Kind ofEconomics and diseconomies of scale .ppt
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This document discusses economies and diseconomies of scale. It defines economies of scale as lower unit costs that result from large-scale production. There are internal economies from technical, commercial, financial, managerial, and risk-bearing factors. External economies come from industry growth factors like skilled labor pools. Internal technical economies include specialization, indivisible plant size, principle of multiples, and increased dimensions. Diseconomies of scale can occur due to problems managing large organizations, maintaining communication across distances, coordinating diverse activities, and issues with staff motivation when organizations grow very large.
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2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdf
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
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Kind ofEconomics and diseconomies of scale .ppt
- 1. NAME:P.SATHISH KUMAR CLASS:1-MBA SUBJECT:ECONOMICS TOPIC:KINDS OF ECONOMICS AND DISECONOMIES OF SCALE. SUBMITTED TO:BASKAR SIR
- 3. ECONOMIES OF SCALE • THE ADVANTAGES OF LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION THAT RESULT IN LOWER UNIT (AVERAGE) COSTS (COST PER UNIT) • AC = TC / Q • ECONOMIES OF SCALE – SPREADS TOTAL COSTS OVER A GREATER RANGE OF OUTPUT
- 4. ECONOMIES OF SCALE • INTERNAL – ADVANTAGES THAT ARISE AS A RESULT OF THE GROWTH OF THE FIRM • TECHNICAL • COMMERCIAL • FINANCIAL • MANAGERIAL • RISK BEARING
- 5. ECONOMIES OF SCALE • EXTERNAL ECONOMIES OF SCALE – THE ADVANTAGES FIRMS CAN GAIN AS A RESULT OF THE GROWTH OF THE INDUSTRY – NORMALLY ASSOCIATED WITH A PARTICULAR AREA • SUPPLY OF SKILLED LABOUR • REPUTATION • LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS • INFRASTRUCTURE • TRAINING FACILITIES
- 6. ECONOMIES OF SCALE Capital Land Labour Output TC AC Scale A 5 3 4 100 Scale B 10 6 8 300 •Assume each unit of capital = £5, Land = £8 and Labour = £2 •Calculate TC and then AC for the two different ‘scales’ (‘sizes’) of production facility •What happens and why?
- 7. Economies of Scale Capital Land Labour Output TC AC Scale A 5 3 4 100 57 0.57 Scale B 10 6 8 300 164 0.54 •Doubling the scale of production (a rise of 100%) has led to an increase in output of 200% - therefore cost of production •PER UNIT has fallen •Don’t get confused between Total Cost and Average Cost •Overall ‘costs’ will rise but unit costs can fall •Why?
- 8. ECONOMIES OF SCALE • INTERNAL: TECHNICAL • SPECIALISATION – LARGE ORGANISATIONS CAN EMPLOY SPECIALISED LABOUR • INDIVISIBILITY OF PLANT – MACHINES CAN’T BE BROKEN DOWN TO DO SMALLER JOBS! • PRINCIPLE OF MULTIPLES – FIRMS USING MORE THAN ONE MACHINE OF DIFFERENT CAPACITIES - MORE EFFICIENT • INCREASED DIMENSIONS – BIGGER CONTAINERS CAN REDUCE AVERAGE COST
- 9. ECONOMIES OF SCALE • INDIVISIBILITY OF PLANT: • NOT VIABLE TO PRODUCE PRODUCTS LIKE OIL, CHEMICALS ON SMALL SCALE – NEED LARGE AMOUNTS OF CAPITAL • AGRICULTURE – MACHINERY APPROPRIATE FOR LARGE SCALE WORK – COMBINES, ETC.
- 10. ECONOMIES OF SCALE • PRINCIPLE OF MULTIPLES: • SOME PRODUCTION PROCESSES NEED MORE THAN ONE MACHINE • DIFFERENT CAPACITIES • MAY NEED MORE THAN ONE MACHINE TO BE FULLY EFFICIENT
- 11. ECONOMIES OF SCALE • PRINCIPLE OF MULTIPLES: E.G. Machine A Machine B Machine C Machine D Capacity = 10 per hour Capacity = 20 per hour Capacity = 15 per hour Capacity = 30 per hour Cost = £100 per machine Cost = £50 per machine Cost = £150 per machine Cost = £200 per machine Company A = 1 of each machine, output per hour = 10 Total Cost = £500 AC = £50 per unit Company B = 6 x A, 3 x B, 4 x C, 2 x D – output per hour = 60 Total Cost = £1750 AC = £29.16 per unit
- 12. ECONOMIES OF SCALE Increased Dimensions: e.g. 5m 2m 2m Transport container = Volume of 20m3 Total Cost: Construction, driver, fuel, maintenance, insurance, road tax = £600 per journey AC = £30m3 4m 10m 4m Transport Container 2 = Volume 160m3 Total Cost = £1800 per journey AC = £11.25m3
- 13. ECONOMIES OF SCALE • COMMERCIAL • LARGE FIRMS CAN NEGOTIATE FAVOURABLE PRICES AS A RESULT OF BUYING IN BULK • LARGE FIRMS MAY HAVE ADVANTAGES IN KEEPING PRICES HIGHER BECAUSE OF THEIR MARKET POWER
- 14. ECONOMIES OF SCALE • FINANCIAL • LARGE FIRMS ABLE TO NEGOTIATE CHEAPER FINANCE DEALS • LARGE FIRMS ABLE TO BE MORE FLEXIBLE ABOUT FINANCE – SHARE OPTIONS, RIGHTS ISSUES, ETC. • LARGE FIRMS ABLE TO UTILISE SKILLS OF MERCHANT BANKS TO ARRANGE FINANCE
- 15. ECONOMIES OF SCALE •MANAGERIAL •USE OF SPECIALISTS – ACCOUNTANTS, MARKETING, LAWYERS, PRODUCTION, HUMAN RESOURCES, ETC.
- 16. ECONOMIES OF SCALE •RISK BEARING • DIVERSIFICATION • MARKETS ACROSS REGIONS/COUNTRIES • PRODUCT RANGES • R&D
- 17. ECONOMIES OF SCALE Minimum Efficient Scale – the point at which the increase in the scale of production yields no significant unit cost benefits Minimum Efficient Plant Size – the point where increasing the scale of production of an individual plant within the industry yields no significant unit cost benefits
- 18. ECONOMIES OF SCALE Unit Cost Output Scale A Scale B LRAC MES 82p 54p
- 19. DISECONOMIES OF SCALE • THE DISADVANTAGES OF LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION THAT CAN LEAD TO INCREASING AVERAGE COSTS • PROBLEMS OF MANAGEMENT • MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION • CO-ORDINATING ACTIVITIES – OFTEN ACROSS THE GLOBE! • DE-MOTIVATION AND ALIENATION OF STAFF • DIVORCE OF OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL
- 20. • THANK YOU