The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body. It consists of three joints: the medial and lateral condylar joints between the femur and tibia, and the patellofemoral joint between the femur and patella. The articular surfaces include the femoral and tibial condyles and the patella. The knee joint is supported by ligaments including the cruciate ligaments, collateral ligaments, and menisci which absorb shock and distribute forces across the joint. The knee has a complex blood supply and is surrounded by bursae and synovial membrane.
The knee joint is the largest and most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three joints: the medial and lateral condylar joints between the femur and tibia, and the patellofemoral joint between the patella and femur. The knee joint is stabilized by numerous ligaments including the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, and menisci. It is supplied by the femoral, popliteal, and genicular arteries and innervated by branches of the femoral and tibial nerves. The knee allows for flexion, extension, and some rotational movements.
The knee joint is the largest and most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three joints: the medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints and the patellofemoral joint. The knee joint is stabilized by numerous ligaments including the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, and the transverse ligament. It also contains two menisci that help distribute weight forces and provide shock absorption. The knee is supplied by branches from the femoral, tibial and common peroneal nerves and receives its blood supply from the femoral, popliteal and genicular arteries.
The knee joint is composed of three joints: the medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints and the patellofemoral joint. It is supported by numerous ligaments including the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, menisci, and synovial membrane. The patella glides within the femoral groove during knee flexion and extension to enhance the leverage of the quadriceps muscle. The medial and lateral menisci act as shock absorbers between the femur and tibia.
The knee joint is a modified hinge joint that allows flexion and extension. It is supported by ligaments including the ACL, PCL, MCL and LCL. The joint is lined by a synovial membrane and contains two menisci that absorb shock and deepen the tibial surfaces. Flexion is powered by the hamstrings while extension is powered by the quadriceps femoris muscle. The knee provides stability during weight bearing and locomotion.
The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body. It consists of three joints: the medial and lateral condylar joints between the femur and tibia, and the patellofemoral joint between the femur and patella. The knee joint contains numerous ligaments that connect the femur, tibia, and patella, including the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, and medial and lateral menisci. The knee joint also contains bursae that reduce friction between bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments during movement.
The knee is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. It consists of two condylar joints between the femur and tibia, as well as the patellofemoral joint. The stability of the knee relies primarily on soft tissues like ligaments rather than bony structure. The knee joint is divided into the medial and lateral compartments by the menisci. It contains several important ligaments like the ACL, PCL, MCL and LCL that provide stability. The muscles that act on the knee include the quadriceps, hamstrings, pes anserine group and iliotibial band.
The knee joint is the largest and most complicated joint in the body. It allows for weight bearing, walking, climbing stairs, running, jumping and kicking. The knee joint is formed where the femur meets the tibia and patella. It contains ligaments like the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, menisci, synovial membrane and bursae that provide stability and cushioning. Injuries to the cruciate ligaments or menisci are common in sports and require immobilization followed by physiotherapy.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and structures of the knee joint. It describes the osseous structures including the femur, tibia, and patella. It also discusses the extra-articular tendinous structures, ligamentous structures including the capsule, collateral ligaments, and cruciate ligaments. The intra-articular structures of the menisci and synovial membrane are also outlined. Blood supply and innervation of the various structures is summarized.
The knee joint is the largest and most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three joints: the medial and lateral condylar joints between the femur and tibia, and the patellofemoral joint between the patella and femur. The knee joint is stabilized by numerous ligaments including the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, and menisci. It is supplied by the femoral, popliteal, and genicular arteries and innervated by branches of the femoral and tibial nerves. The knee allows for flexion, extension, and some rotational movements.
The knee joint is the largest and most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three joints: the medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints and the patellofemoral joint. The knee joint is stabilized by numerous ligaments including the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, and the transverse ligament. It also contains two menisci that help distribute weight forces and provide shock absorption. The knee is supplied by branches from the femoral, tibial and common peroneal nerves and receives its blood supply from the femoral, popliteal and genicular arteries.
The knee joint is composed of three joints: the medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints and the patellofemoral joint. It is supported by numerous ligaments including the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, menisci, and synovial membrane. The patella glides within the femoral groove during knee flexion and extension to enhance the leverage of the quadriceps muscle. The medial and lateral menisci act as shock absorbers between the femur and tibia.
The knee joint is a modified hinge joint that allows flexion and extension. It is supported by ligaments including the ACL, PCL, MCL and LCL. The joint is lined by a synovial membrane and contains two menisci that absorb shock and deepen the tibial surfaces. Flexion is powered by the hamstrings while extension is powered by the quadriceps femoris muscle. The knee provides stability during weight bearing and locomotion.
The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body. It consists of three joints: the medial and lateral condylar joints between the femur and tibia, and the patellofemoral joint between the femur and patella. The knee joint contains numerous ligaments that connect the femur, tibia, and patella, including the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, and medial and lateral menisci. The knee joint also contains bursae that reduce friction between bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments during movement.
The knee is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. It consists of two condylar joints between the femur and tibia, as well as the patellofemoral joint. The stability of the knee relies primarily on soft tissues like ligaments rather than bony structure. The knee joint is divided into the medial and lateral compartments by the menisci. It contains several important ligaments like the ACL, PCL, MCL and LCL that provide stability. The muscles that act on the knee include the quadriceps, hamstrings, pes anserine group and iliotibial band.
The knee joint is the largest and most complicated joint in the body. It allows for weight bearing, walking, climbing stairs, running, jumping and kicking. The knee joint is formed where the femur meets the tibia and patella. It contains ligaments like the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, menisci, synovial membrane and bursae that provide stability and cushioning. Injuries to the cruciate ligaments or menisci are common in sports and require immobilization followed by physiotherapy.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and structures of the knee joint. It describes the osseous structures including the femur, tibia, and patella. It also discusses the extra-articular tendinous structures, ligamentous structures including the capsule, collateral ligaments, and cruciate ligaments. The intra-articular structures of the menisci and synovial membrane are also outlined. Blood supply and innervation of the various structures is summarized.
The ankle joint is a hinge synovial joint formed between the lower end of the tibia, the two malleoli, and the body of the talus. It is enclosed by a thin capsule that fuses with the inferior transverse tibiofibular ligament posteriorly. The joint is stabilized by strong medial and lateral ligaments and surrounding tendons. The ankle allows for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion movements, which are limited by the tension in surrounding ligaments and tendons.
The knee joint is made up of two joints - the patellofemoral joint and the tibiofemoral joint. It is a complex hinge joint that lacks inherent stability and relies on surrounding soft tissues like ligaments, muscles, and menisci. The menisci absorb shock, increase congruency, and decrease pressure in the joint. Major ligaments include the ACL, PCL, MCL, and LCL. Common injuries involve tears to these ligaments from forces of valgus, varus, twisting, or anterior/posterior displacement. Other common knee conditions include meniscal tears, patellofemoral pain syndrome, tendinitis, bursitis, and osteochondromatosis. The
The knee joint is a modified hinge joint that allows for flexion and extension as well as some rotation. It is formed by the articulation of the femur, tibia, and patella. The knee joint contains two joint cavities - the patellofemoral joint and tibiofemoral joint. Various ligaments such as the cruciate ligaments and menisci provide stability and cushioning to the joint. Injuries commonly involve the collateral ligaments, menisci, or anterior cruciate ligament due to their location and function. The knee is an important and complex joint that enables mobility but is also susceptible to trauma.
The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body. It is a modified hinge joint that allows flexion, extension, and some rotation. The knee joint is composed of three articulations: the medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints between the femur and tibia, and the patellofemoral joint between the femur and patella. The knee joint is supported by ligaments such as the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, as well as menisci that cushion the joint surfaces.
The knee joint is a hinge synovial joint consisting of the femur, tibia, and patella. It has two collateral ligaments - the lateral collateral ligament and medial collateral ligament - as well as two cruciate ligaments - the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament. The stability of the knee joint depends on surrounding muscles like the quadriceps femoris and ligaments connecting the femur and tibia. It is surrounded by a fibrous capsule and synovial membrane, and contains two menisci that absorb shock between the femur and tibia.
This document discusses the various joints of the upper limb, including:
- The elbow joint, which has humero-radial and humero-ulnar parts, and associated ligaments and movements.
- The superior, middle, and inferior radio-ulnar joints which connect the radius and ulna.
- The wrist joint and joints of the hand, including intercarpal joints and joints between metacarpals and phalanges.
The shoulder joint is a complex of four joints that provide a wide range of motion. It includes the sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, scapulothoracic, and glenohumeral joints. The glenohumeral joint is a ball and socket joint formed by the humeral head and glenoid cavity that allows the greatest range of movement. Stability is provided by the rotator cuff muscles, long head of the biceps brachii, bony processes, and extracapsular ligaments. The document describes the anatomy and functions of the bones, joints, muscles, nerves and blood supply of the shoulder complex.
The calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone in the foot. It has six surfaces - anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, lateral, and medial. The posterior surface receives the insertion of the Achilles tendon and plantaris muscle. The inferior surface has a prominence called the calcaneal tuberosity that provides attachment for the abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis muscles. The lateral surface has a peroneal tubercle that attaches ligaments and tendons. The calcaneus is an important bone that transmits body weight and aids in walking, running, and jumping through its attachments of muscles and ligaments. Fractures of the calcaneus are commonly seen injuries
The ankle joint, or talocrural joint, is a hinged synovial joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula to the proximal end of the talus bone. It is stabilized by strong collateral ligaments on the sides, interlocking articular surfaces, and tendons crossing the joint. The ankle joint functions as a hinge to allow dorsiflexion and plantarflexion motions of the foot.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body, formed by the fusion of three joints. It contains articular surfaces on the femur, patella, and tibia. Stability is provided by muscles, collateral ligaments, and cruciate ligaments. The knee allows for flexion, extension, and medial/lateral rotation. Locking and unlocking during walking is enabled by the quadriceps and popliteus muscles respectively. Injuries like meniscal tears and dislocations are clinically relevant.
The shoulder joint is comprised of three bones and three joints: the scapula, clavicle, and humerus. It allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external rotation, and internal rotation. Stability is provided by ligaments like the glenohumeral ligament and muscles like the rotator cuff. Common injuries include dislocations, rotator cuff tears, and tendonitis which can cause pain and limited mobility.
Shoulder joint, sterno clavicular joint, acromio-clavicular joint (2)Dr. Mohammad Mahmoud
1. The document describes the sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, and shoulder joint.
2. The sternoclavicular joint connects the clavicle to the sternum and ribs. The acromioclavicular joint connects the clavicle to the acromion process of the scapula.
3. The shoulder joint is a ball and socket synovial joint formed between the humerus and scapula that allows a wide range of movement including flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation.
The document provides an anatomical overview of the knee structures. It discusses the osseous structures including the patella, femoral condyles, and tibial plateaus. It then describes the extra-articular structures such as muscles, ligaments, and tendons that provide stability to the knee joint. These include the quadriceps mechanism, hamstrings, iliotibial band, gastrocnemius, and collateral and cruciate ligaments. The document outlines the layers of soft tissues and ligaments on the medial and lateral sides of the knee.
The ankle joint is a hinge joint formed by the tibia, fibula, and talus. It is supported by numerous ligaments that can be divided into two groups: those connecting the tibia and fibula (tibiofibular syndesmosis ligaments), and those connecting the tibia/fibula to the talus and calcaneus (collateral ligaments). The key ligaments include the anterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament, posterior talofibular ligament, and strong multifascicular medial collateral ligament. Injuries commonly involve sprains of the anterior talofibular ligament from inversion forces on the ankle.
The ankle joint is a modified hinge joint formed between the lower ends of the tibia and fibula bones above and the talus bone below. It allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion movements. Key ligaments like the deltoid ligament and anterior/posterior talofibular ligaments provide stability. Muscles like the gastrocnemius and soleus facilitate plantarflexion while the tibialis anterior enables dorsiflexion. Injuries commonly involve ligament sprains or fractures of the malleoli bones.
The document discusses knee instability and describes the structure of the knee including the osseous, extra-articular, and intra-articular structures. It provides details on the menisci, ligaments including the ACL and PCL, and muscles. The document also covers causes of meniscal injuries, diagnostic tests, treatment options including non-operative treatment and surgical procedures like meniscectomy and repair.
Ligamnet around knee and injury and managementBirajkc5
The document discusses knee instability and describes the structure of the knee including the osseous, extra-articular, and intra-articular structures. It provides details on the menisci, ligaments including the ACL and PCL, muscles, and classification of knee stabilizers. The document also covers mechanisms and classification of meniscal injuries, diagnostic tests, imaging studies, and surgical and non-surgical treatment options.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
The ankle joint is a hinge synovial joint formed between the lower end of the tibia, the two malleoli, and the body of the talus. It is enclosed by a thin capsule that fuses with the inferior transverse tibiofibular ligament posteriorly. The joint is stabilized by strong medial and lateral ligaments and surrounding tendons. The ankle allows for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion movements, which are limited by the tension in surrounding ligaments and tendons.
The knee joint is made up of two joints - the patellofemoral joint and the tibiofemoral joint. It is a complex hinge joint that lacks inherent stability and relies on surrounding soft tissues like ligaments, muscles, and menisci. The menisci absorb shock, increase congruency, and decrease pressure in the joint. Major ligaments include the ACL, PCL, MCL, and LCL. Common injuries involve tears to these ligaments from forces of valgus, varus, twisting, or anterior/posterior displacement. Other common knee conditions include meniscal tears, patellofemoral pain syndrome, tendinitis, bursitis, and osteochondromatosis. The
The knee joint is a modified hinge joint that allows for flexion and extension as well as some rotation. It is formed by the articulation of the femur, tibia, and patella. The knee joint contains two joint cavities - the patellofemoral joint and tibiofemoral joint. Various ligaments such as the cruciate ligaments and menisci provide stability and cushioning to the joint. Injuries commonly involve the collateral ligaments, menisci, or anterior cruciate ligament due to their location and function. The knee is an important and complex joint that enables mobility but is also susceptible to trauma.
The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body. It is a modified hinge joint that allows flexion, extension, and some rotation. The knee joint is composed of three articulations: the medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints between the femur and tibia, and the patellofemoral joint between the femur and patella. The knee joint is supported by ligaments such as the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, as well as menisci that cushion the joint surfaces.
The knee joint is a hinge synovial joint consisting of the femur, tibia, and patella. It has two collateral ligaments - the lateral collateral ligament and medial collateral ligament - as well as two cruciate ligaments - the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament. The stability of the knee joint depends on surrounding muscles like the quadriceps femoris and ligaments connecting the femur and tibia. It is surrounded by a fibrous capsule and synovial membrane, and contains two menisci that absorb shock between the femur and tibia.
This document discusses the various joints of the upper limb, including:
- The elbow joint, which has humero-radial and humero-ulnar parts, and associated ligaments and movements.
- The superior, middle, and inferior radio-ulnar joints which connect the radius and ulna.
- The wrist joint and joints of the hand, including intercarpal joints and joints between metacarpals and phalanges.
The shoulder joint is a complex of four joints that provide a wide range of motion. It includes the sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, scapulothoracic, and glenohumeral joints. The glenohumeral joint is a ball and socket joint formed by the humeral head and glenoid cavity that allows the greatest range of movement. Stability is provided by the rotator cuff muscles, long head of the biceps brachii, bony processes, and extracapsular ligaments. The document describes the anatomy and functions of the bones, joints, muscles, nerves and blood supply of the shoulder complex.
The calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone in the foot. It has six surfaces - anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, lateral, and medial. The posterior surface receives the insertion of the Achilles tendon and plantaris muscle. The inferior surface has a prominence called the calcaneal tuberosity that provides attachment for the abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis muscles. The lateral surface has a peroneal tubercle that attaches ligaments and tendons. The calcaneus is an important bone that transmits body weight and aids in walking, running, and jumping through its attachments of muscles and ligaments. Fractures of the calcaneus are commonly seen injuries
The ankle joint, or talocrural joint, is a hinged synovial joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula to the proximal end of the talus bone. It is stabilized by strong collateral ligaments on the sides, interlocking articular surfaces, and tendons crossing the joint. The ankle joint functions as a hinge to allow dorsiflexion and plantarflexion motions of the foot.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body, formed by the fusion of three joints. It contains articular surfaces on the femur, patella, and tibia. Stability is provided by muscles, collateral ligaments, and cruciate ligaments. The knee allows for flexion, extension, and medial/lateral rotation. Locking and unlocking during walking is enabled by the quadriceps and popliteus muscles respectively. Injuries like meniscal tears and dislocations are clinically relevant.
The shoulder joint is comprised of three bones and three joints: the scapula, clavicle, and humerus. It allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external rotation, and internal rotation. Stability is provided by ligaments like the glenohumeral ligament and muscles like the rotator cuff. Common injuries include dislocations, rotator cuff tears, and tendonitis which can cause pain and limited mobility.
Shoulder joint, sterno clavicular joint, acromio-clavicular joint (2)Dr. Mohammad Mahmoud
1. The document describes the sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, and shoulder joint.
2. The sternoclavicular joint connects the clavicle to the sternum and ribs. The acromioclavicular joint connects the clavicle to the acromion process of the scapula.
3. The shoulder joint is a ball and socket synovial joint formed between the humerus and scapula that allows a wide range of movement including flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation.
The document provides an anatomical overview of the knee structures. It discusses the osseous structures including the patella, femoral condyles, and tibial plateaus. It then describes the extra-articular structures such as muscles, ligaments, and tendons that provide stability to the knee joint. These include the quadriceps mechanism, hamstrings, iliotibial band, gastrocnemius, and collateral and cruciate ligaments. The document outlines the layers of soft tissues and ligaments on the medial and lateral sides of the knee.
The ankle joint is a hinge joint formed by the tibia, fibula, and talus. It is supported by numerous ligaments that can be divided into two groups: those connecting the tibia and fibula (tibiofibular syndesmosis ligaments), and those connecting the tibia/fibula to the talus and calcaneus (collateral ligaments). The key ligaments include the anterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament, posterior talofibular ligament, and strong multifascicular medial collateral ligament. Injuries commonly involve sprains of the anterior talofibular ligament from inversion forces on the ankle.
The ankle joint is a modified hinge joint formed between the lower ends of the tibia and fibula bones above and the talus bone below. It allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion movements. Key ligaments like the deltoid ligament and anterior/posterior talofibular ligaments provide stability. Muscles like the gastrocnemius and soleus facilitate plantarflexion while the tibialis anterior enables dorsiflexion. Injuries commonly involve ligament sprains or fractures of the malleoli bones.
The document discusses knee instability and describes the structure of the knee including the osseous, extra-articular, and intra-articular structures. It provides details on the menisci, ligaments including the ACL and PCL, and muscles. The document also covers causes of meniscal injuries, diagnostic tests, treatment options including non-operative treatment and surgical procedures like meniscectomy and repair.
Ligamnet around knee and injury and managementBirajkc5
The document discusses knee instability and describes the structure of the knee including the osseous, extra-articular, and intra-articular structures. It provides details on the menisci, ligaments including the ACL and PCL, muscles, and classification of knee stabilizers. The document also covers mechanisms and classification of meniscal injuries, diagnostic tests, imaging studies, and surgical and non-surgical treatment options.
Similar to kneeanatomy-140617091721-phpapp01.pdf (20)
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
2. Knee Anatomy
- The Knee Joint is the largest & complex joint in
the body .
- It consists of 3 Joints:
1) Medial Condylar Joint : Between the medial
condyle “of the femur” & the medial condyle
“of the tibia” .
2) Latral Condylar Joint : Between the lateral
condyle “of the femur” & the lateral condyle “of
the tibia” .
3) Patellofemoral Joint : Between the patella & the
patellar surface of the femur.
- The fibula is NOT directly involved in the joint .
4. ARTICULAR SURFACE
THE ARTICULAR SURFACES OF KNEE JOINT ARE
AS FOLLOWING.
• THE CONDYLES OF FEMUR.
• THE PATELLA.
• THE CONDYLES OF TIBIA.
5.
6. FEMORAL CONDYLES
– A – Lateral Condyle
• Smaller radius of curvature
• Smaller in all dimensions
• Extends more anteriorly
– B – Medial Condyle
• Larger radius of curvature
• Extends more distally
– C – Intercondylar notch
7. TROCHLEAR GROOVE AND
INTERCONDYLAR NOTCH
• Anteriorly, the condyles are seperated by
Patello femoral Groove.
• Posteriorly, the condyles are separated by the
intercondylar notch.
8. TIBIAL PLATEAU
– D – Medial Plateau
• Greater surface area
• Concave
• Circular shape
– E – Intercondylar
Eminence
– F – Lateral Plateau
• Smaller surface area
• Convex
• Oval shape
10. • The synovial membrane of the knee joint
attaches to the margins of the articular
surfaces and to the superior and inferior
outer margins of the menisci.
• It lines the joint capsule except posteriorly
where cruciate ligaments found.
• In front, it is absent from patella
.
11. • The two cruciate ligaments, which attach in the
intercondylar region of the tibia below and the
intercondylar fossa of the femur above are
outside the articular cavity, but enclosed within
the fibrous membrane of the knee joint.
• Posteriorly, the synovial membrane reflects off
the fibrous membrane of the joint capsule on
either side of the posterior cruciate ligament and
loops forward around both ligaments thereby
excluding them from the articular cavity
12. • Anteriorly, the synovial membrane is separated
from the patellar ligament by an infrapatellar fat
pad.
• alar fold
• the infrapatellar synovial fold.
• pouches in two locations
• subpopliteal recess
• suprapatellar bursa (small articularis genus
muscle)
13. BURSAE
• AS MANY AS 13 BURSAE HAVE BEEN
DESCRIBED AROUND KNEE JOINT.
• THE FOUR ARE ANTERIOR
• FOUR ARE LATERAL
• FIVE ARE MEDIAL.
14. ANTERIOR BURSAE
THESE ARE FOUR IN NUMBERS.
• SUBCUTANEOUS PREPATELLAR BURSA.
• SUBCUTANEOUS INFRAPATELLAR BURSA.
• DEEP INFRA PATELLAR BURSA.
• SUPRAPATELLAR BURSA.
15. LATERAL BURSAE
THERE ARE FOUR LATERAL BURSAE.
• A BURSA DEEP TO LATERAL HEAD OF
GASTROCNEMIUS.
• A BURSA B/W FIBULAR COLLATERAL
LIGAMENT AND THE BICEPS FEMORIS.
• A BURSA B/W FIBULAR COLLATERAL
LIGAMENT AND TENDON OF POPLITEUS.
• A BURSA B/W TENDON OF POPLITEUS AND
LATERAL CONDYLE OF THE TIBIA.
16. MEDIAL BURSAE
THE FOUR MEDIAL BURSAE ARE AS FOLLOWS.
• A BURSA DEEP TO THE MEDIAL HEAD OF
GASTROCNEMIUS.
• THE ANSERINE BURSA.(COMPLICATED)
• A BURSA DEEP TO THE TIBIAL COLLATERAL
LIGAMENT.
• A BURSA DEEP TO SEMIMEMBRANOSUS.
• OCCASIONALLY A FIFTH BURSA PRESENT B/W
TENDONS OF SEMIMEMBRANOUS AND
SEMITENDINOSUS.
22. FIBROUS CAPSULE STRENTHENING
IT IS STRENGTHENED BY THE FOLLOWINGS.
• ANTERIORLY: MEDIAL AND LATERAL PATELLAR
RETINACULA(VASTUS MEDIALIS, VASTUS
LATERALIS.)
• LATERALLY: ILLIOTIBIAL TRACT.
• MEDIALLY: TENDONS OF SARTORIUS,
SEMIMEMBRANOSUS.
• POSTERIORLY: OBLIQUE POIPLITEAL
LIGAMENT.
23.
24. CORONARY LIGAMENT
• Fibrous Capsule is
attached to periphery of
Menisci.
• Connects the
periphery of the
menisci to the tibia
• They are the portion
of the capsule that is
stressed in rotary
movements of the
knee
25. FIBROUS CAPSULE OPENINGS
• TWO CONSTANT GAPS
• LEADING INTO SUPRA PATELLAR BURSA
• EXIT OF POPLITEAL TENDON
• SOMETIMES THERE ARE GAPS THAT
COMMUNICATE WITH BURSA DEEP TO
MEDIAL HEAD OF GASTROCNEMIUS AND DEEP
TO SEMIMEMBRANOSUS
26. LIGAMENTUM PATELLAE
• IT IS THE CENTRAL PORTION OF
COMMON TENDON OF INSERTION
OF QUADRICEPS
FEMORIS.(remaining portions of
the tendon form MEDIAL &
LATERAL PATELLAR RETINACULA)
• IT IS RELATED TO SUPERFICIAL AND
DEEP INFRAPATELLAR BURSAE AND
INFRAPATELLAR PAD OF FAT.
• ATTACHMENTS:-
• ABOVE: APEX OF PATELLA.
• BELOW: TIBIAL TUBEROSITY.
27. CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS
• VERY THICK,STRONG FIBROUS BANDS
• DIRECT BONDS OF OF UNION BETWEEN FEMUR &
TIBIA
• REPRESENT COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS OF
ORIGINAL FEMORO TIBIAL JOINTS
• MAINTAIN ANTERO-POSTERIOR STABILITY
• NAMED ACCORDING TO ATTACHMENT ON TIBIA
• SUPPLIED BY VESSELS AND NERVES WHICH
PIERCE OBLIQUE POPLITEAL LIGAMENT
28.
29. ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT
• the anterior cruciate ligament attaches to a facet
on the anterior part of the intercondylar area of
the tibia and ascends posteriorly to attach to a
facet at the back of the lateral wall of the
intercondylar fossa of the femur;
• The anterior cruciate ligament crosses lateral to
the posterior cruciate ligament as they pass
through the intercondylar region.
• The anterior cruciate ligament prevents anterior
displacement of the tibia relative to the femur
• it is taut during knee extension
30. POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT
• the posterior cruciate ligament attaches to
the posterior aspect of the intercondylar area
of the tibia and ascends anteriorly to attach to
the medial wall of the intercondylar fossa of
the femur.
• posterior cruciate ligament restricts posterior
displacement
• it tauts during knee flexion
31. MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT (MCL)
OR TIBIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
• Is attached superiorly to the medial
epicondyle of the femur just below
adductor tubercle.
• Inferiorly it divides into superficial and
deep
• Superficial part attached to the upper
third of the tibia, as far down as the tibial
tuberosity
• The deep portion, which is short, fuses
with the capsule and with the medial
meniscus
• A bursa usually separates the two parts
• MCL, tightens in extension
• A valgus stress will put a strain on the
ligament
MOB TCD
32. LATERAL/FIBULAR COLLATERAL
LIGAMENT (LCL)
• Superiorly attached to lateral condyle of
femur just above popliteal groove.
• Inferiorly embraced with tendon of biceps
femoris and attached to head of fibula in front
of its apex.
• Seperated from lateral meniscus by popliteal
tendon and fibrous capsule
• Inferolateral genicular vessels and nerve
seperate it from capsule
• Tightest in extension, 0-30 degrees
• Becomes looser in flexion >30 degrees
• Primary restraint to varus
• Secondary restraint to ER and posterior
translation
MOB TCD
33. • It is an expansion from the semimembranosus
tendon close to its insertion to the tibia
• Oblique popliteal ligament passes upwards
and laterally
• Fuses with the Fabella if present
• Lends with posterior surface of Capsule above
lateral femoral condyle
• Pierced by middle genicular vessels and nerve
• Branch from the posterior division of the
obturator nerve, pierces the ligament, supplies
cruciates and articular twig to knee (referred
pain from pelvic peritoneum to knee)
• Popliteal artery lies on it
• Strengthens the posterior portion of the
capsule and prevents extreme lateral rotation
Oblique Popliteal Ligament
MOB TCD
34. ANATOMY OF MENISCI
• Menisci are fibro cartilagenous.
• Crescent shaped attached ends
to tibia.Deepen the articular
surface of tibia.
• Wedge shaped on cross section
• Outer border thick,convex,fixed
and vascular
• Inner border
thin,concave,free,avascular and
nourished by synovial fluid
• They are intracapsular and intra
synovial anterior
MOB TCD
38. • The major orientation of collagen fibers in the meniscus
is circumferential; radial fibers and perforating fibers
also are present.
• The circumferential tension in the menisci counteracts
this outward or radial force.
• These hoop forces are transmitted to the tibia through
the strong anterior and posterior attachments of the
menisci.
• Hoop tension is lost when a single radial cut or tear
extends to the capsular margin; in terms of load
bearing, a single radial cut through the meniscus may be
equivalent to meniscectomy.
39. • IT HAS TWO ENDS, TWO
BORDERS AND TWO
SURFACES
• Flexion and extension
takes place at the upper
surface of the menisci
• Rotation occurs between
the lower surface of the
menisci and the tibia anterior
ANATOMY OF MENISCI
MOB TCD
40. MEDIAL MENISCUS
• IT IS RELATIVELY IMMOBILE.
• IT IS C-SHAPED/SEMICIRCULAR
FIBROCARTILAGENOUS DISC.
• PERIPHERAL MARGIN ADHERENT TO TIBIAL
COLLATERAL LIGAMENT.
• MORE LIABLE TO INJURY.
41. LATERAL MENISCUS
• IT IS MORE ROUND/CIRCULAR IN SHAPE.
• THE POSTERIOR END OF THE MENISCUS IS ATTACHED
TO FEMUR THROUGH 2 MENISCOFEMORAL
LIGAMENTS.
• THE TENDON OF POPLITEUS AND FIBROUS CAPSULE
SEPARATE IT FROM LCL.
• MOBILITY OF POSTERIOR END IS CONTROLLED BY
POPLITEUS AND 2 MENISCOFEMORAL LIGAMENTS.
42.
43. FUNCTION OF MENISCI
• Shock absorption
• Redistributes forces
• Spread synovial fluid
• Minimal effect on stability
• On rotation menisci move with
femur
• Lateral moves 20 - 24 mm
• Medial less mobile 10 -15 mm
• Lateral meniscus bears more
load
45. • The ANTERIOR
MENISCOFEMORAL
LIGAMENTS (Humphrey) is
attached to lateral aspect of the
medial femoral condyle in front of
the PCL
• The POSTERIOR
MENISCOFEMORAL
LIGAMENTS (Wrisberg) is
attached posterior to the PCL
• The posterior meniscofemoral
ligament is usually present
• Vary in size
MENISCOFEMORAL LIGAMENTS
MOB TCD
46. • Extends from Lateral epicondyle of femur
• To Medial border of the Apex of Fibula
• It is a cord-like thickening of capsule deep
to LCL.
• Deep in interval between iliotibial band
and biceps femoris
• Surrounded by biceps femoris
SHORT LATERAL LIGAMENT
MOB TCD
47. ARCUATE LIGAMENT
• Its posterior expansion of the Short
Lateral Ligament
• It extends backwards from head of the
Fibula,arches over the popliteal tendon
and is attaches to posterior border of the
intercondylar area of the tibia
MOB TCD
48. ARCUATE LIGAMENT
• Fibers oriented in various
directions
• Y-shaped configuration
over popliteus
• Medial limb terminates
into oblique popliteal
ligament
• Lateral limb invariable
present, and is less distinct
49. Fabella
• Fabella lies at point on
the poster lateral side of
knee
• Where multidirectional
collagenous tensile
stress meet
• 8% - 10% osseous
• 90% - 92%
cartilagenous
Fabbricani & Oransky, 1992
MOB TCD
50. Poster Lateral Corner
• Posterior horn of lateral
meniscus
• Arcuate complex
• Popliteus
• Lateral head of
gastrocnemius
MOB TCD
56. BLOOD SUPPLY
KNEE JOINT IS SUPPLIED BY ANASTOMOSES
AROUND IT.
• 5 GENICULAR BRANCHES OF POPLITEAL ARTERY.
• DESCENDING GENICULAR BRANCH OF FEMORAL
ARTERY.
• DESCENDING BRANCH OF LATERAL CIRCUMFLEX
FEMORAL ARTERY.
• 2 BRANCHES OF ANTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY.
• CIRCUMFLEX FIBULAR BRANCH OF TIBIAL ARTEY.
57. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF KNEE
• Drainage is to Popliteal
Lymph Nodes
• Usually 6 small L.Nodes
• Termination of Short
Saphenous Vein
• Popliteal Artery and
posterior of knee(direct
vessels from knee joint)
• Accompanying Genicular
Arteries(most vessels)
59. NERVE SUPPLY
FOLLOWING NERVES SUPPLY
THE KNEE JOINT.
• FEMORAL NERVE
THROUGH ITS BRANCHES
TO VASTI(ESP VASTUS
MEDIALIS)
• SCIATIC NERVE THROUGH
GENICULAR BRANCHES OF
TIBIAL AND COMMON
PERONEAL N.
• OBTURATOR NERVE
THROUGH ITS POSTERIOR
DIVISION.
• INFRAPATELLAR BRANCH
OF SAPHENOUS
60. TIBIAL NERVE
• Initially lateral to
the popliteal artery
• Crosses at
midpoint to end
medial to the artery
at soleus arch
61. Common Peroneal Nerve
• Lateral aspect of the popliteal space
• Medial and posterior to the biceps femoris
tendon
66. Vasti Muscles
• O:
VL – Greater trochanter,upper ½ of linea
aspera;
VI – Anterolateral upper 2/3 of femur,
lower ½ of linea aspera
VM –Distal intertrochanteric line, medial
linea aspera
• I: Tibial tuberosity via infrapatellar
tendon
• N: Femoral
• A: Knee extension
66
73. Sartorius
• O: ASIS
• I: Anteromedial tibial
flare (pes anserine)
• N: Femoral
• A: Hip flexion,
Hip abduction,
Hip external rotation
Knee flexion
73
74. Gracilis
• O: Symphysis pubis, inferior
ramus of pubic bone
• I: Anteromedial tibial
flare (pes anserine)
• N: Obturator
• A: Hip adduction,
Hip flexion,
Knee flexion
74
75. Iliotibial Band/TFL
• O: Anterior superior iliac
crest
• I: Anterolateral tibia at
Gerdy’s tubercle
• N: Superior gluteal
• A: Hip flexion,
Hip abduction,
Hip internal rotation
75
76. • A division of the vastus medialis muscle into two populations
of fibers has been hypothesized:
1. one population is thought to be long and relatively inline
with the quadriceps ligament: the vastus medialis longus
(VML)
2. the other is thought to be shorter and more obliquely
oriented with respect to the quadriceps ligament: the vastus
medialis obliquus (VMO).
At the present time, there is insufficient evidence to
conclusively confirm or deny this hypothesis.For clinical
and rehabilitation purposes, the vastus medialis is often
referred to simply as the VMO in reference to its potentially
important role in correct patellar tracking and prevention of
patellofemoral joint syndrome.
77. WEAK VASTUS MEDIALIS
OBLIQUUS
• Lower most fibres of vastus medialis
• Partly arise adductor magnus
• Straightens the pull on the quads
tendon and patella
• Controls patella tracking during flexion
extension of the knee
• Fibres atrophy quickly after knee injury
• 10-15 ml of effusion inhibit VMO
• VMO rehabilitation strength and timing
of contraction
78. Medial Structures
• Medial ligament
• Pes anserinus consists of:
– Sartorius
– Gracilis
– Semitendinosus
• Tibial inter-tendinous
bursa between them
MOB TCD
79. Posterior Medial Structures
• Semimembranosus into the
groove on posterior aspect
of medial tibial condyle and
its extensions
• Upwards and lateral is
oblique popliteal ligament
• Downwards and lateral
forms fascia covering
popliteus
• Downwards and medially
fuses with medial ligament
MOB TCD
84. Popliteus
• Origin inferior, popliteal surface of tibia,
above the soleal line, fascia of
semimembranosus
• Deep to arcuate popliteal ligament
• Enters capsule
• Crosses lateral surface of lateral
meniscus
• Attached by popliteal-meniscal fibres
which bound hiatus
• Enters hiatus
• Crosses femoral condyle
• Deep to lateral collateral ligament
• Inserts into anterior part of groove
• Superior popliteal recess communicates
joint
MOB TCD
87. Popliteofibular ligament
• Average length 42 mm
• Descends from popliteus muscle
(at musculotendinous junction)
to posterosuperior fibular head
• Composed of anterior and
posterior fascicle
• Functions as pulley to the
popliteus
91. Fabellofibular vs
Short Lateral Ligament
• Fabellofibular ligament
– Present when fabella present (8-
16%)
– Courses from fabella to fibular
head
• Short lateral ligament
– Present when fabella absent
– Courses from lateral femur to
fibular head
– Represents a homologue of the
fabellofibular ligament
92. Iliotibial Band
• Coalescence at greater trochanter of tensor fascia lata, gluteus
medius and gluteus maximus
• The iliotibial tract is a thickening of the deep fascia of the
thigh, tensor fascia lata(inserted into the tract)
• The superficial three quarters of the gluteus maximus end
in a thick tendinous lamina which is inserted into the
iliotibial tract
• IT band continues distally to form the:
– IT tract
• Inserts distally on Gerdy’s tubercle and on distal femur
through intermuscular septum
• The tract is attached to Gerdy’s tubercle on the
anterolateral aspect of the lateral tibial condyle
– Iliopatellar band
• Inserts on lateral patella resisting medial directed
forces
93. • The iliotibial band acts as an
extensor of the knee when the
knee is flexed from 0°to 30°and as
a flexor when the knee is flexed
more than 40°, due to the change
in the transverse axis which
occurs at
30–40°flexion.
• The pelvic tilt is a mechanism for
tightening the iliotibial band. The
pull of the band stabilises the knee
in extension, as well as helping to
resist extension and adduction of
the hip of the weight-bearing leg
Iliotibial Tract
MOB TCD
94. IT Band Biomechanics
• Functions
– Stabilizes against varus
opening
– Knee extensor in
extension
– Knee flexor in flexion
– External rotator of tibia
in >40 flexion
95. Medial Patellofemoral Ligament
• Runs transversely in Layer 2
• Originates from adductor tubercle,
femoral epicondyle, and superficial MCL
• Proximal fiber inserts on undersurface
of VMO and vastus intermedius
• Distal fibers insert on superomedial
patella
• Width averages 1.3 cm
96. MPFL Biomechanics
• Soft tissue restraint of
extensor mechanism
• Patella subluxes most easily
at 20° knee flexion
• MPFL resists patellar lateral
subluxation greatest in
extension
• Primary stabilizer followed
by patellomeniscal,
patellotibial, and medial
retinaculum
97. Screw Home Mechanism
• Knee achieves terminal extension via the “screw home
mechanism
• The tibia externally rotates in relation to the femur.
• When the knee needs to flex, the popliteus contracts which
causes internal rotation of the tibia and in essence unlocking
the knee and allowing it to bend
98. • Screw home mechanism — locking and
unlocking of the knee
• The screw home mechanism, or locking of the
knee, occurs at the end of knee extension. It
reduces die work perfomied by the quadriceps
muscles during standing. During knee flexion
and extension, the femoral condyles mu l and
horizontally glide on the surface of the tibial
plateau.
99. • During flexion: The femoral condyles roll
posteriorly and glide, so that their centres of
rotation move posteriorly on the tibia. The
femoral glide pushes the posterior horns of the
medial and lateral menisci posteriorly.
• During extension: The femoral condyles roll
anteriorly, and glide anteriorly on the surface of
the tibia. The femoral glide pushes the anterior
horns of the medial and lateral menisci anteriorly.
100.
101. • Screw home mechanism of the knee during standing:
• extension, ACL acts to resist hyperextension and becomes
taught.
• full extension, PCL, also becomes taught, resisting the
anterior movement of the femur on the tibia.
• Anterior movement of the femur on the tibia is additionally
blocked by the anterior horn of the medial meniscus.
(which has reached its maximally anterior position).
• Further quadriceps contraction produces a medial rotation
of the femur on the tibia, (this occurs because the medial
femoral condyle is "longer" than the lateral femoral
condyle).
• This femoral rotation into full extension is the "screw
home". Eventually, femoral movement ceases when the
ACL and the Collateral Ligaments of the knee have become
taught, resulting in a position of slight hyperextension
known as the "locked out knee".
102. • "Unlocking" of the knee. During knee flexion, it is
first necessary to "untwist" and reduce tension
within the major ligaments of the knee, in order
to prevent their repeated excessive stretching.
Contraction of the popliteus muscle, laterally
rotates the femur on the tibia, and pulls the
lateral meniscus posteriorly, out of the way of the
rotating lateral femoral condyle. Once the femur
has laterally rotated, the knee is said to be
"unlocked" and flexion can proceed.
108. Patellofemoral Biomechanics
• Joint Reactive Force
– In flexion, patella
compressed onto femur
creating joint reactive force
– Stair climbing – 3.5 X BW
– Deep bends – 7-8 X BW
109. Q ANGLE
• Brattström first described
the Q angle as an angle
formed by the line of pull
of the quadriceps
mechanism and that of
the patellar tendon as
they intersect at the
center of the patella.
110. Q ANGLE
• Clinically, this angle is
represented by the intersection
of a line drawn from the anterior
superior iliac spine to the center
of the patella with a second line
drawn from the center of the
tibial tuberosity to the center of
the patella
• measurement to be accurate,
the patella must be centered on
the trochlea by flexing the knee
30 degrees.
111. Q ANGLE IN MALES AND FEMALES
• In males, the Q
angle normally
should be 8 to 10
degrees; in
females, the
normal angle is 15
degrees (+/-) 5
degrees
112. • An increase in Q-angle can mean a higher risk
of kneecap problems including patellar
subluxation and patellar dislocation.
128. OTHER APPROCHES
• POSTEROMEDIAL APPROACH(TECHNIQUE:HENDERSON)
• MEDIAL APPROACH(TECHNIQUE:CAVE,HOPPENFELD AND DEBOER)
• TRANSVERSE APPROACH TO THE MENISCUS
• LATERAL APPROACH TO THE KNEE(TECHNIQUE: BRUSER,BROWN ET
AL,HOPPENFELD AND DEBOER)
• EXTENSILE APPROACH TO THE KNEE(TECHNIQUE: FERNANDEZ)
• DIRECT POSTERIOR APPROACH(TECHNIQUE: BRACKETT AND
OSGOOD; PUTTI; ABBOTT AND CARPENTER)
• DIRECT POSTEROMEDIAL APPROACH TO THE KNEE FOR TIBIAL
PLATEAU FRACTURE(TECHNIQUE :GALLA AND LOBENHOFFER AS
DESCRIBED BY FAKLER ET AL.)
• DIRECT POSTEROLATERAL APPROACH(TECHNIQUE:MINKOFF, JAFFE,
AND MENENDEZ)