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Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) in an earlier reading provided us with insight into the role of personal traits and their contribution to the emergence of a leader. Discuss how people possessing the “right stuff” tend to surface as leaders. In similar fashion, what clues to the emergence of leaders are provided by the writings of Murphy (1941) and Smircich and Morgan (1982)? Solution The \"right stuff\" is the ability to convince others. Charisma, personality - call it what you will. Approaching leadership as a relationship between leaders and followers or as a set of behaviors and competencies that anyone can develop provides a much more optimistic, democratic, and inclusive picture of leadership. These latter approaches emphasize that given the right experiences, circumstances, and training, each of us has both the capacity and the ability to enact effective leadership, regardless of the specific traits and personality characteristics with which we were born..

Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) in an earlier reading provided us with insight into the role of
personal traits and their contribution to the emergence of a leader. Discuss how people
possessing the “right stuff” tend to surface as leaders. In similar fashion, what clues to the
emergence of leaders are provided by the writings of Murphy (1941) and Smircich and Morgan
(1982)?
Solution
The "right stuff" is the ability to convince others. Charisma, personality - call it what you will.
Approaching leadership as a relationship between leaders and followers or as a set of behaviors
and competencies that anyone can develop provides a much more optimistic, democratic, and
inclusive picture of leadership. These latter approaches emphasize that given the right
experiences, circumstances, and training, each of us has both the capacity and the ability to enact
effective leadership, regardless of the specific traits and personality characteristics with which
we were born.

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This is a “take home” test, which means grading will be based on the thoughtfulness of the answers, rather than the recitation of facts. Answer all eight of the questions; the average expected length of each answer is about one page, double-spaced – in other words, the total combined length of your answers should be about 9 pages. Please deposit your answers in the Midterm dropbox by 11:00PM November 15. 1. The trait approach to leadership came under intense criticism in the 1940s. In the decades that followed, the emphasis in leadership thought turned to what leaders did rather than who they were. Does thinking about leadership traits still have relevance? How do leadership traits fit into modern (1980 and later) theories of leadership? 2. Hollander introduced the notion of idiosyncrasy credit. Explain what this means and give an example from one of the movies or your personal experience of this principle in operation. 3. Smircich and Morgan wrote that “leadership is realized in the process whereby one or more individuals succeed in attempting to frame and define the reality of others.” What did they mean by this? 4. Both Fiedler’s contingency theory and Hersey’s situational theory are concerned with leader behaviors and situational contingencies. However, they diverge on their assumptions about the about the behavioral flexibility of leaders. Do you believe, like Fiedler, that people in general are best suited to lead with a particular style and effectiveness depends on the match between their preferred style and the situation, or, like Hersey, that people can effectively adapt their leadership style to fit the demands of different situations? Discuss. 5. Discuss how the path-goal theory of leadership is built upon the expectancy theory of motivation. 6. Discuss the nature of attraction to charismatic leaders and why some people would be more attracted to such leaders than others. Use theories and research covered in class to support your answer. 7. Bass contrasted transformational leadership with transactional leadership, claiming that transformational leadership could lead to “performance beyond expectations.” Why should that be the case? 8. When modern bureaucratic systems emerged in the 19th century, they were seen as rational, technocratic, rule-governed, merit-based, and efficient replacements for the feudal hierarchies of the past. Yet, as described by Jackall and as illustrated in the movie Paths of Glory, bureaucracy as found in both corporate and governmental organizations suffers from its own corruptions. Can ethical leadership survive in these systems? If so, how? ...

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Why Leaders Cannot Change Their Style

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What is Leadership? 1 1 Leadership ‘A social process in which one individual influences the behaviour of others without the use or threat of violence’ (Buchanan & Huczynsci, 1985 in Thompson & McHugh, 2009) ‘The acid test of leadership must be its ability to improve organisational leadership’ (Fiedler, 1967, in Thompson and McHugh, 2009) Shared leadership Leadership is broadly distributed, rather than assigned to one person, such that people in the tram and organisation lead each other. (McShane et al. 2013: 382) Approaches to Leadership 2 Fairhurst (2007) 2 LEADERSHIP Individualism Essence of leadership Dualistic views of power and influence Untheorised / exaggerated agency Competency (Trait) Perspective of Leadership 3 Skills, knowledge, aptitudes and other personal characteristics that lead to superior performance 3 Self-concept Drive Personality Integrity Competency Cognitive ability Knowledge of the business Emotional intelligence Traits and Characteristics eg Stodgill (1974), Handy (1980) Limitations: Assumes that all effective leaders have the same personal characteristics that are equallyimportant in all situations. Alternative combinations of competencies may be equally successful Views leadership as something within a person Indicates leadership potential, not leadership performance 4 4 Leadership Styles and Behaviours McGregor (1960) Theory X Theory Y 5 5 Types and Roles Lewin, Lippitt and White (1939) Autocratic Democratic Laissez –faire Benne and Sheats (1948) Task maintenance act Group maintenance act 6 6 Types and Styles Blake and Mouton’s (1978) Leadership Grid 7 7 Authentic leadership Emotional intelligence Effective leaders need to act consistently with their values, personality, and self-concept Source: McShane et al 2013: 384-385 8 8 Develop own style Receive feed-back Being yourself Reflect Contingency (Situational) Perspective of Leadership 9 The most appropriate leadership style depends on the situation. Leaders must be insightful and flexible, and adapt behaviours and styles to the immediate situation. 9 Leadership substitutes Path-goal theory Situational leadership Fiedler’s Contingency model Servant leadership Contingent Leadership Fiedler’s (1974) Contingency Model Favourable Unfavourable 10 10 Charismatic Leadership Applied to a certain quality of an individual considered extraordinary treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, specifically exceptional powers or qualities. qualities are not accessible to the ordinary person regarded as of divine origin or as exemplary , and the individual concerned is treated as a “leader”’ (Weber,1968: 241) 11 11 Transformational Leadership Visioning the new corporate future Communicating the vision Implementing the vision Popular in 19.

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9 Authentic LeadershipDescription Authentic leadership represents one of the newest areas of leadership research. It focuses on whether leadership is genuine and “real.” As the title of this approach implies, authentic leadership is about the authenticity of leaders and their leadership. Unlike many of the theories that we have discussed in this book, authentic leadership is still in the formative phase of development. As a result, authentic leadership needs to be considered more tentatively: It is likely to change as new research about the theory is published. In recent times, upheavals in society have energized a tremendous demand for authentic leadership. The destruction on 9/11, corporate scandals at companies like WorldCom and Enron, and massive failures in the banking industry have all created fear and uncertainty. People feel apprehensive and insecure about what is going on around them, and as a result, they long for bona fide leadership they can trust and for leaders who are honest and good. People’s demands for trustworthy leadership make the study of authentic leadership timely and worthwhile. In addition to the public’s interest, authentic leadership has been intriguing to researchers: It was identified earlier in transformational leadership research but never fully articulated (Bass, 1990; Bass & Steidlmeier, 1999; Burns, 1978; Howell & Avolio, 1993). Furthermore, practitioners had developed approaches to authentic leadership that were not evidence based, and so needed further clarification and testing. In attempts to more fully explore authentic leadership, researchers set out to identify the parameters of authentic leadership and more clearly conceptualize it, efforts that continue today. Authentic Leadership Character and Purpose Authentic Leadership Defined On the surface, authentic leadership appears easy to define. In actuality, it is a complex process that is difficult to characterize. Among leadership scholars, there is no single accepted definition of authentic leadership. Instead, there are multiple definitions, each written from a different viewpoint and with a different emphasis (Chan, 2005). One of those viewpoints is the intrapersonal perspective, which focuses closely on the leader and what goes on within the leader. It incorporates the leader’s self-knowledge, self-regulation, and self-concept. In Shamir and Eilam’s (2005) description of the intrapersonal approach, they suggest that authentic leaders exhibit genuine leadership, lead from conviction, and are originals, not copies. This perspective emphasizes a leader’s life experiences and the meaning he or she attaches to those experiences as being critical to the development of the authentic leader. A second way of defining authentic leadership is as an interpersonal process. This perspective outlines authentic leadership as relational, created by leaders and followers together (Eagly, 2005). It results not from the leader’s efforts alone, but also from the res.

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Lenow\"s Drug Store and Hall\'s Pharmaceuticals are competitors. The seperate capital structure for Lenow and Hall are presented as follows Lenow Hall Debt @ 10% $ 100,000 $200,000 Common Stock, $10 par 200,000 Common Stock, $10 par 100,000 ------------ -------------- Total 300,000 300,000 Common Share 20,000 Common Share 10,000 a Complete the following table given earnings before interest and taxes of $20,000, $30,000, and $120,000. Assume the tax rate is 30 percent. (Leave no cells blan - be certain to enter \"0\" wherever required.) Round answers to 2 decimal places. EBIT Total Assets EBIT/TA Lenow EPS Halls EPS 20,000 300,000 30,000 300,000 120,000 300,000 What is the relationship between the EPS of the two firms b-1 What is EBIT/TA rate -----------------------% b-2 What is cost of Debt -------------------------% b-3 State the relationship between earnings per share and the level of EBIT c. - If the cost of debt went up to 12 percent and all other factors remained equal, what will be the break even point? Solution 1) EBIT/TA- 20000/300000 = 6.67% 30000/300000=10% 120,000/300000=40% 2) The after-tax cost of the debt is computed as follows: $10,000 paid to the lender minus $3,000 of income tax savings equals a net cost of$7,000 per year on the $100,000 loan. This means the after-tax cost is 7% ($7,000 divided by $100,000). 3) While deciding on the appropriate capital structure for an organisation, the first thing is to understand the affect on Earning Per Share (EPS) due to the changes in Earning Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) under different financing alternatives. The relationship between EBIT and EPS is as follows: (EBIT – I) (1-t) EPS = --------------------- n Where, EBIT = earnings before interest and taxes EPS = earnings per share I = interest t = tax rate n = number of equity shares Break-even EBIT level Break-even EBIT level is the indifferent point where EPS under alternative financing plan is the same. Mathematically, the break-even EBIT level is: (EBIT* - I1) (1 – t) (EBIT* - I2) (1- t) --------------------------- = ------------------------- n1 n2 Where, EBIT* = indifference point between the two alternative financing plans I1, I2 = interest expenses t = income-tax rate n1, n2 = number of equity shares outstanding after adopting financing plans 1and 2 Illustration Consider a company XYZ ltd., which is considering the following two financing options: Applying the above equation for XYZ ltd. (considering the tax rate is 50%), we get, (EBIT* - 0) (0.5) (EBIT* - 1,400,000) (0.5) ----------------------- = ------------------------------------ 2,000,000 1,400,000 EBIT* = Rs.2,800,000 Therefore, the break-even EBIT level, is Rs.2,800,000 for XYZ ltd. If the present EBIT level of XYZ ltd is more than the break-even EBIT, then it would be better off to finance the new project by issuing bond. The equity finance option will be favourable if the present level of EBIT is below the break-even EBIT level..

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Learning Activity 1: Following is a list of ethical issues that are significant in most workplaces and issues that are often associated with ethical dilemmas in organizations. invasion of privacy, confidentiality of personnel information, being penalized for refusing to do something in violation of common morality, being penalized for after work conduct, written reasons for demotion or transfer, privacy related to accessibility of others to personnel files Which one of these do you consider of utmost importance in the workplace and why? USE in text CITES to support your conclusions and decision. Respond in 2-4 paragraphs. Learning Activity 2: Read the scenario below and respond to the question following. Scenario: To Lie or Not to Lie Assume you have frequently been late to work in the past several months, not for a specific reason except that you overslept several times, are often disorganized about getting your children to the school bus in the mornings, and about getting yourself ready for work. Your manager asked to meet tomorrow to discuss your tardiness. You are concerned you will be fired. You know your manager was empathetic and helpful to a co-worker who was late to work several times because of complications with the family Solution Performing the business operations morally and ethically plays a vital role in organizations. Any form of moral misconduct by the business officials is likely to tarnish the image of the company. Some of the unethical practices stated in the question are strictly not acceptable by the organizations. No person can have an unauthorized access to the company\'s confidential details and documents. Invasion of privacy is the common phenomenal found in organizations. It is often seen that some employees take advantage of their position and extract personal data from the IT sources by bribing or by some other corrupt practices. The information leaked can harm the company by revealing their business strategies to the competitors. Hence, a company should be vigilant and keep a check on unethical practices through CCTV camera install at the workplace. It would help them in catching the accused..

Learning Activity 1Following is a list of ethical issues that are.pdf

Learning Activity 1Following is a list of ethical issues that are.pdf

Learning Activity 1Following is a list of ethical issues that are.pdf

Leadership does not only pertain to the business environment. Leadership transcends business and is an integral part of societal growth and values. It applies to all aspects of life. We are catalysts of it and affected by it at any given moment. Leadership in Society is about ordinary people who do extraordinary things. It is the ability to inspire the hearts of others. In other words, being an effective leader is a 24 hour a day, 7 day a week commitment of love. It is not just about our jobs. describe (in your words) the difference between leadership and management. Do you consider yourself a leader or a manager? Support your personal view with details. Leadership is not exclusive to policy makers. Leadership exists in every aspect of an organization. The culture of any organization is a reflection of the executive leadership\'s values, but what if we are not policy makers and we work for an organization where a dissonant culture exists? How can we, as individual leaders in other departments affect the subcultures we work in? Solution Leadership and management must go hand in hand. They are not the same thing. But they are necessarily linked, and complementary. Any effort to separate the two is likely to cause more problems than it solves. Still, much ink has been spent delineating the differences. The manager’s job is to plan, organize and coordinate. The leader’s job is to inspire and motivate. In his 1989 book “On Becoming a Leader,” Warren Bennis composed a list of the differences: – The manager administers; the leader innovates. – The manager is a copy; the leader is an original. – The manager maintains; the leader develops. – The manager focuses on systems and structure; the leader focuses on people. – The manager relies on control; the leader inspires trust. – The manager has a short-range view; the leader has a long-range perspective. – The manager asks how and when; the leader asks what and why. – The manager has his or her eye always on the bottom line; the leader’s eye is on the horizon. – The manager imitates; the leader originates. – The manager accepts the status quo; the leader challenges it. – The manager is the classic good soldier; the leader is his or her own person. – The manager does things right; the leader does the right thing. Perhaps there was a time when the calling of the manager and that of the leader could be separated. A foreman in an industrial-era factory probably didn’t have to give much thought to what he was producing or to the people who were producing it. His or her job was to follow orders, organize the work, assign the right people to the necessary tasks, coordinate the results, and ensure the job got done as ordered. The focus was on efficiency. But in the new economy, where value comes increasingly from the knowledge of people, and where workers are no longer undifferentiated cogs in an industrial machine, management and leadership are not easily separated. People look to their managers, not just to a.

Leadership does not only pertain to the business environment. Leader.pdf

Leadership does not only pertain to the business environment. Leader.pdf

Leadership does not only pertain to the business environment. Leader.pdf

Leaders can improve productivity and job satisfaction within organiz.pdf

Leaders can improve productivity and job satisfaction within organiz.pdf

Leaders can improve productivity and job satisfaction within organiz.pdf

Lawrence Industries most recent annual dividend was $1.80 per share and the firm\'s required return is 11%. If dividends are expected to grow by 5% annually for 3 years and follows by a 2% constant growth rate in years 4 to infinity. What is the valuation of Lawrence Industries stock today? Solution Annual dividend (d0) = $1.80 required rate of return = 11% growth rate for 3 years = 5% d3 = $1.80*(1+0.05)3 = $2.084 in 4th year growth rate = 2% d4 = $2.084*(1+0.02) = 2.1254 price = D/(Ke - g) = 2.2154/ (0.11 - 0.02) = $23.62 valuation of Lawrence Industries stock today = $23.62.

Lawrence Industries most recent annual dividend was $1.80 per share .pdf

Lawrence Industries most recent annual dividend was $1.80 per share .pdf

Lawrence Industries most recent annual dividend was $1.80 per share .pdf

Law that is dubbed higher than human law is called? Solution Higher law as normative for the Constitution is, therefore,twofold. The founders adhered to two conceptions of higher law inestablishing the Constitution: one empirical and the othernonempirical. The empirical conception of higher law signifies that, likephysical nature, human nature and society in history displayregularities of connections between facts that can be fruitfullygeneralized into maxims or scientific laws..

Law that is dubbed higher than human law is calledSolutionHig.pdf

Law that is dubbed higher than human law is calledSolutionHig.pdf

Law that is dubbed higher than human law is calledSolutionHig.pdf

Laura Jennings has been disturbed by the repeated failures of her six-year-old computer. Her homework assignments at school have suffered and her social network is dead-in-the-water. She is looking for some relief. She could easily find it using the _________________. Ethos Diagram. Segment Assessment. Gap Analysis. Wilson Observatory Schedule. Product Attribute Benefits. Dikama Point Scale. Solution Wilson Observatory Schedule..

Laura Jennings has been disturbed by the repeated failures of her si.pdf

Laura Jennings has been disturbed by the repeated failures of her si.pdf

Laura Jennings has been disturbed by the repeated failures of her si.pdf

Lastly, discuss the financial statements that must be presented by a government university that engages in only business-type activities? Is there a GASB or FASB requirement that mandates this type of implementation? Solution Most businesses have a goal of earning profit for stockholders. Thus, the financial statements of most businesses are designed to allow stockholders and others concerned with profitability a means to monitor the performance of the business in question. Universities, colleges and other non-profit organizations ostensibly have an entirely different purpose. Universities and colleges, in particular, are institutions of higher learning established primarily to create and disseminate knowledge. Universities and colleges receive a significant portion of their funding from donors and governmental entities. These funds are often given with certain restrictions and conditions. Consequently universities use a system of fund accounting. The primary purpose of fund accounting is to provide trustees, who are legally responsible for running universities, the information to monitor the funds that come into the institution and make sure that they are expended for their intended purpose. The Governmental Account Standards Board (GASB) governs the reporting of financial data for public universities and colleges. In 2002, public universities and colleges changed their financial statements so that they more closely resemble those in for profit businesses (GASB 34). The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) governs private universities and colleges financial statements. FASB changed the way that private universities and colleges report financial data before 2002. The effect of the changes of GASB and FASB on the way universities and colleges report their financial data was to put it in a format that much more closely aligned with for profit businesses. To get a true picture of a university’s finances, one must look at the actual financial statements, which represent the actual revenues and expenses of a university. Non-profit organizations, such as universities and colleges, take in revenue in the form of tuition dollars, donations and governmental support. In the process of carrying out the mission of their institution, universities incur expenses. The difference between the revenues that come into a university or college and its expenses is known as a change in net assets. If a university takes in more revenue then it expends, there is a positive increase in net assets (i.e. net income). Conversely, if the expenses exceed the revenues there is a decrease in net assets (i.e., a net loss). Increases or decreases in net assets are one of the prime indicators of how a university or college is performing financially. Financial data is reported either as a stock or flow. A stock means measurement takes place in dollars without respect to time. For example, the amount of money in your savings account is a stock. Flows are measurements that .

Lastly, discuss the financial statements that must be presented by a.pdf

Lastly, discuss the financial statements that must be presented by a.pdf

Lastly, discuss the financial statements that must be presented by a.pdf

Last year a pool of 500 applicants to Yale university showed that 13.pdf

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Laser Optics will pay a common stock dividend of $7.10 at the end of.pdf

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Lake Aberdeen has a mean phosphorus conc. of 14.6 mg/L and standard deviation of 5.8 mg/L. Random day selected. Q: What is the probability that the total phosphorus differs from the mean by more than 5mg/L? Can you explain how to do this problem? Thank-you Solution Normal Distribution Mean ( u ) =14.6 Standard Devaition ( sd )=5.8 Normal Distribution = Z= X- u / sd ~ N(0,1) P(X > 19.6) = x-U/5.8 = 5/5.8 = 0.8621 = P ( Z >0.8621) From Standard Normal Table = 0.19432.

Lake Aberdeen has a mean phosphorus conc. of 14.6 mgL and standard .pdf

Lake Aberdeen has a mean phosphorus conc. of 14.6 mgL and standard .pdf

Lake Aberdeen has a mean phosphorus conc. of 14.6 mgL and standard .pdf

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Lance Rice has decided to invest $1,200 quarterly for eight years in.pdf

Lance Rice has decided to invest $1,200 quarterly for eight years in.pdf

l 2x+5 l 6 solve for x valuesSolutionl 2x + 5 l 6That .pdf

l 2x+5 l 6 solve for x valuesSolutionl 2x + 5 l 6That .pdf

l 2x+5 l 6 solve for x valuesSolutionl 2x + 5 l 6That .pdf

l 2x+5 l 6 solve for x valuesSolutionl 2x + 5 l 6That m.pdf

l 2x+5 l 6 solve for x valuesSolutionl 2x + 5 l 6That m.pdf

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Kim went to Ling\'s market to pick up few items for dinner. It was a stormy day, and the wind had blown water through the market\'s door each time it opened. As Kim entered through the door, she slipped and fell in the rainwater that had accumulated on the floor. The manager knew of the weather conditions but had not posted any sign to warn customers of the water hazard. Kim injured her back as a result of the fall and sued Ling\'s for damages. Can Ling\'s be held liable for negligence? Solution You have a store owner, who is considered to open his premises to the general public (who are considered invitees) and to, therefore, owe a duty to that public to make his premises safe for them to be inside. A reasonable store owner would know that he needs to fix any dangerous situation, such as water puddles that can make the entrance slippery. Here Ling failed to do that. That means that he breached his duty. That breach caused injury to Kim and her injury was both foreseeable and the direct result of Ling\'s negligence.

Kim went to Lings market to pick up few items for dinner. It was a.pdf

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Kim went to Lings market to pick up few items for dinner. It was a.pdf

Kim Falgout\'\'s daughter, Madeline, has a piggy bank with 54 coins. some are uarters, and the rest are half dollars. If the total value of the coins is $17.00, how many of each denomination dooes she have? Solution assume x coins are quarter so 54-x will be halfs. total amount will be= (x/4)+((54-x)/2)=17 so (x/4)+27-(x/2)=17 or (x/4)= 10 or x= 40. so quartes coins are 40 and halfs coins are 54-40= 14. proof : 40 coins quarter, so amount= 40(1/4)=10 14 are halfs so amount = 14(1/2)= 7 total = 10 + 7 =17. hence prooved..

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1. Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) in an earlier reading provided us with insight into the role of personal traits and their contribution to the emergence of a leader. Discuss how people possessing the “right stuff” tend to surface as leaders. In similar fashion, what clues to the emergence of leaders are provided by the writings of Murphy (1941) and Smircich and Morgan (1982)? Solution The "right stuff" is the ability to convince others. Charisma, personality - call it what you will. Approaching leadership as a relationship between leaders and followers or as a set of behaviors and competencies that anyone can develop provides a much more optimistic, democratic, and inclusive picture of leadership. These latter approaches emphasize that given the right experiences, circumstances, and training, each of us has both the capacity and the ability to enact effective leadership, regardless of the specific traits and personality characteristics with which we were born.