1. DONE BY KISHTECH
GREEN ENERGY LTD
05/08/2016

2. ENERGYENERGY
 It is the ability to do work.It is the ability to do work.
 In physics, work is done when a force appliedIn physics, work is done when a force applied
to an object which moves it some distance into an object which moves it some distance in
the direction of the force.the direction of the force.
 Mathematically, W = Fs, where W is the workMathematically, W = Fs, where W is the work
done, F is the force applied, and s is thedone, F is the force applied, and s is the
distance moved.distance moved.

3. DIFFERENT ENERGY SOURCESDIFFERENT ENERGY SOURCES
 ‘‘Traditional’ fuels such as fuel wood, cropTraditional’ fuels such as fuel wood, crop
wastes, and animal dung.(non-commercial)wastes, and animal dung.(non-commercial)
 Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gasFossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas
(commercial ‘traditional’ fuels)(commercial ‘traditional’ fuels)
 Non-traditional renewable energy sources asNon-traditional renewable energy sources as
hydro, modern biomass, solar, wind, ocean andhydro, modern biomass, solar, wind, ocean and
geothermal.geothermal.

4. ENERGY FORMSENERGY FORMS
 SOLARSOLAR
 WATERWATER
 WINDWIND
 GEOTHERMALGEOTHERMAL

5. SOLAR ENERGYSOLAR ENERGY

6. WHAT IS SOLAR ENERGY?WHAT IS SOLAR ENERGY?
 It is the radiation from the sun that is capable ofIt is the radiation from the sun that is capable of
producing heat, causing chemical reactions, orproducing heat, causing chemical reactions, or
generating electricity.generating electricity.
 It is the largest source of energy received on Earth,It is the largest source of energy received on Earth,
but its intensity on the earth’s surface is quite low.but its intensity on the earth’s surface is quite low.
 Solar energy is rapidly becoming the ultimate energySolar energy is rapidly becoming the ultimate energy
source because of its non-polluting character and itssource because of its non-polluting character and its
inexhaustible supply which are in stark contrast toinexhaustible supply which are in stark contrast to
such fossil fuel sources as coal, oil, and natural gas.such fossil fuel sources as coal, oil, and natural gas.

7. COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION
 The Sun emits EM radiation across most of theThe Sun emits EM radiation across most of the electromagnetic spectrumelectromagnetic spectrum
 The Sun does, however, emitThe Sun does, however, emit X-raysX-rays,, ultravioletultraviolet,, visible lightvisible light ,, infraredinfrared
, and even, and even Radio wavesRadio waves.When ultraviolet radiation is not absorbed by.When ultraviolet radiation is not absorbed by
the atmosphere or other protective coating, it can cause damage to thethe atmosphere or other protective coating, it can cause damage to the
skin known asskin known as sunburnsunburn or trigger an adaptive change in humanor trigger an adaptive change in human
skin pigmentationskin pigmentation..

8.  The sunlight that reaches the ground consists of nearlyThe sunlight that reaches the ground consists of nearly
50% visible light, 45% infrared radiation, and smaller50% visible light, 45% infrared radiation, and smaller
amounts of ultraviolet light and other forms ofamounts of ultraviolet light and other forms of
electromagnetic radiation.electromagnetic radiation.
 This radiation can be converted either into: thermal energyThis radiation can be converted either into: thermal energy
or into electrical energy.or into electrical energy.
 Two main types of devices are used to capture solarTwo main types of devices are used to capture solar
energy and convert it into thermal energy:energy and convert it into thermal energy:
Flat-plate collectors and Concentrating collectors.Flat-plate collectors and Concentrating collectors.
 The flat plate collectors are used for hot water heating andThe flat plate collectors are used for hot water heating and
house heating.house heating.
 Concentrating collectors are used when higherConcentrating collectors are used when higher
temperatures are needed. That is, where they reflect andtemperatures are needed. That is, where they reflect and
concentrate sunlight from a wide area.concentrate sunlight from a wide area.

9.  Solar energy can be converted toSolar energy can be converted to
electricity using photovoltaic cells/ solarelectricity using photovoltaic cells/ solar
cells.cells.
 This converted energy is used to provideThis converted energy is used to provide
electricity for watches, calculators andelectricity for watches, calculators and
cameras.cameras.
 Unfortunately, though solar energy isUnfortunately, though solar energy is
free, the high cost of its collection,free, the high cost of its collection,
conversion and storage has limited itsconversion and storage has limited its
exploitation.exploitation.

10. GENERATION OF SOLARGENERATION OF SOLAR
POWERPOWER
 Solar powerSolar power is theis the
conversion ofconversion of sunlightsunlight
intointo electricityelectricity, either, either
directly usingdirectly using
photovoltaicsphotovoltaics (PV), or(PV), or
indirectly usingindirectly using
concentrated solar powerconcentrated solar power
(CSP).(CSP).
 Photovoltaics convertsPhotovoltaics converts
light into electric currentlight into electric current
using theusing the
photoelectric effectphotoelectric effect..

11. Energy storage methodsEnergy storage methods
 Solar energy can be stored at highSolar energy can be stored at high
temperatures using molten salts.temperatures using molten salts.
Salts are an effective storageSalts are an effective storage
medium because they are low-cost,medium because they are low-cost,
have a high specific heat capacityhave a high specific heat capacity
and can deliver heat atand can deliver heat at
temperatures compatible withtemperatures compatible with
conventional power systems.conventional power systems.

12. SOLAR CELLSOLAR CELL
 AA solar cellsolar cell (also called(also called photovoltaic cellphotovoltaic cell oror
photoelectric cellphotoelectric cell) is a) is a solid statesolid state device thatdevice that
converts the energy ofconverts the energy of sunlightsunlight directly intodirectly into
electricityelectricity by theby the photovoltaic effectphotovoltaic effect. Assemblies of. Assemblies of
cells are used to makecells are used to make solar modulessolar modules, also known as, also known as
solar panelssolar panels. The energy generated from these solar. The energy generated from these solar
modules, referred to asmodules, referred to as solar powersolar power, is an example of, is an example of
solar energysolar energy..
 Cells are described asCells are described as photovoltaic cellsphotovoltaic cells when thewhen the
light source is not necessarily sunlight. These arelight source is not necessarily sunlight. These are
used for detecting light or otherused for detecting light or other
electromagnetic radiationelectromagnetic radiation near the visible range, fornear the visible range, for
exampleexample infrared detectorsinfrared detectors, or measurement of light, or measurement of light

13. SOLAR CELLSOLAR CELL
Solar modules/panels
A basic structure of a typical solar cell

14.  Solar technologies are broadly characterized as eitherSolar technologies are broadly characterized as either
passive solarpassive solar oror active solaractive solar depending on the waydepending on the way
they capture, convert and distribute solar energy.they capture, convert and distribute solar energy.
 Active solar techniques include the use ofActive solar techniques include the use of
photovoltaic panels andphotovoltaic panels and solar thermalsolar thermal collectors tocollectors to
harness the energy.harness the energy.
 Passive solar techniques include orienting a buildingPassive solar techniques include orienting a building
to the Sun, selecting materials with favorableto the Sun, selecting materials with favorable
thermal massthermal mass or light dispersing properties, andor light dispersing properties, and
designing spaces thatdesigning spaces that naturally circulate airnaturally circulate air..
 Active solar technologies increase the supply ofActive solar technologies increase the supply of
energy and are consideredenergy and are considered supply sidesupply side technologies,technologies,
while passive solar technologies reduce the need forwhile passive solar technologies reduce the need for
alternate resources and are generally consideredalternate resources and are generally considered
demand side technologies.demand side technologies.

15. APPLICATIONS OF SOLARAPPLICATIONS OF SOLAR
ENERGYENERGY
 A partial list of solar applications includesA partial list of solar applications includes
space heating and cooling throughspace heating and cooling through
solar architecturesolar architecture,, potable waterpotable water viavia distillationdistillation
andand disinfectiondisinfection,, daylightingdaylighting,, solar hot watersolar hot water,,
solar cookingsolar cooking, and high temperature process, and high temperature process
heat for industrial purposes.heat for industrial purposes.
 To harvest the solar energy, the most commonTo harvest the solar energy, the most common
way is to useway is to use solar panelssolar panels..

16. AgricultureAgriculture andand horticulturehorticulture
 AgricultureAgriculture andand horticulturehorticulture seek to optimizeseek to optimize
the capture of solar energy in order to optimizethe capture of solar energy in order to optimize
the productivity of plants.the productivity of plants.
 Applications of solar energy in agricultureApplications of solar energy in agriculture
aside from growing crops include pumpingaside from growing crops include pumping
water, drying crops, brooding chicks andwater, drying crops, brooding chicks and
drying chicken manuredrying chicken manure
 More recently the technology has beenMore recently the technology has been
embraced by vinters, who use the energyembraced by vinters, who use the energy
generated by solar panels to power grapegenerated by solar panels to power grape
presses.presses.
 GreenhousesGreenhouses convert solar light to heat,convert solar light to heat,
enabling year-round production and the growthenabling year-round production and the growth
(in enclosed environments) of specialty crops(in enclosed environments) of specialty crops
and other plants not naturally suited to theand other plants not naturally suited to the
local climate.local climate.

17. Solar lightingSolar lighting
 DaylightingDaylighting systems collect andsystems collect and
distribute sunlight to providedistribute sunlight to provide
interior illumination.interior illumination.
 Hybrid solar lightingHybrid solar lighting is anis an
active solaractive solar method of providingmethod of providing
interior illumination.interior illumination.
 Solar thermal technologies canSolar thermal technologies can
be used for water heating, spacebe used for water heating, space
heating, space cooling andheating, space cooling and
process heat generationprocess heat generation
 Solar hot water systems useSolar hot water systems use
sunlight to heat water.sunlight to heat water.

18. Water treatmentWater treatment
 Solar distillation can be used toSolar distillation can be used to
makemake salinesaline oror brackish waterbrackish water
potablepotable
 Solar waterSolar water disinfectiondisinfection (SODIS)(SODIS)
involves exposing water-filledinvolves exposing water-filled
plasticplastic polyethylene terephthalatepolyethylene terephthalate
(PET) bottles to sunlight for(PET) bottles to sunlight for
several hoursseveral hours
 It is recommended by theIt is recommended by the
World Health OrganizationWorld Health Organization as aas a
viable method for householdviable method for household
water treatment and safe storagewater treatment and safe storage
 Solar energy may be used in aSolar energy may be used in a
water stabilisation pond to treatwater stabilisation pond to treat
waste waterwaste water without chemicals orwithout chemicals or
electricity.electricity.
Solar water heater

19. CookingCooking
 Solar cookers use sunlight forSolar cookers use sunlight for
cooking, drying andcooking, drying and pasteurizationpasteurization..
They can be grouped into threeThey can be grouped into three
broad categories: box cookers, panelbroad categories: box cookers, panel
cookers and reflector cookerscookers and reflector cookers
 A basic box cooker consists of anA basic box cooker consists of an
insulated container with ainsulated container with a
transparent lid.transparent lid.
 Panel cookers use a reflective panelPanel cookers use a reflective panel
to direct sunlight onto an insulatedto direct sunlight onto an insulated
container and reach temperaturescontainer and reach temperatures
comparable to box cookers.comparable to box cookers.
 Reflector cookers use variousReflector cookers use various
concentrating geometries (dish,concentrating geometries (dish,
trough, Fresnel mirrors) to focustrough, Fresnel mirrors) to focus
light on a cooking container.light on a cooking container.
The Solar Bowl in Auroville, India,

20. Process heatProcess heat
 Solar concentratingSolar concentrating
technologies such astechnologies such as
parabolic dish, trough andparabolic dish, trough and
Scheffler reflectors canScheffler reflectors can
provide process heat forprovide process heat for
commercial and industrialcommercial and industrial
applications.applications.
 Evaporation ponds areEvaporation ponds are
shallow pools thatshallow pools that
concentrate dissolved solidsconcentrate dissolved solids
throughthrough evaporationevaporation..
 Clothes linesClothes lines,, clotheshorsesclotheshorses,,
and clothes racks dry clothesand clothes racks dry clothes
through evaporation by windthrough evaporation by wind
and sunlight withoutand sunlight without
consuming electricity or gas.consuming electricity or gas.
STEP parabolic dishes used for steam
production and electrical generation.

21. Electrical generationElectrical generation
(solar power)(solar power)
 Solar power is theSolar power is the
conversion of sunlight intoconversion of sunlight into
electricityelectricity, either directly, either directly
usingusing photovoltaicsphotovoltaics (PV),(PV),
or indirectly usingor indirectly using
concentrated solar powerconcentrated solar power
(CSP). CSP systems use(CSP). CSP systems use
lenses or mirrors andlenses or mirrors and
tracking systems to focus atracking systems to focus a
large area of sunlight into alarge area of sunlight into a
small beam. PV convertssmall beam. PV converts
light into electric currentlight into electric current
using theusing the
photoelectric effectphotoelectric effect..

22. Experimental solar powerExperimental solar power
 AA solar pondsolar pond is a pool of salt water (usually 1–2is a pool of salt water (usually 1–2 mm
deep) that collects and stores solar energy.deep) that collects and stores solar energy.
 The pond consisted of layers of water thatThe pond consisted of layers of water that
successively increased from a weak salt solution atsuccessively increased from a weak salt solution at
the top to athe top to a high salthigh salt solution at the bottom.solution at the bottom.
 This solar pond was capable of producingThis solar pond was capable of producing
temperatures of 90 °C in its bottom layer and had antemperatures of 90 °C in its bottom layer and had an
estimated solar-to-electric efficiency of two percent.estimated solar-to-electric efficiency of two percent.
 ThermoelectricThermoelectric, or "thermovoltaic" devices convert a, or "thermovoltaic" devices convert a
temperature difference between dissimilar materialstemperature difference between dissimilar materials
into an electric current.into an electric current.

23. Solar chemicalSolar chemical
 Solar chemical processes use solar energy to driveSolar chemical processes use solar energy to drive
chemical reactions. These processes offset energy thatchemical reactions. These processes offset energy that
would otherwise come from an alternate source and canwould otherwise come from an alternate source and can
convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels.convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels.
Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided intoSolar induced chemical reactions can be divided into
thermochemical orthermochemical or photochemicalphotochemical
 Hydrogen productionHydrogen production technologies been a significant areatechnologies been a significant area
of solar chemical research since the 1970s.of solar chemical research since the 1970s.
 Another approach uses the heat from solar concentratorsAnother approach uses the heat from solar concentrators
to drive theto drive the steam reformationsteam reformation of natural gas therebyof natural gas thereby
increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared toincreasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to
conventional reforming methodsconventional reforming methods
 Thermochemical cycles characterized by theThermochemical cycles characterized by the
decomposition and regeneration of reactants presentdecomposition and regeneration of reactants present
another avenue for hydrogen production.another avenue for hydrogen production.

24. Solar vehiclesSolar vehicles
 Some vehicles use solarSome vehicles use solar
panels for auxiliary power,panels for auxiliary power,
such as for airsuch as for air
conditioning, to keep theconditioning, to keep the
interior cool, thus reducinginterior cool, thus reducing
fuel consumptionfuel consumption
 AA solar balloonsolar balloon is a blackis a black
balloon that is filled withballoon that is filled with
ordinary air.ordinary air.
 Solar sailsSolar sails are a proposedare a proposed
form of spacecraftform of spacecraft
propulsion using largepropulsion using large
membrane mirrors tomembrane mirrors to
exploit radiation pressureexploit radiation pressure
from the Sun.from the Sun.

25. SOLAR ENERGY PROSSOLAR ENERGY PROS
 Solar panels give off no pollutionSolar panels give off no pollution
 Solar energy produces electricity very quietly.Solar energy produces electricity very quietly.
 It has the ability to harness electricity in remoteIt has the ability to harness electricity in remote
locations that are not linked to a national grid.locations that are not linked to a national grid.
 Very efficient in large areas of the globe.Very efficient in large areas of the globe.
 Solar panels can be installed on top of many rooftopsSolar panels can be installed on top of many rooftops
 It is affordable in the long run.It is affordable in the long run.
 The use of solar energy to produce electricity allowsThe use of solar energy to produce electricity allows
the user to become less dependent on the worlds fossilthe user to become less dependent on the worlds fossil
fuel supplies.fuel supplies.

26. SOLAR ENERGY CONSSOLAR ENERGY CONS
 The major con of solar energy is the initial cost ofThe major con of solar energy is the initial cost of
solar cells.solar cells.
 Solar energy is only able to generate electricity duringSolar energy is only able to generate electricity during
daylight hours. This means for around half of eachdaylight hours. This means for around half of each
day, solar panels are not producing energy for yourday, solar panels are not producing energy for your
home.home.
 The weather can affect the efficiency of solar cells.The weather can affect the efficiency of solar cells.
 Pollution can be a con of solar energy, as pollutionPollution can be a con of solar energy, as pollution
levels can affect a solar cells efficiency, this would belevels can affect a solar cells efficiency, this would be
a major con for businesses or industry wishing toa major con for businesses or industry wishing to
install solar panels in heavily polluted areas, such asinstall solar panels in heavily polluted areas, such as
cities.cities.

27. Environmental Effects of SolarEnvironmental Effects of Solar
EnergyEnergy
 Carbon EmissionsCarbon Emissions
 Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy
 Abundant ComponentsAbundant Components
 CadmiumCadmium
 Space ConsiderationsSpace Considerations

28. MEDICAL USES OF SOLARMEDICAL USES OF SOLAR
ENERGYENERGY
 These include, disinfection and sterilization without
the use of chemicals. Ultraviolet light is also used to
destroy bacteria and viruses.
• It stimulates the immune system and has shown
good results in killing blood borne pathogens.
• Some microorganisms destroyed by ultraviolet light
are bacillus anthracis, salmonella or food poisoning,
shigella dysentariae or dysentery, bacteriophage or
E. coli, hepatitis and influenza.
 Ultraviolet light can be combined with otherUltraviolet light can be combined with other
therapies.therapies.
 Some kinds of skin conditions can improve with theSome kinds of skin conditions can improve with the
exposure of ultraviolet light.exposure of ultraviolet light.

29. Solar Energy Health Effects onSolar Energy Health Effects on
HumansHumans
 These are:These are:
 Electromagnetic Radiation From SolarElectromagnetic Radiation From Solar
PanelsPanels
 Silicon Dust from Solar PanelsSilicon Dust from Solar Panels
 Exposure to Electrical and ChemicalExposure to Electrical and Chemical
Components of Solar Heat SystemsComponents of Solar Heat Systems
 The Future of Solar EnergyThe Future of Solar Energy

30.  The body producesThe body produces vitamin Dvitamin D from sunlightfrom sunlight
(specifically from the UVB band of(specifically from the UVB band of ultravioletultraviolet
light), and excessive seclusion from the sunlight), and excessive seclusion from the sun
can lead to deficiency unless adequatecan lead to deficiency unless adequate
amounts are obtained through diet.amounts are obtained through diet.
 On the other hand, excessive sunlight exposureOn the other hand, excessive sunlight exposure
has been linked to all types ofhas been linked to all types of skin cancerskin cancer
caused by thecaused by the ultravioletultraviolet part of radiation frompart of radiation from
sunlight or sunlampssunlight or sunlamps

31.  A lack of sunlight, on the other hand, isA lack of sunlight, on the other hand, is
considered one of the primary causes ofconsidered one of the primary causes of
seasonal affective disorderseasonal affective disorder (SAD), a serious(SAD), a serious
form of the "winter blues". SAD occurrence isform of the "winter blues". SAD occurrence is
more prevalent in locations further from themore prevalent in locations further from the
tropics, and most of the treatments (other thantropics, and most of the treatments (other than
prescription drugs) involveprescription drugs) involve light therapylight therapy
 A recent study indicates that more exposure toA recent study indicates that more exposure to
sunshine early in a person’s life relates to lesssunshine early in a person’s life relates to less
risk fromrisk from multiple sclerosismultiple sclerosis (MS) later in life(MS) later in life