This document summarizes a study on developing a self-helping model for poverty alleviation among productive urban poor in Indonesia. The study assessed the impact of providing training to urban poor groups using modules tailored to their social psychology characteristics. The training modules focused on providing insights into developing income-generating opportunities. Results showed that after the training, the urban poor groups had improved knowledge of ways to increase their income and some developed new business ideas. The study aims to contribute to more effective poverty alleviation programs by matching interventions to the specific characteristics of different poor populations.
Addressing the political economy of conditional cash transfer as a poverty re...AJHSSR Journal
This paper examines the political economy of the conditional cash transfer (CCT) Scheme in
Nigeria within the context of poverty reduction efforts over the years. The concept, dimensions and some
theoretical explanations for poverty are once again revisited. The nature and operation of condition cash transfer
is examined, with an eye on the economics and politics of this scheme. Authors observe that as a social
redistribution programme, CCT is a potent safety net that could really help to break the cycle of poverty among
the very poor in the country. However, within the Nigerian context, the paper observes that the issues of a clear
cut target, beneficiaries, lack of institution framework, including a standardized Monitoring and Evaluation
(ME) procedure, coupled with the obvious use of the CCT for political expedience all aggregate to dim the
possibility, viability and potency of the CCT‟S success in reducing poverty in Nigeria. However suggestions are
made against the background of how this programme is being operated elsewhere in the world, as to how to
improve the operation of this scheme in the overall matrix of poverty reduction in Nigeria.
Addressing the political economy of conditional cash transfer as a poverty re...AJHSSR Journal
This paper examines the political economy of the conditional cash transfer (CCT) Scheme in
Nigeria within the context of poverty reduction efforts over the years. The concept, dimensions and some
theoretical explanations for poverty are once again revisited. The nature and operation of condition cash transfer
is examined, with an eye on the economics and politics of this scheme. Authors observe that as a social
redistribution programme, CCT is a potent safety net that could really help to break the cycle of poverty among
the very poor in the country. However, within the Nigerian context, the paper observes that the issues of a clear
cut target, beneficiaries, lack of institution framework, including a standardized Monitoring and Evaluation
(ME) procedure, coupled with the obvious use of the CCT for political expedience all aggregate to dim the
possibility, viability and potency of the CCT‟S success in reducing poverty in Nigeria. However suggestions are
made against the background of how this programme is being operated elsewhere in the world, as to how to
improve the operation of this scheme in the overall matrix of poverty reduction in Nigeria.
Poverty of the person is a frustrating hurdle for the household to acquire goods and services. Because of restricted access to resources, a poor person also falls short of his welfare targets. The determination of root causes of poverty must be the primary focus for the underdeveloped and developing economies. This study has used the labour force survey 2010 of Pakistan and extracted 21 indicators which are expected to affect the poverty profile of individuals. Principle factor analysis is used to find important indicators and logit model is used to analyse the effect of important indicators on $1.25 a day poverty status of individual. The result shows that it is the education levels, household size, and job characteristics which define the person being poor.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Poverty has been assigned as the number one problem for development of Bangladesh.
Though the country is making significant progress in the socio-economic field, poverty reduction is rather slow. This is mainly because of its high population size of 130 million (population census-2001) in an area of 1,41,000 sq. km. with a population density 840 per sq. km.
Every year, about 2 million population are adding to its population size. Country’s resources are struggling to support such increasing population.
Respected Distinguished Professor and Advisory Board Member,
Greetings!!!
With due respect, it's my immense pleasure to inform you that with your kind support the edited book has been published entitled“POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN INDIA: ISSUES & CHALLENGES".
This Book has been released on dated 15 March-2015 in 25th Annual Conference of Madhya Pradesh Economic Association (MPEA) at Barkatullah University Bhopal & Jagaran Lakecity University Bhopal (M.P).
Title of the Book : POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN INDIA ISSUES & CHALLENGES
Editor : Dr. Dhiresh Kulshrestha
Co-Editor : Dr. Veerandra Singh Matsaniya
ISBN No. : 978-93-82816-23-2
First Edition year : 2015
Release Date : 15 March-2015
At occasion : 25 Annual Conference Madhya Pradesh Economic : Association (MPEA) at Barkatullah University-Bhopal(MP)
: & Jagaran Lakecity University Bhopal (M.P)
Binding : Hard Bond
List Price : Rs. 1240/-
attached herewith : 1. Book Releasing ceremony photo
2. Cover page of the Book
About the Book
World over, the burning issues is poverty alleviation issues and challenges that emanates from the global world. Researches are being made across the globe in these vulnerable areas with a view to delivering satisfactory solutions to the poverty issues challenges arising out of them. This book is a compliment in this direction.
This book focuses on the various issues through its 27 chapters, those are concern with poverty alleviation, issues, impact of various policies, poverty inequality, poverty among women, poverty eradication through SHG’s and micro finance institutions, social capital and household workers in rural Punjab, rural poverty in Indian context, poverty reduction through horticulture multi-pronged strategy to alleviate the poverty in India, challenges the repeated natural disasters in mountains, poverty alleviation through tourism, migration, security and poverty (In special context of metro cities construction workers)
And other major issues of poverty in India. It was 1991, when the GOI took the initiative for economic reforms in India by introduction the Liberalization Privatization and Globalization. This is the historical reference point from which we could look back at the various reforms in the Indian Economy.
The President's address to Parliament has sought to put rest charges that the Narendra Modi government is pro-corporate, by unveiling pro-poor plans for eliminating poverty, fighting food inflation and providing urban facilities in rural areas.
The blueprint of the government for the coming months also has a contingency plan for sub-normal monsoon, cropinsurance and reforming the Public Distribution System. The thru
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IMPREGNATES THE DEVELOPMENT 21ST CENTURY SCENARIO ijejournal
Wherever Women is respected, God resides there. This Vedic verse would came true with the empowerment of women only. It is one of the pivotal features of the development also. According to Todaro, development refers to a multi-dimensional process which recognize the entire economic and social systems. Therefore development signifies an elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment which can yield higher dividend in future. In this context, the emancipation of women from the vicious grips of social, economical and gender-based discrimination is vital. Women empowerment is an aid to establish economic stability,judicial strength and all other rights which can lessen gender gap considerably. 21st Century is an age of Science and technology, an era of globalization where social transformation accelerates development with a greater pace. In this age of tele-working, tele-shopping and tele-learning, women are considered as mainstream for sustainable development. Today the modern woman is so deft that she can easily make her presence felt in politics, literature, entertainment, technology everywhere. And this empowermentdevelopment nexus is actually self-sustaining to each other.
Measurement and Identification of Poverty in Preparation for the ‘World we wa...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
Africa is a continent with dreadful poverty and problems of resource shortages. Estimates are that climate change and population pressure will see 85 million people migrate from that continent in the next 40 years. And yet there are people and organizations trying to do something about these problems and make a difference.
In this Presentation we look at the work of ICODI a registered non-profit organization located in Mbarara District-South Western Uganda. Its mission is “To work with and through individuals and communities to improve on the economic, health and social wellbeing of the rural and urban poor communities in Uganda”. The goal is to reduce on the high levels of famine, poverty, ill health and illiteracy in the rural communities and urban poor communities in Uganda. You can find out more about ICODI at http://www.icodi.org
Poverty of the person is a frustrating hurdle for the household to acquire goods and services. Because of restricted access to resources, a poor person also falls short of his welfare targets. The determination of root causes of poverty must be the primary focus for the underdeveloped and developing economies. This study has used the labour force survey 2010 of Pakistan and extracted 21 indicators which are expected to affect the poverty profile of individuals. Principle factor analysis is used to find important indicators and logit model is used to analyse the effect of important indicators on $1.25 a day poverty status of individual. The result shows that it is the education levels, household size, and job characteristics which define the person being poor.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Poverty has been assigned as the number one problem for development of Bangladesh.
Though the country is making significant progress in the socio-economic field, poverty reduction is rather slow. This is mainly because of its high population size of 130 million (population census-2001) in an area of 1,41,000 sq. km. with a population density 840 per sq. km.
Every year, about 2 million population are adding to its population size. Country’s resources are struggling to support such increasing population.
Respected Distinguished Professor and Advisory Board Member,
Greetings!!!
With due respect, it's my immense pleasure to inform you that with your kind support the edited book has been published entitled“POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN INDIA: ISSUES & CHALLENGES".
This Book has been released on dated 15 March-2015 in 25th Annual Conference of Madhya Pradesh Economic Association (MPEA) at Barkatullah University Bhopal & Jagaran Lakecity University Bhopal (M.P).
Title of the Book : POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN INDIA ISSUES & CHALLENGES
Editor : Dr. Dhiresh Kulshrestha
Co-Editor : Dr. Veerandra Singh Matsaniya
ISBN No. : 978-93-82816-23-2
First Edition year : 2015
Release Date : 15 March-2015
At occasion : 25 Annual Conference Madhya Pradesh Economic : Association (MPEA) at Barkatullah University-Bhopal(MP)
: & Jagaran Lakecity University Bhopal (M.P)
Binding : Hard Bond
List Price : Rs. 1240/-
attached herewith : 1. Book Releasing ceremony photo
2. Cover page of the Book
About the Book
World over, the burning issues is poverty alleviation issues and challenges that emanates from the global world. Researches are being made across the globe in these vulnerable areas with a view to delivering satisfactory solutions to the poverty issues challenges arising out of them. This book is a compliment in this direction.
This book focuses on the various issues through its 27 chapters, those are concern with poverty alleviation, issues, impact of various policies, poverty inequality, poverty among women, poverty eradication through SHG’s and micro finance institutions, social capital and household workers in rural Punjab, rural poverty in Indian context, poverty reduction through horticulture multi-pronged strategy to alleviate the poverty in India, challenges the repeated natural disasters in mountains, poverty alleviation through tourism, migration, security and poverty (In special context of metro cities construction workers)
And other major issues of poverty in India. It was 1991, when the GOI took the initiative for economic reforms in India by introduction the Liberalization Privatization and Globalization. This is the historical reference point from which we could look back at the various reforms in the Indian Economy.
The President's address to Parliament has sought to put rest charges that the Narendra Modi government is pro-corporate, by unveiling pro-poor plans for eliminating poverty, fighting food inflation and providing urban facilities in rural areas.
The blueprint of the government for the coming months also has a contingency plan for sub-normal monsoon, cropinsurance and reforming the Public Distribution System. The thru
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IMPREGNATES THE DEVELOPMENT 21ST CENTURY SCENARIO ijejournal
Wherever Women is respected, God resides there. This Vedic verse would came true with the empowerment of women only. It is one of the pivotal features of the development also. According to Todaro, development refers to a multi-dimensional process which recognize the entire economic and social systems. Therefore development signifies an elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment which can yield higher dividend in future. In this context, the emancipation of women from the vicious grips of social, economical and gender-based discrimination is vital. Women empowerment is an aid to establish economic stability,judicial strength and all other rights which can lessen gender gap considerably. 21st Century is an age of Science and technology, an era of globalization where social transformation accelerates development with a greater pace. In this age of tele-working, tele-shopping and tele-learning, women are considered as mainstream for sustainable development. Today the modern woman is so deft that she can easily make her presence felt in politics, literature, entertainment, technology everywhere. And this empowermentdevelopment nexus is actually self-sustaining to each other.
Measurement and Identification of Poverty in Preparation for the ‘World we wa...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
Africa is a continent with dreadful poverty and problems of resource shortages. Estimates are that climate change and population pressure will see 85 million people migrate from that continent in the next 40 years. And yet there are people and organizations trying to do something about these problems and make a difference.
In this Presentation we look at the work of ICODI a registered non-profit organization located in Mbarara District-South Western Uganda. Its mission is “To work with and through individuals and communities to improve on the economic, health and social wellbeing of the rural and urban poor communities in Uganda”. The goal is to reduce on the high levels of famine, poverty, ill health and illiteracy in the rural communities and urban poor communities in Uganda. You can find out more about ICODI at http://www.icodi.org
Automotive Embedded Multi-Core Systems Conference - 16 - 18 September 2014 i...Torben Haagh
VISIT THE CONFERENCE WEBSITE: http://bit.ly/WebMulticore
Learn from and discuss with international experts about the challenges and opportunities of multi-core technologies and develop strategies of how to exploit best the cost, time and resource benefits that will arise with multi-core technology in embedded systems.
High level introduction to Linux Containers. Presented at Interop Las Vegas 2015. Frames the discussion with an introduction to intermodal shipping containers, the innovation around logistics and purpose built infrastructure and the impact. Walk through features of the Linux kernel which provide isolation and limitation and packaging applications as filesystem images. Finish talking about the emerging purpose built infrastructure for managing container deployments.
Presentation given as a Lunch and Learn session to digital agencies, educating them on online video.
Includes facts and stats on consumer behaviour and uptake, then shows case studies
Kaneva 3D Apps Launch Contest:
The Kaneva 3D Apps Launch Contest is a program for game developers to
participate in the newly created 3D Apps feature for the World of Kaneva.
These developers will have a “first in” opportunity to work with Kaneva to
develop, play test and publish their 3D Apps. The contest will allow independent
game developers to test their creative prowess through their 3D Apps
using the Kaneva Platform.
The 3D Apps Launch Contest will feature the sample script templates
included with the 3D Apps product release. The contest will be marketed to
existing World of Kaneva members as well as potential 3D App developers
who would likely participate in the commercial release of the product.
Developers will have approximately 60 days to assemble their 3D App
Casino. The top five (5) 3D Apps will be awarded prizes at a grand finale
event.
Analysis of the Effect of Regional Original Income, Regional Minimum Wage, Un...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Poverty is a condition in which a person is below the minimum standard value line, especially
in terms of income and consumption. The phenomenon of poverty is one of the macroeconomic diseases, as a
developing country poverty is a low standard of living. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the
variables of local original income, regional minimum wage, movement, and education simultaneously and
partially on poverty in the Regency/City of Bali Province in the 2015-2020 period, and also to analyze the
variables with the dominant contribution in influencing poverty. in the Regency/City of the Province of Bali in
the 2015-2020 period. The data used in this study is secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency
as many as 54 data. The data analysis technique used in this research is multiple linear analysis technique. The
results of the analysis show that local revenue, regional minimum wages, and education simultaneously have a
significant effect on poverty in the districts/cities of Bali Province in the 2015-2020 period. Regional original
income, regional minimum wage and education partially have a negative and significant effect on poverty. the
variable partially has no effect on poverty. The education variable is the variable that has the most dominant
influence on poverty in the districts/cities of Bali Province in the 2015-2020 period compared to local revenue,
regional minimum wages, and movement.
KEYWORDS: Education, Local Original Income, Poverty, Regional Minimum Wage, Unemployment
Graduation from Poverty versus Graduating from Social Protection – setting t...UNDP Policy Centre
The IPC-IG was honoured to participate in the Transfer Project Workshop, held in Arusha, from 2 to 4 April 2019, where researchers and policymakers gathered to discuss evidence for social protection policies in sub-Saharan Africa. IPC-IG Senior Research Coordinator Fábio Veras delivered the presentation "Graduation from Poverty versus Graduating from Social Protection – Setting the Scene and Discussing the Evidence". The Transfer Project is a partnership between UNICEF, FAO, UNC Chapel Hill, national governments and local research partners.
Entrepreneurship and its Impact on Business Performance Improvement and Pover...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
“Growth with Social Justice” has been the basic objective of the development planning in India since independence.In order to achieve these objectives,Government of India has launched several welfare schemes and programme for needy section of society. Different segment of population got benefitted by these welfare schemes, which have led to significant changes. Some of these changes are distinctly visible – especially in the economic sphere with the adoption of new technologies, diversified production, and sophisticated management. Changes have also taken place in the social sphere – with affirmative action for disadvantaged communities and with women enjoying by and large more freedoms than ever before. This seminar attempts to critically analyze the welfare efforts in India and how the changes occur over a period of time in these welfare programmes with special focus on poverty alleviation programme and women empowerment programmes.
The paper arises many questions related to issues covered under the concept of sustainable development. Sustainable development mainly focuses on quality of life which is highly dependent upon use of natural resources and thus these resources must be sustained. The present concept of sustainable global enterprise will help to achieve three basic goals known as corporate responsibility, environmental protection and social responsiveness. The concept of sustainable development also focuses on issues related to women as they play a significant role in policy of sustainable development. Women issues are basically linked with population and fertility. The development process worldwide has contributed to increase in economic and social inequalities, environment degradation and has also led to growth in poverty.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
This assessment plan proposal is to outline a structured approach to evaluati...
Klibel5 econ 25_
1. Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference Vol. 3.
November 29 - 30, 2014. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-11350-4-4
95
SELF- HELPING MODEL FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION ON THE PRODUCTIVE URBAN POOR
MG. Westri Kekalih S., SE., ME.
Faculty of Economics and Business Soegijapranata Chatolic University Semarang Indonesia.
Email: mgwestrie@yahoo.com
Rahutami , Ph.D,
Faculty of Economics and Business Soegijapranata Chatolic University Semarang Indonesia.
Email: a_rahutami@yahoo.com
Rachmad Djati Winarno, Ph.D.
Faculty of Phsycology Soegijapranata Chatolic University Semarang Indonesia.
E-mail: rdwinarno@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Poverty alleviation is not just a matter of making the poor become rich or prosperous, but also regarding the way they looked on poverty. Therefore, poverty alleviation programs should be tailored to the character of the poor, especially on how they think. In previous research has been identified two social psychology characters of the poor that reflect their way of thinking. There are the poor who receives poor and poverty as the destiny (the rural poor) and there are the poor who belief that poor and poverty can be changed (poor urban). These characters can be used as the basis of the poverty alleviation program development. The right program will encourage the poor to overcome their poverty by themselves. This is what we call self-helping model.
This study focusing on the empowerment of urban poor groups. Based on previous studies is known that poverty alleviation programs should or even must match the social psychology character of the poor. We argued that the type of poverty alleviation program that matches the urban poor are the program which provides insights on how to develop chances to increase their income, because the urban poor are basically ready to get out of poverty. By using experimental approach, this study aimed to assess the effect of training on the urban poor by comparing conditions before and after training. The module that are tailored to the character of the urban poor are implemented as instrument of treatment. The results showed that after training, urban poor groups that were targeted having an improvement of knowledge about efforts and chances to increase their income and some of them have a business idea.
Keywords: poverty, self-helping, social-psychology character.
INTRODUCTION
Poverty has always been an interesting topic to be studied, both on the causal factors, impacts and how to overcome. There are some facts of poverty in the world such as more than a quarter of the inhabitants of developing countries still have nothing to live on, almost one person in five are currently living in a situation of extreme poverty, surviving on the equivalent of less than one dollar a day; half the people in the world are trying to manage below the poverty level of two dollars a day and about 824 million people go hungry or have a precarious food supply; 500 million of them suffer from chronic malnutrition (UNDP). Poverty also becomes the one of the most important problems in Indonesia, and also Central Java Province.
Poverty is one of the problems faced by provinces in Indonesia, including Central Java. Indonesian statistic’s data shows the number of poor people in Central Java in 2013 reaching 4,732,950 people, the rural poverty was 2.82174 million (15.99 percent) and the urban poverty was 1.91121 million (12.8 percent). The number of poor people has decreased significantly from March 2011 which amounted to 5,107 million people (15.76 percent).Concern with this issue, pro poor perspective being referred by all the development programs in Central Java Province. Pro-poor perspective is expected to be the energy for all development programs in Central Java the province (2013- 2018), especially eleven flagship programs which established (Agenda 18, Ganjar Pranowo and Heru Sudjatmoko). Therefore understanding of the social psychology of characters that includes how poor people think, the way the poor make decision, the group they’re referred to, and so forth are very important in the planning of development programs especially poverty alleviation program itself.
In previous study examining the social psychology character of the poor. Based on the typology rural and urban, two social psychology characters of the poor are identified. Firstly, the rural poor which receive poor condition as destiny. Secondly, the urban poor which have the belief that poor conditions can be changed and they create
2. Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference Vol. 3.
November 29 - 30, 2014. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-11350-4-4
96
opportunities in the short term and long term to get out of poverty (Suslilowati, Rahutami, & Winarno, 2013). Therefore, poverty alleviation programs need to be tailored to their character. Poverty alleviation programs can’t be uniform, because it will be less effective. Poverty programs that match the character of rural poor is a program that emphasizes the effort to change the mindset of rural poor about poverty. Meanwhile, the program that match for the urban poor is a program that is providing insight and skills to develop chances to increase their income. By experimental approach of this research is focused on developing modules for urban poverty alleviation.
LITERATURE REVIEW
POVERTY, POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAM AND PRODUCTIVE POOR
In general, the definition of poverty refers to the inability conditions or fecklessness such as inability to meet the needs, even basic necessities such as food, clothing, housing, education and health. There are several definitions of poverty, among others are absolute poverty which refers to poverty line the U.S. $ 1 per day and U.S. $ 2 per day; relative poverty which refers to the condition of the distribution of income in society, structural poverty which refers to poverty caused by the structure or governance of community life and many more.
Poverty has always been an interesting issue because of its characters and impact. There have been many poverty alleviation programs undertaken by the Government, both central government and regionally. In the year 2013 the Government implement the program for the Acceleration and Expansion of Social Protection (P4S) that consisting beras untuk orang miskin/ RASKIN (rice for the poor), poor students’ aid, Program Keluarga Harapan/PKH and other special Programs in an effort to tackle the problem of poverty arising from subsidy reduction of fuel oil i.e. Unconditionally cash transfer and the Program for the Acceleration and Expansion of Infrastructure Development. Previously we also recognize the various poverty alleviation programs such as Kredit Usaha Tani/KUT (Credit for Famer), Jaring Pengaman Sosial/JPS (the social safety net), Kartu GAKIN (Low- income family card), education for poor students, Kredit Usaha Rakyat/KUR (the People's Business Credit), P2KP (urban poverty reduction programs), Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Mandiri/PNPM Mandiri (National Program for Community Empowerment) and so forth.
Although it was successful, but there are factors that cause the problems of poverty still remain. There are limitations in prior poverty alleviation programs. In prior poverty alleviation programs, the poor is tended to put as objects instead of the subject, economic oriented more, yet multidimensional, (2) not productivity nuance but charity or generosity (Huraerah, 2006). Nowadays, new paradigm in the alleviation of poverty emerges. This new paradigm emphasizes on "what is owned by the poor” instead of “what is not owned by the poor" (Samovar, 2010).
President Susilo BambangYudhoyono issued Presidential Decree No. 15 Year 2010 on the Acceleration of Poverty Alleviation. The main purpose of the regulation is to reduce poverty rate to 8-10 percent by the end of 2014. It is mentioned “productive poor” term in this Presidential Decree. "Productive poor" is defined as poor families who have no source of income and neither ability to meet basic needs or people who have a source of livelihood, but cannot meet basic needs for decent humanity. Productive poor is also defined as the poor families who have a decline in income and welfare or having income discontinuation. Based on the age grouping, productive poor are poor people aged 15-55 years. This group is then used as a focus of productive poor poverty alleviation.
INCLUSIVE GROWTH
Basically, the development aims to improve the social welfare. One of the increasing in social welfare indicators is the growth of economic that is reflected in the increasing of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Therefore, high economic growth is often defined and equated to development goals. Income distribution problems existing in society are sometimes overlooked in achieving the high economic growth. As a result, the income gap in society goes wider. There is a group of people who cannot participate in the development process nor access development results. It is one of the causes of poverty. Therefore, development planning which aims to improve the social welfare through the growth of economic should adopt some of these issues because high growth of economic are inseparable to poverty. Development and economic growth should pay attention to and involve all the levels or groups of society, especially the poor, the weak and the marginalized. Inclusive growth is often referred to as the growth for all. It is a concept that refers to the growth of an economy involving all the groups or levels of society (including the poor and marginalized are often overlooked) and sustainable which enabling economic opportunity can be enjoyed or distributed to all the levels of society now and the future.
There are two main points in inclusive growth, (1) Inclusion, and (2) sustainable growth. Inclusion means involving all stakeholders and all the groups of society, including the poor, the weak and the marginalized. Sustainable means of economic growth occur continuously. As both elements contained in the inclusive growth, then inclusive growth hypothesized as an effective strategy to reduce poverty. This is due to the reduction of poverty that are based solely on absolute income criteria may ignore issues of inequality and the associated risks. By inclusive
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growth strategy it is expected the high growth of economic was also accompanied by the more equitable of income distribution in the community, among community members and between regions. Because, the inclusive growth strategy contains elements that are pro-poor, pro-job, pro-environment. Inclusive growth strategies focus on creating equal chances or opportunity and guarantees for all the groups and levels of society to participate and access the results of development.
THE CULTURE AND POOR
The Society cannot be separated from their culture because whether consciously or not culture influential in their thinking and behavior (Hartomo & Aziz, 2008). Poor people who live in rural areas influenced by the character of rural such as environment, a close relationship and a strong bond, strict social control, mutual assistance habits, and the pattern of a simpler life. Similarly, poor people who live in urban areas. The heterogeneity, environment, the habits which tend no close relationships among people and the existence of a higher tolerance will affect the way of thinking and how do the urban poor make decisions (Bandura, 2001).
Albert Bandura, an expert of social learning theory stated that human behavior cannot be separated from the influences of the individual and their environment (Colquitt, LePine, & Noe, 2000). The environment, individual, and behavior have a reciprocal (mutual) relationship. This theory assumed that the individual economic activities, both production, distribution and consumption cannot be separated from their environment and personal characteristics of the individual concerned. This could be mean that these three elements, namely environmental, individual, and behavior are interplay. Environment, both social and physical, providing a variety of possibilities and also restricting for individuals to behave, which is simultaneously form social behavior. Such a behavior is in turn affects the individual behavior, how they notice and treat environment in which he lives. Associated with the behavior of the poor, poverty and cultural character and sub-culture can be understood in the same way. That is, that the perspective of the poor to himself and the conditions of poverty, will appear (or not appear) any effort to get out of the poverty conditions that exist in itself is also influenced by the behavior of the group and its environment. The effort will impact reciprocally between individuals and society. This influence is not limited to changes in economic conditions, but also the character of the person concerned, as well as the capabilities and skills, knowledge and motivation.
RESEARCH METHOD
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
People / poor people have the environment, habits and different character. Therefore, in order to be more effective poverty alleviation programs should refer to the character of each group. As mentioned in the previous chapter, in this research is stated that poverty alleviation programs that match to the urban poor is the program that provides insights on how they may develop chances to increase their income. Because, the urban poor are basically ready to get out of poverty. By using experimental approach, this study aims to assess the effect of training on the urban poor.
BENEFICIARIES
This research has some beneficial as follows:
1) The society as a whole: this study is expected to contribute in the welfare accelerating.
2) Donor: This study is expected to be a reference to allocate fund and technical assistance to address the poverty alleviation.
3) Government: This study is expected to be a guidelines in formulating programs and policies to address the poverty alleviation.
4) Academicians: This study is expected to enrich the knowledge that concern with poverty alleviation.
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SAMPLE AND POPULATION
The study population are the parties involved in the poverty alleviation efforts, especially the productive poor. The sample in the study was 20 productive poor. For each area of the sample will be taken 10 people which were determined by purposive. Respondent must meet the criteria of the productive poor such as age 14 -59 years, living in urban, have a dream or a passion for forward/get out from poverty. In finding respondents that meet the criteria, Researchers collaborated with the local government, those are regional development planning board (BAPPEDA) in Klaten and community empowerment and women's board (BAPERMAS dan Perempuan) in Semarang.
DATA
In order to achieve the research objectives, primary data is used as the main data in this research. Data were collected by observation of the experiment as a "media trial" of module. Primary data consist the data of respondents' insights about the chance in increasing their income, such as developing a business idea, business and marketing communication, networking and partnership as well as funding opportunities.
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE
This research aims to produce a poverty alleviation module based on self-helping model for poverty alleviation. In the first research has been drafted the blue print of module. This second research aims to produce a module that can be applied. Qualitative approach with descriptive and comparative is used to attain the objectives of the research. Data analysis was conducted in several stages as follow:
1. Determining the target group, i.e. the group productive poor urban
2. Implementing / testing the modules. In this stage, "the modules to empower the poor" will be implemented. At this stage, target group was treated, ie training by using the modules that have been developed. The impact of training seen by comparing the pre-test to post-test.
3. Evaluating the Modules. Modules evaluation was used to identify the various issues related to the development of target groups supporting factors, constraints and suitability of the modules to module development goals.
4. Revising and enhancing the modules. This activity aims to ensure that the modules developed can be applied.
THE RESULT AND DISCUSSION
RESPONDENTS CHARACTERISTICS.
Training target groups in Klaten are 16 people with an age range between 30 years to 50 years. Seven of them are graduates, one is diploma, four graduated from high school, one graduated from junior high school, and the rest did not answer. They work as entrepreneurs, housewives, workers, and government employees. Meanwhile, the target group of Semarang are eight people. Six people of them are graduated from high school, one is graduated from junior high school and one is primary school. They are housewives, entrepreneurs and retirees and have age in the range of 30 years to 50 years.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY CHARACTER BASED SELF-HELPING MODEL OF POVERTY ALLEVIATION
In previous studies has been known that there are two groups of productive poor based on the character of social psychology. As mentioned in background of this study, the two groups are the group of poor who receive poverty as a destiny and the poor who believes that poverty can be changed. The first group is the group who live in the village, so we called the rural poor. Later tend to live in the city, then we called urban poor. Rural poor have properties such as receiving poverty as destiny, tend apathy, less conscious of education, intensity of social interaction with the outside community is relatively low, has a relatively homogeneous community (in terms of education level, economic status, livelihood, culture), living in a neighborhood that has inadequate/limited public and social facilities, low mobility, low infrastructures of mobility, and tend to work that merely to survive (subsistence). In contrast, the
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urban poor properties are having a belief to get out of the poor condition, having a belief that poverty is not destiny, so it can be changed, having a self-confidence and eager for a better life, aware to education, tend to think that education is the key to get out of poverty, intensity of social interaction with the outside community is relatively high, tend to live in a heterogeneous community (in terms of education level, economic status, livelihood, culture), living within the adequate public and social facilities, high mobility, high infrastructure of mobility and already allocate a part of their income to save in order to live better in the future (saving to accumulate capital, allocating budget for education).
Based on these findings, we argue that the empowerment model corresponding to rural poor is a model which emphasis on encouraging a change of mindset about poverty and the importance of education for a better life. A change in mindset, change in the way of thinking about poverty, the spirit for a better life and awareness of the importance of education is the most basic thing to get out of poverty. They should be thought that poor is not destiny, well-being in is the right of every one. The Title of modules planned for this group is "Development Mindset to a Better Life". The development of this module aims to encourage the poor target to have a positive view about education, especially formal education as well as a view that poor can be changed, poor is not destiny that must be accepted. This module consist of five topics, i.e. rich or poor is a choice, thinking in long term oriented, education is a future investment, self-potential development and dare to try.
Meanwhile, the empowerment model corresponding to the urban poor is a model of empowerment that encourage increased knowledge and ability to utilize and develop their potential and social capital. For this group was developed modules titled "Development of Increasing income opportunities". The focus of this module are the development of knowledge and ability to boost the utilization of self and social capital. This module consists of five topics considered relevant to the achievement of objectives and based on the needs of the urban poor. The five modules are an introduction to the management, the development of business ideas, business and market communication, partnership and networking, and financing: financing sources and how to access.
THE RESULT OF THE EXPERIMENT
PRETEST ANALYSIS
a. Management Knowledge
Pre-test questions related to knowledge management tried exploring the depth of trainees’ management knowledge. When they were asked about the meaning of management, most of them tend to say little know, and the only two people stated do not know. Their understanding of the management is about how to manage, organize or arrange to achieve certain goals. They also said that management knowledge is needed to have a better understanding some of proper management strategies, facilitate the conduct an activity, more focused and the goal can be achieved. When they were asked, in case they have a business, what they know about management that need to be considered? Only a few people who stated that the things that need attention are the problem of marketing, finance, production, and supervision.
b. Business Ideas
From the twenty-two participants, there were only four participants who do not have a business yet, because they do not have any idea of what kind of business will be taken. Meanwhile, some types of businesses that are owned by other participants are sellers of vegetables, groceries, construction materials and produce goods such as convection. They've been doing business for one to five years. All participants are doing this business by themselves, was not helped by others, and sometimes assisted by family.
When the question is developed toward the background of business ideas, some of them replied that the business idea comes out of nowhere, some of them said that the business idea come because they saw the opportunities and some others said that their business idea emerged because they have certain skills and hobbies. Most of the participants did not know the "superiority" of their business, some said that the goods they sell are cheaper, hospitality, comfort and cleanliness of the environment. One of them said that he has the ability to do the difficult details. Technology they use tend to be traditional technology. They also feel that they cannot compete in the market because there are many similar goods in the market, with a market potential mediocrity. Their target market are the end user or final consumer. Most of the participants stated that they sell products directly to consumers and some of them also use online marketing
c. Business and market communication
Pre-test regarding marketing communications aimed to determine the understanding of trainees on business communication, how to market their product and what kind of marketing strategies to be carried out. The majority of the participants do not know exactly what business communications is. When they were asked about how they sell their products to consumers, they stated that it is goes naturally, communicate and influence the buyer verbally, use some advertising, and there is also a direct some samples of quality goods at affordable prices.
When they were asked if they knew how to inform the product to prospective buyers, they said that they knew. They mention some ways they inform the products they sell, such as showing a sample product to
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prospective customers, word of mouth promotion, advertising a product through the media of radio, television, newspapers and banners.
The next questions regarding business communications is about the way they use to sell their products. To these questions, some participants stated that they do direct selling, word of mouth promotion and use the mobile phones. Besides the way they have used currently, participants also have another idea on how they may promote the product consumer i.e. via SMS, phone/ mobile phones, and online via the internet.
d. Networking and Partnership
The next pretest is pretest that related to the problem of development of networking and cooperation/partnership. Regarding the development of networking and co-operation/partnership, most of the trainees stated that in order to start or expand their businesses need to work together with other parties. There are several reasons that cooperation is useful in order to start or expand the businesses such as (i) to share the operating cost , (ii) to develop a network / marketing area that favorable, (iii) to develop the of products quality, and (iv) on the whole they considered that cooperation/partnership is an advantageous process.
When answering the question of who can be invited to work together to start or expand a business, they pointed to programs and individuals. The program in question is UPK / PNPM capital. Meanwhile, the designated individual is a person who has certain skills and those who are experienced in business management.
e. Financing: financing sources and how to access.
Last question is about the sources of and how to access funding. This question based on the result of previous research, which found that of one of the problems of urban poor and micro small and medium enterprises to get out of poverty is by opening a business. In the previous study known that the urban poor trying to allocate a part of their income on education. Generally, the urban poor also has a plan to do a business and so they allocate a part of its income to save in order to be used as working capital in the future. The questions in this topic are used to explore trainee knowledge about the sources of and how to access funding.
Answering questions about what they do when they are short of funds, the first thing they will do is look for a loan. Financing sources are addressed include (i) banks and non-banks (ii) government loans such as PNPM and KUR, and (ii) individuals such as friends and siblings / relatives. Their knowledge of the source of financing is quite good. They mentioned financing sources such as (i) KUR, (ii) Micro credit form PNPM, (iii) BKK, (iv) LSD, (v) cooperative, (vi) groups, and (vii) P2KP.
Meanwhile, the participants' knowledge about the source of funding are quite varied. They mentioned some sources of funding, among others, (i) commercial paper, (ii) trust, (iii) ID card, (iv) households card, (v) letter of guarantee, (vi) financial statements, (vii) HO, and (viii) Trade License (Business License).
POSTTEST ANALYSIS
a. Management Knowledge
Based on the post-test, most of the participants have a better understanding on management knowledge. They are able to mention that the management process is needed for planning, controlling, directing and supervising in order to achieve the set objectives. They argue that management knowledge is needed to enable them manage things better. The answers given by the participant are always associated with the basic functions of management that has been taught. This condition indicates that the participant is able to absorb the training material. Participants become more informed about the management functions, namely (i) planning, (ii) organizing, (iii) control, and (iv) monitoring.
When participants were asked to mention in more detail, what is meant by planning and coordination, although not entirely right answer, however the answers given by the participants tend to be equal / similar to the meaning of those terms theoretically.
The last question related to the meaning of monitoring. Trainee stated that monitoring is necessary to (i) identify the weaknesses and potential, (ii) determine the performance of a program / activity, (iii) evaluate the results of the business, (iv) minimize / reduce problems arising unwanted, (v) achieve the intended purpose, and (vi) directed that the implementation of activities in accordance with the plan.
b. Business Idea
Training on the development of business ideas proven able to lead to the idea of business (for those that do not own a business yet) or innovation to develop a business idea (for those who have a running the business). For example, there are participants who previously did not have a business, after training they have a business idea. One participant, who is a housewife, she has not been able to imagine / define what kind of business that might be developed before, however after join the training she had a business idea to sell clothes by way around from village to village . The idea came because she has time, flexible / communicative, have an easy access to get supplies and can drive a motorcycle. Other participants were also a housewife, after training he had the idea to sell vegetables on the terrace of his house. There are reasons behind her idea, such as she has a spacious terrace which can be utilized, in her village where she lived, there was an existing itinerant vegetable seller, however the preoccupations of her neighbors cause they often do not have time to buy on the seller. If she sell vegetables, time
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to buy vegetables becomes more flexible, it can even be done during the day and early evening. New businesses that tend to appeal to them to be developed is a business trade or become a distributor.
Some of who are already running a business, during the training their share problems they have found in doing business and ask for suggestions to overcome these problems. They were also ask for suggestions to expand their business. However, some are not or does not want to start a business because of the trauma of the past and was not ready. Participants are also able to mention excellence or value offered to consumers. Among them are, consumers can make payments by installments, the place is clean and comfortable, so the ability to work on a special detail products can be customized, friendly-clean-sense-price (ramah-resik-rasa-rego/4R)) and others. About how they are going to sell their products, they tend to still plan to use traditional ways.
c. Marketing Communications
Participants' understanding of marketing communication has not shown good improvement. Some participants still expressed his ignorance about business communication. When they asked about the possibility of another way to market than they do today, it turns out there is no difference between pretest and posttest. They are still struggling in the short massage services and online business.
d. Networking and partnership
Post test questions concern with the development of networking and partnership used to see whether there is an increase in participants' understanding of networking and partnership development or not. The Post test results showed that after the training, the participants understand the meaning and importance of developing networking and partnerships more comprehensive. On the first question about the two benefits of cooperation/partnership, participants are able to write in more detail than in the pre-test answers. They claim the benefits of cooperation are (i) simplify/ease the way to work, (ii) receive new information, (iii) expand the marketing network, (iv) facilitate reaching goals, (v) make faster growing businesses, and (vi) the sharing of expertise in business development. The answer given is much more comprehensive.
e. Financing: financing sources and how to access
Participants' knowledge on financing have also increased. They were also able to show the difference between the financial institution, bank and non-bank financial institutions. Participants are also able to mention the types of credit such as Bank Perkreditan Rakyat/BPR, Bank Rakyat Indonesia, micro-credit, consumer loans and business loans.
The last question in the post-test about funding is related to the financing requirements. Participants are able to mention more than two items, such as identity card, family card, financial statements, business prospects, business profiles, Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN), security and others. Such of these things indicate that there is a better knowledge.
Conclusion.
Although just grown slightly, the comparison between the pretest and posttest shows that the treatment in the form of training are able to give better knowledge about opportunities to increase the income. It shows that the training associated with efforts to increase its income gives a positive impact on the participants. However, treatment or training without any follow up actions has limitations, i.e. that a short training is not sufficient to make the participants have a comprehensive knowledge. Therefore, the trainees, especially those who have a business idea and those who have innovative ideas need to be accompanied intensively within a certain period so that the business idea or business innovative ideas that emerge can be realized. Evaluation is also not enough if just by doing a pretest and post-test in writing in the classroom. More in-depth evaluation needs to be done through the process of observation and simulation exercises.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thanks to Prof Dr. Andreas Lako MS.i., the head of Research and Community Service (LPPM) Soegijapratana Catholic University Semarang; Dr. TrihoniNalesti, Dr. A. Rika Pratiwi, and Dr. RustinaUntarifor your beneficial comments; to all respondents/participants/informants, local government of Klaten and local government of Semarang for helping us; and to those who indirectly contributed in this research, your kindness means a lot to us. Thank you very much
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