEFINITIONS
B PACKING HYDRAULICS - THE NORTON METHOD
TABLES
1 PACKING FACTORS FOR THE MORE COMMON
RANDOM PACKINGS
psv and pvrvdesign calculation.ppt
- The document discusses sizing pressure safety valves (PSVs) for oil and gas facilities.
- It covers PSV types, causes of chattering, and outlines the step-by-step process for sizing calculations including developing relief scenarios, determining required relief areas, and selecting valve sizes.
- Relief scenarios considered include blocked outlets, thermal expansion, tube rupture, gas blow-by, inlet valve failure, and exterior fires. Relief calculations involve assessing single-phase, two-phase, and transient relief situations.
heat transfer enhancement in pipe flow
1. The document is a seminar report submitted for a master's degree in mechanical engineering focusing on heat transfer augmentation for fluid flowing through pipes using computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
2. It analyzes factors that affect heat transfer enhancement techniques using roughened pipes, such as the ratio of pitch to pipe diameter and Reynolds numbers.
3. The results showed that increasing the Reynolds number and decreasing the ratio of pitch to pipe length leads to an increase in the heat transfer coefficient and thermo-hydraulic performance.
Psv scenario-and-calculation
1. The document discusses procedures for calculating pressure safety valve (PSV) sizes for various scenarios that could lead to overpressure. It covers scenarios like closed outlets, external fires, control valve failures, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, and power or cooling failures.
2. Calculation methods include enthalpy balances for fractionating columns and the use of relief equations specified in codes like API 521. Worst cases are chosen from all possible scenarios to determine the required PSV size.
3. Key scenarios discussed in detail include closed outlets on vessels, external fires, failures of automatic controls, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, total and partial power failures, reflux losses,
Chemical Equipment Design, Lecture 1
The document discusses factors that influence the design of vessels used in industrial processes. It focuses on selecting the appropriate vessel type based on the material properties, operating conditions, and intended function. The main types of vessels discussed are open vessels, closed cylindrical vessels with flat or conical bottoms, and spherical/modified spherical vessels. Criteria for selecting each type include operating pressure and temperature, material hazards, and storage volume.
Cyclic Steam Injection
The document discusses CSS (cyclic steam stimulation) technology for heavy oil recovery. It describes the CSS mechanism and main production process, which involves injecting steam to reduce oil viscosity and increase mobility. It then outlines some key mature CSS technologies, including high-efficiency steam injection systems using vacuum insulated tubing and thermal packers, as well as downhole measurement techniques. Finally, it provides selection standards for reservoirs suitable for successful CSS projects.
Co2 flooding.pdf
Co2 flooding is an important EOR method that involves injecting supercritical CO2 into depleted oil reservoirs to displace oil. There are three main displacement mechanisms - miscible, partially miscible, and immiscible. Compositional simulation is needed to accurately model CO2 flooding since fluid properties depend on both pressure and composition. The SACROC unit in the Permian Basin was one of the first large-scale CO2 floods, and involved injecting CO2 from nearby gas plants to boost oil production from over 300 million barrels of original oil in place.
Mobile offshore
This document defines and describes the three main types of mobile offshore drilling units (MODUs): drillships, semisubmersibles, and jack-ups. Drillships can operate in the deepest waters but require towing, semisubmersibles have exceptional stability for rough waters, and jack-ups are self-elevating but limited to depths less than 550 feet. The document also discusses considerations for fixed versus mobile rigs and potential future developments to increase depth and mobility capabilities.
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The document describes the design of an acetic anhydride manufacturing facility. One key step is the vapor-phase cracking of acetone into ketene and methane. The reaction is first-order with respect to acetone. The specific reaction rate can be expressed through an equation relating the rate constant k to temperature T. The problem asks for the volume of a tubular reactor required for 20% conversion of 8000 kg/hr of pure acetone fed at 1035K and 1.62 atm, assuming an adiabatic reactor.
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Pemex Gas y Petroquímica Básica tiene el objetivo de procesar gas natural para obtener derivados como gas natural, gas LP y petroquímicos básicos. El documento describe la situación actual del Complejo Procesador de Gas en Reynosa, incluyendo sus plantas de absorción, fraccionamiento de solventes, servicios auxiliares y el proyecto Reynosa 2000 para ampliar la capacidad de procesamiento.
Design and Rating of Trayed Distillation Columns
Design and Rating of Trayed Distillation Columns
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
5 PERFORMANCE GUARANTEES
6 TRAY DESCRIPTION
7 DESIGN CALCULATIONS
7.1 Rough Design
7.2 Preliminary Design
7.3 Detailed Design and Rating
8 PROGRAM USE – DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
8.1 General Considerations
8.2 Effects of Design Variables on Performance Parameters
9 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF TRAY DESIGN
9.1 Liquid Feeds
9.2 Vapor Feeds
9.3 Two Phase or Flashing Feeds
9.4 Reboiler Returns
9.5 Liquid Drawoffs
9.6 Vapor Drawoffs
9.7 Reboiler Circuits
10 TRAY VIBRATION
10.1 Unstable Flow
10.2 Oscillation Frequencies
10.3 Analysis of Tray Vibration and Action to be Taken
11 REFERENCES
APPENDICES
A TRAY DEFINITIONS
FIGURES
1 TYPICAL TRAY LAYOUT
2 LIQUID RECIRCULATION ON A LARGE ONE-PASS TRAY
3 BASIC CROSS FLOW TRAY LAYOUTS
4 TRAY DESIGN DEFINITIONS
5 LIQUID FEEDS
6 REBOIL RETURN NOZZEL
7 PARTIAL LIQUID DRAWOFF FROM BOTTOM OF
DOWNCOMER
8 CHIMMNEY TRAY
9 VAPOR DRAWOFF – INTERMEDIATE TRAY
10 TOWER INTERNALS FOR REBOILER CIRCUITS
11 IDEALIZED PRESSURE DROP CHARACTERISTIC
12 TYPICAL SIEVE TRAY PRESSURE DROP CHARACTERISTIC
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This document is a term project report on aboveground fuel storage tanks prepared by Subkhiddin MUKHIDINOV for Prof. Şafak YILMAZ at Istanbul Technical University. It discusses the introduction, description, usage, design, materials, and manufacturing of fuel storage tanks. Fuel tanks are designed to safely store flammable liquids and allow for filling, gauging fuel levels, venting vapors, and feeding the engine. Design considerations include placement, shape, and calculating required volume, while common materials are aluminum, steel, and stainless steel. Manufacturing involves creating a mockup, adding openings, and leak testing after joining pieces through methods like riveting, brazing, soldering
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The document discusses condensate stabilization, which is a process used in the gas industry to increase the amount of intermediate and heavy hydrocarbon components in the liquid phase separated from natural gas. Condensate stabilization is more commonly considered for gas well production facilities than oil facilities. It involves flashing liquids from the gas stream multiple times at constant pressure but increasing temperature to separate out heavier hydrocarbon components into the liquid phase. Common condensate stabilization systems use multiple flashes, distillation towers with reflux, or distillation columns with external reflux.
Refinery process-description
1. Distillation is the first step in refining crude oil, where it is heated and separated into fractions based on boiling points in a fractionation column.
2. Before distillation, crude oil undergoes desalting to remove water and salts, and preheating through heat exchangers. It is then sent to a furnace and pre-flash vessel to further vaporize components.
3. Fractions are drawn off from different parts of the fractionation column for further processing. Lighter fractions condense higher in the column, while heavier fractions condense lower down.
BIT HYDRAULICS ANALYSIS FOR EFFICIENT HOLE CLEANING
Abstract
This project was helpful for the student to get knowledge in general about the petroleum engineer and how to calculate the pressure loss of the system as well as the section of the optimum nozzle for the drill bit this assignment will help a lot the drilling engineer in future. Furthermore, this project helps to solve the challenges that faced the petroleum engineer in real life. However, in this project, the student learned how to deal with errors and converted to the advantage and overcome with better results. From the given data the optimum mud flow rates and the nozzle sizes should be designed for drilling at various depths until the end of the section. The nozzle areas of hydraulics horsepower for surface casing was 0.27 〖in〗^2, and for the intermediate casing are 0.23〖in〗^2 and 0,17〖in〗^2, and the last optimum nozzle area for the production which has been calculated is 0.2〖in〗^2. Last but not less this assignment was helpful l for students to get knowledge about drilling hydraulics. Nozzle configuration appears to have an effect on penetration rate. Several authors have described improved drill rates with extended or blanked nozzle bits. However, presently used criteria have been unable to account for these improved drill rates. in fact, has suggested a different optimum may exist for each nozzle size. Drill cuttings in the wellbore cause wear and tear to the drill string and this reduces the rate of penetration; therefore, there is a need for efficient bottom hole cleaning. During a drilling operation, optimization of hydraulic horsepower at the drill bit is adopted to enhance bottom hole cleaning and to increase the rate of penetration. Optimum drilling conditions are achieved using either the maximum horsepower criterion or the hydraulic jet impact force criterion.
Tank design - word
This document discusses different types of storage tanks used in refineries and chemical plants. It describes atmospheric storage tanks, which operate at approximately atmospheric pressure, including fixed-roof tanks, floating-roof tanks, and fixed-roof tanks with an internal floating roof. Low-temperature and low-pressure storage tanks are also discussed. Standards for storage tank design include API-650 for atmospheric tanks and API-620 for low-pressure tanks. Floating roof tanks are described as minimizing vapor losses by maintaining a small vapor space or eliminating it completely.
SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case Study
SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN
Case Study #0618416GB/H
Contents
1. SMR Pre-Reformer Design
2. Inlet Baffle Design
3. Outlet Collector
4. Hold Down Grating
5. Floating Hold Down Screen
6. Catalyst Drop Out Nozzle
7. Thermowell Detail
8. Technical Performance requirements
9. SMR Pre-Reformer Isolation
Technical Review and Commentary on Proposed Design
APPENDIX
A. Operating / Mechanical Data
B. Materials Specifications
C. Fabrication and Inspection Requirements
D. Weights
E. Nozzle Data
F. Instrument Connections
G. Manholes
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This document summarizes Wood Mackenzie's analysis of global coal costs and supply outlooks. It finds that average thermal and metallurgical coal cash costs declined significantly from 2012 to 2016 but are expected to rise in 2017 as productivity levels moderate. At certain price points, over 150Mt of thermal coal projects and 90Mt of metallurgical coal projects could be incentivized. However, only small volumes of thermal and metallurgical coal production are at risk of closure. Australian coal producers may see limited further cost reductions from improved productivity.
Storage Tank.pdf
This document provides an overview and training on petroleum storage tanks. It discusses tank design types including fixed roof, floating roof, and pressurized storage tanks. It covers tank structure, fittings, inspection, measurement, and safety. The training outlines the goals of identifying tank types and equipment, understanding limitations, calculating volumes, and safe operation. Tank design considerations include product properties, stability calculations, and foundation types.
Heat Exchanger
A heat exchanger transfers heat between two fluids. There are various types including shell and tube, plate and frame, and air cooled. A shell and tube heat exchanger consists of tubes, a shell, baffles, and nozzle inlets and outlets. Proper design of the baffle cut, spacing, and orientation is important for efficient heat transfer and to prevent bypass and leakage streams from reducing effectiveness. Sealing strips are also used to block leakage paths and improve performance.
Steam Reforming - Types of Reformer Design
Four main types
Types of Reformer Design
Pre reformers
Primary reformers
Main different designs
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Compact reformers
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The document discusses the design of horizontal kettle reboilers. It describes the different types of reboilers used in distillation columns, including forced circulation, thermosyphon, and kettle reboilers. It focuses on the design of horizontal kettle reboilers, explaining that boiling occurs on submerged tubes in a pool of liquid with no liquid circulation. The key factors in designing a horizontal kettle reboiler are selecting appropriate boiling heat transfer coefficients, ensuring the heat flux does not exceed the critical heat flux, sizing the tube bundle for adequate vapor disengagement, and maintaining a proper tube pitch and liquid level.
Ppt
This document provides an overview and summary of a basic training course on petroleum storage tanks. It discusses various tank types including fixed roof tanks, internal floating roof tanks, and floating roof tanks. It covers tank design elements like the structure of the tank bottom and floor, thickness of bottom plates, and attachment of the bottom to the shell. It also addresses tank foundations, including the need for foundations to allow for leak detection. The goals of the training are identified as learning to identify tank types and equipment, understand tank limitations, perform volume calculations, and operate tanks safely.
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This presentation deals with the definition of shell and tube heat exchanger, the Theory, its Applications and its Design
Norsok d-010u4 2013.en.02
This NORSOK standard provides requirements and guidelines for well integrity during drilling and well operations. It focuses on establishing well barriers through well barrier elements and schematics, acceptance criteria for the elements, well design, risk assessment, and competence requirements. The standard covers activities from drilling through production and abandonment. It includes new acceptance criteria for casing cement and equipment for managed pressure drilling and light well interventions.
Troubleshooting of Packed Distillation Column
Distillation is one of the widely used separation method in most of the Chemical Process Industries. Improper design/ operation & maintenance leads to various troubles like reduced plant capacity, poor quality of separated products, high energy consumption, etc. This presentation is for learning about the troubleshooting of packed type distillation systems. Through conceptual aspects of the overall distillation system, reader can easily identify the various causes of probable troubles and will be able to suggest their remedial measures.
Apan media encoding
This document discusses video encoding for web and archive purposes. It covers preparing different media formats, encoding tools and recipes using FFmpeg, and testing next generation codecs like VP9 and HEVC/H265. VP9 showed potential for significantly smaller file sizes than H.264 or VP8 at the cost of increased encoding time. Future codecs may allow higher quality at lower bitrates by using more advanced compression techniques.
resume_soc_pd _contractor_2016
Michael Chung has over 15 years of experience in physical design and chip integration. He has taped out over 20 large chips using Synopsys and Cadence tools. Currently he works at AMD implementing placement and routing for tiles from gate level input through timing optimization and signoff. Previously he worked at Volt implementing a north bridge block through the physical design flow.
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Co2 flooding.pdf
Co2 flooding is an important EOR method that involves injecting supercritical CO2 into depleted oil reservoirs to displace oil. There are three main displacement mechanisms - miscible, partially miscible, and immiscible. Compositional simulation is needed to accurately model CO2 flooding since fluid properties depend on both pressure and composition. The SACROC unit in the Permian Basin was one of the first large-scale CO2 floods, and involved injecting CO2 from nearby gas plants to boost oil production from over 300 million barrels of original oil in place.
Mobile offshore
This document defines and describes the three main types of mobile offshore drilling units (MODUs): drillships, semisubmersibles, and jack-ups. Drillships can operate in the deepest waters but require towing, semisubmersibles have exceptional stability for rough waters, and jack-ups are self-elevating but limited to depths less than 550 feet. The document also discusses considerations for fixed versus mobile rigs and potential future developments to increase depth and mobility capabilities.
Material and energy balance using Aspen
The document describes the design of an acetic anhydride manufacturing facility. One key step is the vapor-phase cracking of acetone into ketene and methane. The reaction is first-order with respect to acetone. The specific reaction rate can be expressed through an equation relating the rate constant k to temperature T. The problem asks for the volume of a tubular reactor required for 20% conversion of 8000 kg/hr of pure acetone fed at 1035K and 1.62 atm, assuming an adiabatic reactor.
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Pemex Gas y Petroquímica Básica tiene el objetivo de procesar gas natural para obtener derivados como gas natural, gas LP y petroquímicos básicos. El documento describe la situación actual del Complejo Procesador de Gas en Reynosa, incluyendo sus plantas de absorción, fraccionamiento de solventes, servicios auxiliares y el proyecto Reynosa 2000 para ampliar la capacidad de procesamiento.
Design and Rating of Trayed Distillation Columns
Design and Rating of Trayed Distillation Columns
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
5 PERFORMANCE GUARANTEES
6 TRAY DESCRIPTION
7 DESIGN CALCULATIONS
7.1 Rough Design
7.2 Preliminary Design
7.3 Detailed Design and Rating
8 PROGRAM USE – DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
8.1 General Considerations
8.2 Effects of Design Variables on Performance Parameters
9 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF TRAY DESIGN
9.1 Liquid Feeds
9.2 Vapor Feeds
9.3 Two Phase or Flashing Feeds
9.4 Reboiler Returns
9.5 Liquid Drawoffs
9.6 Vapor Drawoffs
9.7 Reboiler Circuits
10 TRAY VIBRATION
10.1 Unstable Flow
10.2 Oscillation Frequencies
10.3 Analysis of Tray Vibration and Action to be Taken
11 REFERENCES
APPENDICES
A TRAY DEFINITIONS
FIGURES
1 TYPICAL TRAY LAYOUT
2 LIQUID RECIRCULATION ON A LARGE ONE-PASS TRAY
3 BASIC CROSS FLOW TRAY LAYOUTS
4 TRAY DESIGN DEFINITIONS
5 LIQUID FEEDS
6 REBOIL RETURN NOZZEL
7 PARTIAL LIQUID DRAWOFF FROM BOTTOM OF
DOWNCOMER
8 CHIMMNEY TRAY
9 VAPOR DRAWOFF – INTERMEDIATE TRAY
10 TOWER INTERNALS FOR REBOILER CIRCUITS
11 IDEALIZED PRESSURE DROP CHARACTERISTIC
12 TYPICAL SIEVE TRAY PRESSURE DROP CHARACTERISTIC
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This document is a term project report on aboveground fuel storage tanks prepared by Subkhiddin MUKHIDINOV for Prof. Şafak YILMAZ at Istanbul Technical University. It discusses the introduction, description, usage, design, materials, and manufacturing of fuel storage tanks. Fuel tanks are designed to safely store flammable liquids and allow for filling, gauging fuel levels, venting vapors, and feeding the engine. Design considerations include placement, shape, and calculating required volume, while common materials are aluminum, steel, and stainless steel. Manufacturing involves creating a mockup, adding openings, and leak testing after joining pieces through methods like riveting, brazing, soldering
Natural gas processing technology condensate stabilization
The document discusses condensate stabilization, which is a process used in the gas industry to increase the amount of intermediate and heavy hydrocarbon components in the liquid phase separated from natural gas. Condensate stabilization is more commonly considered for gas well production facilities than oil facilities. It involves flashing liquids from the gas stream multiple times at constant pressure but increasing temperature to separate out heavier hydrocarbon components into the liquid phase. Common condensate stabilization systems use multiple flashes, distillation towers with reflux, or distillation columns with external reflux.
Refinery process-description
1. Distillation is the first step in refining crude oil, where it is heated and separated into fractions based on boiling points in a fractionation column.
2. Before distillation, crude oil undergoes desalting to remove water and salts, and preheating through heat exchangers. It is then sent to a furnace and pre-flash vessel to further vaporize components.
3. Fractions are drawn off from different parts of the fractionation column for further processing. Lighter fractions condense higher in the column, while heavier fractions condense lower down.
BIT HYDRAULICS ANALYSIS FOR EFFICIENT HOLE CLEANING
Abstract
This project was helpful for the student to get knowledge in general about the petroleum engineer and how to calculate the pressure loss of the system as well as the section of the optimum nozzle for the drill bit this assignment will help a lot the drilling engineer in future. Furthermore, this project helps to solve the challenges that faced the petroleum engineer in real life. However, in this project, the student learned how to deal with errors and converted to the advantage and overcome with better results. From the given data the optimum mud flow rates and the nozzle sizes should be designed for drilling at various depths until the end of the section. The nozzle areas of hydraulics horsepower for surface casing was 0.27 〖in〗^2, and for the intermediate casing are 0.23〖in〗^2 and 0,17〖in〗^2, and the last optimum nozzle area for the production which has been calculated is 0.2〖in〗^2. Last but not less this assignment was helpful l for students to get knowledge about drilling hydraulics. Nozzle configuration appears to have an effect on penetration rate. Several authors have described improved drill rates with extended or blanked nozzle bits. However, presently used criteria have been unable to account for these improved drill rates. in fact, has suggested a different optimum may exist for each nozzle size. Drill cuttings in the wellbore cause wear and tear to the drill string and this reduces the rate of penetration; therefore, there is a need for efficient bottom hole cleaning. During a drilling operation, optimization of hydraulic horsepower at the drill bit is adopted to enhance bottom hole cleaning and to increase the rate of penetration. Optimum drilling conditions are achieved using either the maximum horsepower criterion or the hydraulic jet impact force criterion.
Tank design - word
This document discusses different types of storage tanks used in refineries and chemical plants. It describes atmospheric storage tanks, which operate at approximately atmospheric pressure, including fixed-roof tanks, floating-roof tanks, and fixed-roof tanks with an internal floating roof. Low-temperature and low-pressure storage tanks are also discussed. Standards for storage tank design include API-650 for atmospheric tanks and API-620 for low-pressure tanks. Floating roof tanks are described as minimizing vapor losses by maintaining a small vapor space or eliminating it completely.
SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case Study
SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN
Case Study #0618416GB/H
Contents
1. SMR Pre-Reformer Design
2. Inlet Baffle Design
3. Outlet Collector
4. Hold Down Grating
5. Floating Hold Down Screen
6. Catalyst Drop Out Nozzle
7. Thermowell Detail
8. Technical Performance requirements
9. SMR Pre-Reformer Isolation
Technical Review and Commentary on Proposed Design
APPENDIX
A. Operating / Mechanical Data
B. Materials Specifications
C. Fabrication and Inspection Requirements
D. Weights
E. Nozzle Data
F. Instrument Connections
G. Manholes
Brent Spalding - Wood Mackenzie
This document summarizes Wood Mackenzie's analysis of global coal costs and supply outlooks. It finds that average thermal and metallurgical coal cash costs declined significantly from 2012 to 2016 but are expected to rise in 2017 as productivity levels moderate. At certain price points, over 150Mt of thermal coal projects and 90Mt of metallurgical coal projects could be incentivized. However, only small volumes of thermal and metallurgical coal production are at risk of closure. Australian coal producers may see limited further cost reductions from improved productivity.
Storage Tank.pdf
This document provides an overview and training on petroleum storage tanks. It discusses tank design types including fixed roof, floating roof, and pressurized storage tanks. It covers tank structure, fittings, inspection, measurement, and safety. The training outlines the goals of identifying tank types and equipment, understanding limitations, calculating volumes, and safe operation. Tank design considerations include product properties, stability calculations, and foundation types.
Heat Exchanger
A heat exchanger transfers heat between two fluids. There are various types including shell and tube, plate and frame, and air cooled. A shell and tube heat exchanger consists of tubes, a shell, baffles, and nozzle inlets and outlets. Proper design of the baffle cut, spacing, and orientation is important for efficient heat transfer and to prevent bypass and leakage streams from reducing effectiveness. Sealing strips are also used to block leakage paths and improve performance.
Steam Reforming - Types of Reformer Design
Four main types
Types of Reformer Design
Pre reformers
Primary reformers
Main different designs
Secondary reformers
Compact reformers
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Just Digitise It - Daniel Wilksch of the Public Records Office Victoria
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- 1. Dance Preservation & Digitization Project: Building a VHS digitizing station Bay Area Video Coalition & Dance Heritage Coalition
- 2. Dance Preservation & Digitization Project - 3 regional hubs (SF, NYC, DC) - Formats - Workflow - Archive or Dance company Hub Repository - Case study: design and build of VHS station in Washington, DC.
- 3. Brief overview of digitization/ storage workflow
- 4. DPDP Digitizing Station in DC Roles in project o Project manager: basic overview design, described needs, purchased and worked with local engineer to refurbish deck; mediation between admin and tech. In this case, chose deck model and brand, TBC. o Video engineer: installation, training on monitor calibration and waveform & vectorscope, signal path documentation. o Systems administrator, installing server software, advising on workstation workflow. o Leadership, articulating vision, fundraising.
- 5. Preparation • • Resources at BAVC, history of digitization / preferred equipment already; knew what we needed. How did the station hardware fit into our digital preservation workflow? o Technicians creating SIPs acting as “producers” in the OAIS framework o Filesystem consistency o Capture card and delivery format(s)
- 6. Station design • Finding decks for purchase: eBay, some engineers o Professional: Sony SVO-5800; Panasonic AG-DS555P; JVCBRS711U o Consumer: Panasonic PV-V4021; Toshiba M785; Panasonic AG-2530P Mitsubishi-HSU500 • • What are important components when looking for a deck? o BNC versus RCA o S-Video vs. Component vs. Composite o Balanced audio “Know what you don’t know”
- 7. This perspective.. Informs this decision • Formats in the collection; the most need based on selection policies/ collection assessment • Playback deck choice: which format? • Large number of EP or LP recordings • Playback deck, consumer, professional or both? • Need for uncompressed or specific target file format • Choice of capture card. • Need for multiple playback decks • Consider purchasing a rack; video switcher or patch bay • Need to output multiple formats at once • Talk with engineer about video (versus transcoding post-digitization) processor • Need for adjustment of luminance and chrominance (highly recommended) • Purchase and training on waveform & vectorscope, and time base corrector.
- 8. Working with engineers as an archivist What should you ask of your engineer? • • • Deck refurbishment or purchase Recommendations o Recommended workflow, inspection practices. Training o o Waveform & vectorscope CRT monitor calibration
- 9. Training • • • • • • • • Detailed guidelines & equipment manuals In-person review and test tape(s) Waveform & vectorscope: a large focus Cleaning and deck maintenance o When to outsource / when to clean in-house Looking for artifacts Metadata QCTools project; intention to make workflow and metadata open-source & easier A/V Artifact Atlas: http://preservation.bavc.org/artifactatlas/index.php/A/V_ Artifact_Atlas
- 10. Example budget
- 13. Handout contents - List of video engineers, largely sourced from Tim Vitale’s AIC list and BAVC, sample budget, sample wiring diagram, example decks BAVC has used or does use. - Keep analog video engineers in business - DIY digitization is possible, if not preferred, especially for VHS format.
- 14. Thank you! laurens@bavc.org @laurensx @bavcpreserve www.bavc.org/preservation Bay Area Video Coalition & Dance Heritage Coalition