The 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey found that:
- The total fertility rate was 4.6 children per woman, declining from 5.5 in 2000.
- 36% of married women used family planning, up from 8% in 2000. However, 22% still had an unmet need.
- Infant and under-5 mortality rates were 48 and 67 deaths per 1,000 live births respectively, declining significantly since 2000 but still high in rural and some regions.
Proximate Determinants of Fertility in Eastern Africa: The case of Kenya, Rw...Scientific Review SR
This study presents some determinants of fertility for three countries in east Africa. It examines the
role of the proximate determinants of fertility to total births during last five years before the surveys in Kenya,
Rwanda and Tanzania. The study is based on the analysis of secondary data obtained from Demographic and
Health Surveys in the three countries. The surveys were conducted between 2014 and 2016. The response
variable used in this study is the number of births in the last five years before the survey. The study employed
Quasi-Poisson regression model as the main method of data analysis. The results show that place of residence,
working status, number of union, age at first birth, age at first cohabitation, age at first sex, contraceptive use
and intention, unmet need and educational level mothers are significant determinants of fertility. Moreover, the
findings of this study indicate that educational level of mothers has negative impact on fertility. For current
contraceptive users, the mean birth for the last five years is highest for Kenya followed by Tanzania. For those
who never use contraception, the mean births for the last five years for Rwanda is lower as compared to
Tanzania and Kenya. The mean births for working mothers is also lower than that of non-working mothers for
all three countries. The study suggests that improving the educational level of mothers, increasing the use of
contraception, and involving more women to work force can reduce fertility in the three countries.
Living further from health care facilities can negatively impact health in South Africa by serving as a barrier to access. Research in South Africa found that teenage childbearing was influenced by the distance to care facilities, and teenage childbearing can have lasting health and economic consequences. A program called NAFCI that provided youth-friendly sexual health services and information at clinics was associated with delayed childbearing, increased contraceptive use, and reduced sexually transmitted infections among adolescents living near the clinics. Improving access to reproductive healthcare and information can help address disparities in teenage pregnancy and its adverse outcomes.
Ugandan Global Health Profile_MackenzieWright_2015Mackenzie Wright
This document provides a health profile of Uganda, summarizing key demographic and health indicators. It notes that Uganda has a population of over 37 million people and is ethnically diverse. While Uganda has made progress in improving health outcomes, there are still significant inequalities between economic classes. The poorest populations have higher rates of mortality, lower access to healthcare, and worse nutritional outcomes. Moving forward, Uganda will need to address high fertility rates in rural areas, increase education levels, foster job growth, and ensure equitable access to healthcare for all economic classes.
The document discusses the declining sex ratio in India and factors contributing to it such as son preference, small family norms, and the use of prenatal diagnostic techniques for sex-selective abortions. Some key points:
- The 2011 Indian census found a sex ratio of 933 females per 1000 males, representing a deficit of around 35 million women.
- Son preference stemming from social and economic factors has resulted in the neglect, abuse and killing of girls in parts of India.
- The use of technologies like amniocentesis and ultrasound for sex determination has led to widespread sex-selective abortions, especially in states with high son preference.
- This has contributed to 60 lakh (6 million) missing girls
The document summarizes key information about adolescents and youth in Nepal. It begins by defining adolescence as the transitional period between childhood and adulthood, noting it is a time of rapid physical, physiological, sexual, social and emotional changes. Some key points made include:
- 1/5 of Nepal's population and 1/3 of its total population are adolescents and youth respectively.
- Adolescents and youth face important health issues like menstrual disorders, premarital sex, STIs/HIV, early marriage, malnutrition, substance abuse, and mental health problems.
- Investing in adolescent health ensures benefits to current and future health and development.
The document provides information on the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) conducted in India in 2005-2006. Some key points:
- NFHS-3 was conducted to provide estimates on family welfare, maternal and child health, and nutrition indicators. It also covered new topics like HIV prevalence.
- Over 124,000 women and 74,000 men were interviewed across India. In Haryana, over 2,700 women and 1,000 men were interviewed.
- The survey found that literacy rates, access to healthcare, and use of family planning methods had increased since the previous surveys, though gaps remained between urban and rural areas.
- Maternal and child health indicators like anten
This fact sheet provides data and analysis on adolescent and young people's sexual and reproductive health and rights in Sub-Saharan Africa. It finds that while the region is growing economically, socioeconomic and health indicators for youth have not improved. Access to education is limited with high dropout rates, especially for girls. Contraceptive use is low among married adolescents. Adolescent fertility and pregnancy rates are highest in the region. Access to comprehensive sexuality education and abortion services is limited due to legal restrictions and social norms. HIV prevalence is disproportionately high among young women. Harmful traditional practices like female genital mutilation also negatively impact girls' health and rights.
India has experienced significant demographic changes over the past century. It transitioned from a stage of high birth and death rates to one of declining mortality and a fall in fertility. Key indicators show India's population grew rapidly in the 20th century and is now over 1.2 billion people. The population is youthful with a broad-based age pyramid. Sex ratios are uneven with fewer females than males, especially in the 0-6 age group. Dependency ratios remain high due to falling death rates and a large youth population but are declining as fertility falls.
Proximate Determinants of Fertility in Eastern Africa: The case of Kenya, Rw...Scientific Review SR
This study presents some determinants of fertility for three countries in east Africa. It examines the
role of the proximate determinants of fertility to total births during last five years before the surveys in Kenya,
Rwanda and Tanzania. The study is based on the analysis of secondary data obtained from Demographic and
Health Surveys in the three countries. The surveys were conducted between 2014 and 2016. The response
variable used in this study is the number of births in the last five years before the survey. The study employed
Quasi-Poisson regression model as the main method of data analysis. The results show that place of residence,
working status, number of union, age at first birth, age at first cohabitation, age at first sex, contraceptive use
and intention, unmet need and educational level mothers are significant determinants of fertility. Moreover, the
findings of this study indicate that educational level of mothers has negative impact on fertility. For current
contraceptive users, the mean birth for the last five years is highest for Kenya followed by Tanzania. For those
who never use contraception, the mean births for the last five years for Rwanda is lower as compared to
Tanzania and Kenya. The mean births for working mothers is also lower than that of non-working mothers for
all three countries. The study suggests that improving the educational level of mothers, increasing the use of
contraception, and involving more women to work force can reduce fertility in the three countries.
Living further from health care facilities can negatively impact health in South Africa by serving as a barrier to access. Research in South Africa found that teenage childbearing was influenced by the distance to care facilities, and teenage childbearing can have lasting health and economic consequences. A program called NAFCI that provided youth-friendly sexual health services and information at clinics was associated with delayed childbearing, increased contraceptive use, and reduced sexually transmitted infections among adolescents living near the clinics. Improving access to reproductive healthcare and information can help address disparities in teenage pregnancy and its adverse outcomes.
Ugandan Global Health Profile_MackenzieWright_2015Mackenzie Wright
This document provides a health profile of Uganda, summarizing key demographic and health indicators. It notes that Uganda has a population of over 37 million people and is ethnically diverse. While Uganda has made progress in improving health outcomes, there are still significant inequalities between economic classes. The poorest populations have higher rates of mortality, lower access to healthcare, and worse nutritional outcomes. Moving forward, Uganda will need to address high fertility rates in rural areas, increase education levels, foster job growth, and ensure equitable access to healthcare for all economic classes.
The document discusses the declining sex ratio in India and factors contributing to it such as son preference, small family norms, and the use of prenatal diagnostic techniques for sex-selective abortions. Some key points:
- The 2011 Indian census found a sex ratio of 933 females per 1000 males, representing a deficit of around 35 million women.
- Son preference stemming from social and economic factors has resulted in the neglect, abuse and killing of girls in parts of India.
- The use of technologies like amniocentesis and ultrasound for sex determination has led to widespread sex-selective abortions, especially in states with high son preference.
- This has contributed to 60 lakh (6 million) missing girls
The document summarizes key information about adolescents and youth in Nepal. It begins by defining adolescence as the transitional period between childhood and adulthood, noting it is a time of rapid physical, physiological, sexual, social and emotional changes. Some key points made include:
- 1/5 of Nepal's population and 1/3 of its total population are adolescents and youth respectively.
- Adolescents and youth face important health issues like menstrual disorders, premarital sex, STIs/HIV, early marriage, malnutrition, substance abuse, and mental health problems.
- Investing in adolescent health ensures benefits to current and future health and development.
The document provides information on the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) conducted in India in 2005-2006. Some key points:
- NFHS-3 was conducted to provide estimates on family welfare, maternal and child health, and nutrition indicators. It also covered new topics like HIV prevalence.
- Over 124,000 women and 74,000 men were interviewed across India. In Haryana, over 2,700 women and 1,000 men were interviewed.
- The survey found that literacy rates, access to healthcare, and use of family planning methods had increased since the previous surveys, though gaps remained between urban and rural areas.
- Maternal and child health indicators like anten
This fact sheet provides data and analysis on adolescent and young people's sexual and reproductive health and rights in Sub-Saharan Africa. It finds that while the region is growing economically, socioeconomic and health indicators for youth have not improved. Access to education is limited with high dropout rates, especially for girls. Contraceptive use is low among married adolescents. Adolescent fertility and pregnancy rates are highest in the region. Access to comprehensive sexuality education and abortion services is limited due to legal restrictions and social norms. HIV prevalence is disproportionately high among young women. Harmful traditional practices like female genital mutilation also negatively impact girls' health and rights.
India has experienced significant demographic changes over the past century. It transitioned from a stage of high birth and death rates to one of declining mortality and a fall in fertility. Key indicators show India's population grew rapidly in the 20th century and is now over 1.2 billion people. The population is youthful with a broad-based age pyramid. Sex ratios are uneven with fewer females than males, especially in the 0-6 age group. Dependency ratios remain high due to falling death rates and a large youth population but are declining as fertility falls.
This study examined the utilization of skilled birth attendance among women in Sidama Zone, Ethiopia. The researchers found that:
1) Only 26.8% of mothers gave birth at a health facility, attended by a skilled birth attendant.
2) Younger age, higher education levels, fewer births, more antenatal care visits, previous facility delivery experience, and greater maternal knowledge were associated with increased use of skilled birth attendance.
3) Reasons for preferring home delivery over facilities included the proximity of traditional birth attendants and perceptions of unclean equipment, lack of supplies, and unfriendly providers at facilities.
Under- Five Mortality in the West Mamprusi District of Ghanainventionjournals
This study applied both descriptive and logistic regression analysis to the factors associated with under five mortalities in the West Mamprusi district of Ghana. Results from the descriptive analysis revealed that male deaths occur more than female deaths with a percentage of 52(52%) for the three years whiles majority (32.24%) of the deaths were being cause by malaria. The interesting finding in this study was that, among all the factors (variables) associated with under five mortalities, only one variable (i.e. Prematurity) showed significant impact after running the analysis.
There are still millions of girls around the world not receiving an education. Specifically, there are 31 million girls of primary school age out of school, with 17 million expected to never enter school. Additionally, there are 34 million female adolescents out of school missing the chance to learn skills for work. Educating girls has significant societal impacts, including reducing maternal and child deaths, lowering malnutrition rates, and decreasing early marriage and pregnancy rates.
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in India, leading to a growth in urban slum populations. Women living in urban slums face numerous health challenges. They have poor access to clean water, sanitation, and healthcare facilities. Social determinants like gender inequality, poverty, and lack of education negatively impact slum women's health. Common health issues for these women include anemia, poor reproductive and maternal health, malnutrition, and infectious diseases. Improving living conditions, empowering women, and ensuring access to medical services are needed to address the many health issues faced by women in India's urban slums.
Population dynamics is the study of changes in population size and composition over time. It considers factors influencing population growth and decline such as births, deaths, and migration. Population studies examine relationships between demographic changes and other social, economic, political, environmental, and health-related variables.
Highlights of the Report ‘Children in India 2012- A Statistical Appraisal’ * Mitu Khosla
The document summarizes key statistics about children in India from Census and survey data. It finds that while India's total population grew from 2001-2011, the number of children aged 0-6 declined. Several states have alarmingly low child sex ratios below 900. Malnutrition is a major issue, with nearly half of children under-5 stunted and over 40% underweight. Immunization coverage is around 60% nationally but varies significantly between states and demographics. School enrollment has increased but many children still do not complete primary or upper primary levels. Around 13 million children work, many in hazardous occupations like construction or factories.
Can the health system sustain population explosion in indiaHarivansh Chopra
The health system in India faces challenges in sustaining the country's growing population. There are shortfalls across primary health centers, community health centers, and specialist doctors in rural areas. Literacy and access to family planning have improved but fertility rates, child mortality, and unmet need for family planning remain high. Uttar Pradesh has a very large population that stresses its health resources. The document argues that population control laws and strong implementation are needed to help address these issues.
The document discusses key concepts in demography including population growth rates, fertility rates, and factors influencing population trends. It notes that world population grew slowly until 1800 but has accelerated since then. Several South Asian countries now rank among the most populous globally. Factors like education, family planning services, and changes in marriage patterns have contributed to declining fertility rates in many countries. Common metrics used to measure fertility include crude birth rate, total fertility rate, and age-specific fertility rates. India's population growth rate increased in the early 20th century as death rates fell faster than birth rates.
A visão geral da demografia da África do Sul é o tema da apresentação exibida pelo Departamento de Desenvolvimento Social da República da África do Sul, no dia 20 de fevereiro, durante a reunião plenária que marcou o início das discussões do seminário “População e Desenvolvimento na Agenda do Cairo: balanço e desafios”. Detalhes em: www.sae.gov.br
Demography and family planning lecture of Commmunity Medicine and or Preventive Medicine lecture by Dr. Farhana Yasmin,MBBS;MPH;Phd Fellow of Rajshahi University .
The document summarizes key health vulnerabilities and challenges in meeting the health needs of adolescents and youth in India based on a review of the situation. It finds that while laws, policies, and programs recognize the need to address young people's health, vulnerabilities persist. Specifically, it outlines issues related to early marriage and childbearing, limited sexual and reproductive health knowledge, gender-based violence, malnutrition, mental health problems, substance use, and injuries among this age group. It also discusses challenges in providing adolescents and youth with health-promoting information and access to health services and counseling.
Education Series Volume IV: Early Childhood Development in South Africa, 2016Statistics South Africa
“If we are to break the cycle of poverty, we need to educate the children of the poor.” – President Cyril Ramaphosa, SoNA 2018
The first one thousand days in a child’s life could hold the key to unlocking his/her life-long potential. By the age of 5, almost 90% of a child’s brain will be developed. These are the formative years where factors such as adequate healthcare, good nutrition, good quality childcare and nurturing, a clean and safe environment, early learning and stimulation will, to a large extent, influence his/her future as an adult.
Read more here:
http://www.statssa.gov.za/?p=10950
This document summarizes a study on female foeticide in rural villages in Haryana, India. The researchers interviewed over 1,000 women who had pregnancy outcomes in the last five years across six villages. They found that sex determination tests were being used to selectively abort female fetuses. Parents were found to strategically plan the sex of their children based on birth order and the sex of existing children, aiming to have at least one son. While the technology enabled smaller family sizes, it reinforced patriarchal values by disproportionately valuing sons over daughters.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses the declining sex ratio in India and some of the factors contributing to it. It notes that the census of 2001 revealed a sex ratio of 933 females per 1000 males, representing a deficit of around 3.5 crore women. The widespread use of sex-selective abortions has led to 60 lakh missing girls. While some states like Kerala have a favorable ratio, others like Haryana and Punjab have seen their child sex ratios decline sharply due to such practices. The PNDT Act was passed in 1994 to regulate sex determination tests but has not been effectively implemented.
This document summarizes a case study on infant mortality rate (IMR) and malnourishment in Satna, Madhya Pradesh, India. It begins with definitions of IMR from organizations like UNICEF and WHO. It then provides background on worldwide and Indian IMR trends, noting that Satna has a higher IMR than most other Indian states and countries globally. The document describes conducting surveys of local officials and residents in Satna to understand factors contributing to high IMR and malnourishment. Key factors identified include lack of access to healthcare, sanitation issues, and poverty. The document concludes by suggesting steps like improving nutrition programs and healthcare access to help reduce IMR and malnourishment in Satna.
Balancing demand, quality and efficiency in nigerian health care delivery systemAlexander Decker
The document discusses several challenges facing Nigeria's health care system that reduce progress and universal access to health care. Some key issues include inadequate health facilities and infrastructure, poor human resources and management, low government spending on health, and high out-of-pocket costs for citizens. Nigeria's health indicators, such as maternal mortality and child mortality, are among the worst in the world. Many factors contribute to these problems, including a lack of integrated disease prevention and treatment systems, shortages of essential drugs and supplies, and inadequate supervision of health care providers. Overall, the health system in Nigeria faces significant issues that must be addressed to improve quality, access, and efficiency of care.
- Child marriage is common in South Asia, Africa, and Latin America, with high rates in Nepal. It occurs most in poor, marginalized communities.
- The main causes of child marriage are poverty, the need to reinforce social ties, and the belief it offers protection. It results in girls dropping out of school and takes a toll on their health.
- The consequences of child marriage include negative health impacts on girls like increased risk of sexually transmitted infections, cervical cancer, and maternal and child mortality. It also results in isolation, depression, and domestic violence for the girls.
There are approximately 900 million adolescent girls and young women in the world who face significant challenges. Many have low primary school completion rates, high rates of child marriage, health risks from early pregnancy, and high risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. They also face threats of violence, trafficking, and harmful practices. However, investing in girls through education and health interventions has significant social and economic benefits, including increased incomes, lower infant mortality, slower population growth, and greater gender equality. The UN has adopted various frameworks and initiatives to promote and protect the rights of girls and empower the most vulnerable.
This study examined the utilization of skilled birth attendance among women in Sidama Zone, Ethiopia. The researchers found that:
1) Only 26.8% of mothers gave birth at a health facility, attended by a skilled birth attendant.
2) Younger age, higher education levels, fewer births, more antenatal care visits, previous facility delivery experience, and greater maternal knowledge were associated with increased use of skilled birth attendance.
3) Reasons for preferring home delivery over facilities included the proximity of traditional birth attendants and perceptions of unclean equipment, lack of supplies, and unfriendly providers at facilities.
Under- Five Mortality in the West Mamprusi District of Ghanainventionjournals
This study applied both descriptive and logistic regression analysis to the factors associated with under five mortalities in the West Mamprusi district of Ghana. Results from the descriptive analysis revealed that male deaths occur more than female deaths with a percentage of 52(52%) for the three years whiles majority (32.24%) of the deaths were being cause by malaria. The interesting finding in this study was that, among all the factors (variables) associated with under five mortalities, only one variable (i.e. Prematurity) showed significant impact after running the analysis.
There are still millions of girls around the world not receiving an education. Specifically, there are 31 million girls of primary school age out of school, with 17 million expected to never enter school. Additionally, there are 34 million female adolescents out of school missing the chance to learn skills for work. Educating girls has significant societal impacts, including reducing maternal and child deaths, lowering malnutrition rates, and decreasing early marriage and pregnancy rates.
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in India, leading to a growth in urban slum populations. Women living in urban slums face numerous health challenges. They have poor access to clean water, sanitation, and healthcare facilities. Social determinants like gender inequality, poverty, and lack of education negatively impact slum women's health. Common health issues for these women include anemia, poor reproductive and maternal health, malnutrition, and infectious diseases. Improving living conditions, empowering women, and ensuring access to medical services are needed to address the many health issues faced by women in India's urban slums.
Population dynamics is the study of changes in population size and composition over time. It considers factors influencing population growth and decline such as births, deaths, and migration. Population studies examine relationships between demographic changes and other social, economic, political, environmental, and health-related variables.
Highlights of the Report ‘Children in India 2012- A Statistical Appraisal’ * Mitu Khosla
The document summarizes key statistics about children in India from Census and survey data. It finds that while India's total population grew from 2001-2011, the number of children aged 0-6 declined. Several states have alarmingly low child sex ratios below 900. Malnutrition is a major issue, with nearly half of children under-5 stunted and over 40% underweight. Immunization coverage is around 60% nationally but varies significantly between states and demographics. School enrollment has increased but many children still do not complete primary or upper primary levels. Around 13 million children work, many in hazardous occupations like construction or factories.
Can the health system sustain population explosion in indiaHarivansh Chopra
The health system in India faces challenges in sustaining the country's growing population. There are shortfalls across primary health centers, community health centers, and specialist doctors in rural areas. Literacy and access to family planning have improved but fertility rates, child mortality, and unmet need for family planning remain high. Uttar Pradesh has a very large population that stresses its health resources. The document argues that population control laws and strong implementation are needed to help address these issues.
The document discusses key concepts in demography including population growth rates, fertility rates, and factors influencing population trends. It notes that world population grew slowly until 1800 but has accelerated since then. Several South Asian countries now rank among the most populous globally. Factors like education, family planning services, and changes in marriage patterns have contributed to declining fertility rates in many countries. Common metrics used to measure fertility include crude birth rate, total fertility rate, and age-specific fertility rates. India's population growth rate increased in the early 20th century as death rates fell faster than birth rates.
A visão geral da demografia da África do Sul é o tema da apresentação exibida pelo Departamento de Desenvolvimento Social da República da África do Sul, no dia 20 de fevereiro, durante a reunião plenária que marcou o início das discussões do seminário “População e Desenvolvimento na Agenda do Cairo: balanço e desafios”. Detalhes em: www.sae.gov.br
Demography and family planning lecture of Commmunity Medicine and or Preventive Medicine lecture by Dr. Farhana Yasmin,MBBS;MPH;Phd Fellow of Rajshahi University .
The document summarizes key health vulnerabilities and challenges in meeting the health needs of adolescents and youth in India based on a review of the situation. It finds that while laws, policies, and programs recognize the need to address young people's health, vulnerabilities persist. Specifically, it outlines issues related to early marriage and childbearing, limited sexual and reproductive health knowledge, gender-based violence, malnutrition, mental health problems, substance use, and injuries among this age group. It also discusses challenges in providing adolescents and youth with health-promoting information and access to health services and counseling.
Education Series Volume IV: Early Childhood Development in South Africa, 2016Statistics South Africa
“If we are to break the cycle of poverty, we need to educate the children of the poor.” – President Cyril Ramaphosa, SoNA 2018
The first one thousand days in a child’s life could hold the key to unlocking his/her life-long potential. By the age of 5, almost 90% of a child’s brain will be developed. These are the formative years where factors such as adequate healthcare, good nutrition, good quality childcare and nurturing, a clean and safe environment, early learning and stimulation will, to a large extent, influence his/her future as an adult.
Read more here:
http://www.statssa.gov.za/?p=10950
This document summarizes a study on female foeticide in rural villages in Haryana, India. The researchers interviewed over 1,000 women who had pregnancy outcomes in the last five years across six villages. They found that sex determination tests were being used to selectively abort female fetuses. Parents were found to strategically plan the sex of their children based on birth order and the sex of existing children, aiming to have at least one son. While the technology enabled smaller family sizes, it reinforced patriarchal values by disproportionately valuing sons over daughters.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses the declining sex ratio in India and some of the factors contributing to it. It notes that the census of 2001 revealed a sex ratio of 933 females per 1000 males, representing a deficit of around 3.5 crore women. The widespread use of sex-selective abortions has led to 60 lakh missing girls. While some states like Kerala have a favorable ratio, others like Haryana and Punjab have seen their child sex ratios decline sharply due to such practices. The PNDT Act was passed in 1994 to regulate sex determination tests but has not been effectively implemented.
This document summarizes a case study on infant mortality rate (IMR) and malnourishment in Satna, Madhya Pradesh, India. It begins with definitions of IMR from organizations like UNICEF and WHO. It then provides background on worldwide and Indian IMR trends, noting that Satna has a higher IMR than most other Indian states and countries globally. The document describes conducting surveys of local officials and residents in Satna to understand factors contributing to high IMR and malnourishment. Key factors identified include lack of access to healthcare, sanitation issues, and poverty. The document concludes by suggesting steps like improving nutrition programs and healthcare access to help reduce IMR and malnourishment in Satna.
Balancing demand, quality and efficiency in nigerian health care delivery systemAlexander Decker
The document discusses several challenges facing Nigeria's health care system that reduce progress and universal access to health care. Some key issues include inadequate health facilities and infrastructure, poor human resources and management, low government spending on health, and high out-of-pocket costs for citizens. Nigeria's health indicators, such as maternal mortality and child mortality, are among the worst in the world. Many factors contribute to these problems, including a lack of integrated disease prevention and treatment systems, shortages of essential drugs and supplies, and inadequate supervision of health care providers. Overall, the health system in Nigeria faces significant issues that must be addressed to improve quality, access, and efficiency of care.
- Child marriage is common in South Asia, Africa, and Latin America, with high rates in Nepal. It occurs most in poor, marginalized communities.
- The main causes of child marriage are poverty, the need to reinforce social ties, and the belief it offers protection. It results in girls dropping out of school and takes a toll on their health.
- The consequences of child marriage include negative health impacts on girls like increased risk of sexually transmitted infections, cervical cancer, and maternal and child mortality. It also results in isolation, depression, and domestic violence for the girls.
There are approximately 900 million adolescent girls and young women in the world who face significant challenges. Many have low primary school completion rates, high rates of child marriage, health risks from early pregnancy, and high risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. They also face threats of violence, trafficking, and harmful practices. However, investing in girls through education and health interventions has significant social and economic benefits, including increased incomes, lower infant mortality, slower population growth, and greater gender equality. The UN has adopted various frameworks and initiatives to promote and protect the rights of girls and empower the most vulnerable.
Women face many challenges related to their gender globally and in the Philippines. Women are often underrepresented in certain fields and occupations. They experience pay gaps and are more likely to work in vulnerable employment. In the Philippines specifically, women make up a large percentage of the poor and underemployed. While literacy rates are higher for women, fewer continue on to secondary and post-secondary education. Women also face issues in accessing health care services and have higher rates of teenage pregnancy. Violence against women remains a major problem worldwide. However, the Philippines has made progress in promoting gender equality through laws and greater political representation of women.
Ethiopia at a Crossroads: DemogrAphY, geNDer, AND DevelopmeNtCláudio Carneiro
Ethiopia has a large and rapidly growing population that is placing pressure on its resources and hindering development efforts. The country's total fertility rate has declined slowly from 6.4 in the late 1980s to 5.4 in 2002-2004, though urban areas like Addis Ababa have seen fertility fall below replacement level. Slower population growth could help Ethiopia reduce poverty, achieve education and health targets, and reap a potential demographic dividend as the workforce grows relative to dependents. Investing in family planning and gender equality, especially girls' education, would further reduce fertility and position Ethiopia to benefit from lower population growth.
This document outlines a consortium project between World Action Fund and Peace Corps Organisation Uganda to implement the Strengthening Rural Education for Teenagers (SRET) project in Arua District, Uganda over 20 months with a budget of UGX 120,000,000. The project aims to increase access, retention, and completion rates among teenagers in Arua District through awareness campaigns on sexual health and HIV/AIDS, teacher trainings, and media campaigns to address high rates of teenage pregnancy, school dropout, and HIV transmission. Key activities include peer education clubs, radio programs, health talks in schools, and trainings for teachers and teenagers.
Adolescents and utilization of family planning services in rural community of...Alexander Decker
This study examined family planning services utilization among adolescents in a rural Nigerian community. 400 adolescents ages 10-19 completed questionnaires. Over two-thirds reported family planning services being available, with main sources being health centers, chemists, and pharmacies. Reasons for service selection included low cost, privacy, and proximity. While most adolescents were sexually active and knowledgeable about contraception, condom use was low and many were unconcerned about pregnancy or STDs. The study concluded family planning services were available but underutilized, with worrisome attitudes towards unprotected sex among adolescents in the community.
Biases against girl child health & labour 18-1-04VIBHUTI PATEL
1. The document discusses various issues facing girl children in India such as bias against the girl child from birth, high mortality rates for girls, lack of access to education and nutrition, child marriage, and physical and sexual abuse.
2. Statistics show that girls have lower life expectancy and higher mortality rates than boys. Many girls drop out of school due to expectations to help with domestic work and child marriage.
3. Girls face health issues such as malnutrition, teenage pregnancy, and unsafe abortions due to lack of autonomy over their bodies. They also face psychological trauma from domestic violence and sexual abuse.
Causes and Health Consequence of Early Marriage as Perceived by Egyptian Fema...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study that compares the perceived causes and health consequences of early marriage among Egyptian females in rural versus urban areas. A sample of 200 early-married females aged 15-49 were interviewed using a questionnaire. Results showed the average age of marriage was lower in rural (14.94 years) than urban (15.58) areas. Rural females reported more miscarriages and preterm births. Education levels and employment opportunities were lower for rural females. The study aims to understand perceptions that could help address early marriage and improve maternal and child health.
The document discusses several issues facing girl children in India, including female infanticide and foeticide, child marriage, inadequate nutrition, disparities in education, trafficking, sexual harassment, and lack of safety. It notes that the practice of eliminating female fetuses has led to millions of missing girls. Child marriage violates girls' rights and can lead to health risks. Girls often receive inferior nutrition compared to boys. Fewer girls receive education due to factors like early marriage and household responsibilities. Trafficking disproportionately affects girls for exploitation and crimes against women are very common in India. The government has implemented various policies and programs to promote girls' welfare and development.
This document discusses harmful traditional practices affecting reproductive health in Ethiopia. It defines harmful traditional practices and identifies some that are common, such as female genital mutilation, early marriage, marriage by abduction, polygamy, and traditional practices that can harm mothers and children. The document outlines the prevalence of these practices in Ethiopia, their health impacts, and strategies to address them, such as education, empowering women, and legal enforcement.
THE BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGY FOR ACHIEVING ALL THE MDGS INVESTING IN WOMEN AND GIRLS THE BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGY FOR ACHIEVING ALL THE MDGS Based on a speech by Jon Lomoy, Director of the OECD’s Development Co-operation Directorate, at the Helsinki High-level Symposium, United Nations 2010 Development Co-operation Forum, 4 June 2010 KEEP GIRLS IN SCHOOL 1 I believe that investing in women and girls in itself constitutes a breakthrough strategy for achieving the MDGs, and that almost any investment we make in women and girls will have multiplier effects across the Goals —Helen Clark, UNDP Administrator, 25 March 2010. W ithout a great leap forward towards achieving greater equality between women and men and increased empowerment of women and girls, none of the MDGs will be achieved. It is time to back up political promises with the investments and resources needed to do the job. Investing in women and girls has a powerful impact. It will make the world a better place for all – both women and men. Helen Clark has called it the breakthrough strategy for achieving the MDGs. The challenge is to identify how and where donor money can fuel that breakthrough strategy. There are four key areas where increased investments and attention could have catalytic and multiplier impacts on the lives of women and girls – and of future generations: • Keep girls in school to complete a quality secondary education • Urgently improve reproductive health, including access to family planning services • Increase women’s control over productive and financial assets (not just microcredit), and • Identify and support women leaders at all levels. Studies have shown that women with even a few years of primary education have better economic prospects, have fewer and healthier children, and are more likely to ensure that their own children go to school. Development would be accelerated if girls were kept in school to complete a quality secondary education. Education of girls is one of the most powerful tools for women’s empowerment, but discrimination continues to keep girls out of school. • In 2007, only 53 of the 171 countries with available data had achieved gender parity in both primary and secondary education1 . • Secondary school enrolment is very low in sub-Saharan Africa (24 percent of girls and 33 percent of boys). That means that girls are missing out – particularly when they live in rural areas and in poor households. Removing school fees and providing financial incentives for girls to attend school have proven to be effective. At the same time we need to build schools closer to remote communities, ensure that schools have quality teachers and adequate sanitary facilities and that they are safe places for girls. 1. United Nations (2009). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2009
A case study about Teenage pregnancy which is a widespread problem all over the world. Teen pregnancy and childbearing bring substantial social and economic costs through immediate and long-term impacts on teen parents and their children.
The document discusses UNFPA's work in Myanmar from 2013-2014. It focuses on supporting the country's first census in 30 years, improving maternal health through increasing access to skilled birth attendants and midwives, and advancing sexual and reproductive health and rights (especially for youth and key populations). Key activities included supporting the national census, advocating for policies to reduce maternal mortality in line with international standards, and building capacity of midwives and traditional birth attendants. However, more work remains to be done to ensure every birth is safe and every person can fulfill their potential.
Os cuidados de saúde prestados durante a gravidez salvaguardam o bem-estar da mãe e do feto e proporcionam um bom começo de vida aos bebês. Os custos financeiros de ter um bebê podem ser catastróficos, impedindo as mulheres grávidas de procurar serviços essenciais de saúde materna e colocando em risco a vida das mães e de seus filhos.
De acordo com a análise recentemente divulgada, estima-se que 5 milhões de famílias vivendo na África, Ásia, América Latina e Caribe incorrerão em grandes dificuldades financeiras a cada ano - ou gastos catastróficos em saúde - devido a ausência de cuidados pré-natal e parto. Os gastos com saúde são considerados grandes se excederem 40% dos gastos não essenciais, não alimentares, de um domicílio. Quase dois terços dessas famílias, ou cerca de 3 milhões de famílias, estão na Ásia.
O documento aborda ainda, a epidemia de cesáreas, o casamento infantil, a gravidez na adolescência...
Obrigado e parabéns ao Unicef!
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
The document discusses how HIV/AIDS disproportionately affects women and girls globally. It outlines that nearly half of all HIV cases worldwide are among women, and young women ages 15-24 are most at risk. Factors like gender inequality, lack of education, poverty, and violence against women increase women's vulnerability to infection. Effective prevention requires empowering women through education, access to healthcare and protection methods, and eliminating discrimination.
The document discusses the rooted problem of gender discrimination and ignorance towards women's empowerment in India. It summarizes that:
1) India remains a male-dominated society where women are often seen as subordinate and inferior, despite some opportunities for women in everyday life, business, and politics.
2) Discrimination against females begins from birth and continues throughout their lives, whether it be in access to healthcare, education, child marriage practices, or other spheres.
3) Overcoming these deep-rooted issues requires recognizing domains of work like capabilities, access to resources and opportunities, and security from violence, as well as leadership, political will, and strategic efforts to change societal mindsets and institutions over
Unicef Public Health Overview: Northern UgandaAngelaBond
The document discusses several key public health issues facing adolescent girls in Northern Uganda, including:
1) High rates of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and pregnancy-related risks due to lack of knowledge, access to prevention and treatment.
2) Poor medical infrastructure, with only 8.2% of the budget dedicated to healthcare and shortages of facilities, supplies, and providers especially in rural areas.
3) High levels of gender-based violence including domestic abuse, sexual assault, and harmful traditional practices, which are often tolerated within the culture.
4) Extremely high rates of infant and maternal mortality due to limited access to family planning, prenatal care, skilled birth attendants and facilities.
Gender and social justice in development in kenya; mgd 170 - Njoroge KamauNjoroge
1) Women in Kenya face numerous social and economic challenges including high rates of gender-based violence, lack of access to healthcare and education, and underrepresentation in political and economic decision-making positions.
2) Key issues include female genital mutilation, physical and sexual violence against women, lack of access to antenatal care and skilled birth attendance, and open defecation practices that negatively impact women's health.
3) Traditional patriarchal attitudes have limited women's participation in leadership and prevented them from owning land and businesses, perpetuating poverty especially in female-headed households.
Similar to Key findigs of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (20)
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Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
Unlocking the Secrets to Safe Patient Handling.pdfLift Ability
Furthermore, the time constraints and workload in healthcare settings can make it challenging for caregivers to prioritise safe patient handling Australia practices, leading to shortcuts and increased risks.
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PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
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Healthy Eating Habits:
Understanding Nutrition Labels: Teaches how to read and interpret food labels, focusing on serving sizes, calorie intake, and nutrients to limit or include.
Tips for Healthy Eating: Offers practical advice such as incorporating a variety of foods, practicing moderation, staying hydrated, and eating mindfully.
Benefits of Regular Exercise:
Physical Benefits: Discusses how exercise aids in weight management, muscle and bone health, cardiovascular health, and flexibility.
Mental Benefits: Explains the psychological advantages, including stress reduction, improved mood, and better sleep.
Tips for Staying Active:
Encourages consistency, variety in exercises, setting realistic goals, and finding enjoyable activities to maintain motivation.
Maintaining a Balanced Lifestyle:
Integrating Nutrition and Exercise: Suggests meal planning and incorporating physical activity into daily routines.
Monitoring Progress: Recommends tracking food intake and exercise, regular health check-ups, and provides tips for achieving balance, such as getting sufficient sleep, managing stress, and staying socially active.
Gemma Wean- Nutritional solution for Artemiasmuskaan0008
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Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
About this webinar: This talk will introduce what cancer rehabilitation is, where it fits into the cancer trajectory, and who can benefit from it. In addition, the current landscape of cancer rehabilitation in Canada will be discussed and the need for advocacy to increase access to this essential component of cancer care.
Stem Cell Solutions: Dr. David Greene's Path to Non-Surgical Cardiac CareDr. David Greene Arizona
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5. Page 32016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey
Fertility and Its Determinants
* Wealth of families is calculated through household assets collected from DHS surveys—i.e., type of flooring; source of water;
availability of electricity; possession of durable consumer goods. These are combined into a single wealth index. They are then divided
into five groups of equal size, or quintiles, based on their relative standing on the household wealth index.
Total Fertility Rate
Currently, women in Ethiopia have an average of
4.6 children. Since 2000, fertility has decreased from
5.5 children per woman to the current level. This
demonstrates a decline of 0.9 children.
Fertility varies by residence and region. Women in
rural areas have an average of 5.2 children, compared
to 2.3 children among women in urban areas. Fertility
is lowest in Addis Ababa (1.8 children per woman)
and highest in Somali (7.2 children per woman).
Fertility also varies with education and economic
status. Women with no education have 3.8 more
children than women with more than secondary
education (5.7 versus 1.9). Fertility decreases as the
wealth of the respondent’s household* increases.
Women living in the poorest households have an
average of 6.4 children, compared to 2.6 children
among women living in the wealthiest households.
Total Fertility Rate by Household Wealth
Births per woman for the three-year
period before the survey
Lowest
Poorest
6.4
Second Middle
5.6
Fourth
4.9
4.3
Highest
Wealthiest
2.6
Total Fertility Rate by Region
Births per woman for the three-year
period before the survey
Tigray
Affar
Amhara
Oromiya
Somali
Benishangul-Gumuz
SNNPR
Gambela
Harari
Addis Ababa
Dire Dawa
Ethiopia
4.7
5.5
3.7
5.4
7.2
4.4
3.5
4.1
1.8
3.1
4.6
4.4
Trends in Total Fertility Rate
Births per woman for the three-year
period before the survey
2000
EDHS
5.5
2005
EDHS
2011
EDHS
5.4
2016
EDHS
4.8 4.6
6. Page 4 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey
Age at First Sex,Marriage,and Birth
Ethiopian women begin sexual activity before
Ethiopian men. The median age at first sexual
intercourse for women age 25-49 is 16.6 years,
compared to 21.2 years among men age 25-49.
Women with more than secondary education initiate
sex 6.3 years later than women with no education
(22.3 years versus 16.0 years). One in four women
begins sexual activity before age 15, while 62% have
sex before age 18.
Women get married 0.5 years after sexual initiation
at age 17.1. Ethiopian men marry much later than
women at a median age of 23.7 years. Women with
no education marry 7.7 years earlier than women
with more than secondary education (16.3 years
versus 24.0 years). Nearly 6 in 10 (58%) Ethiopian
women are married by age 18, compared to 1 in 10
men (9%).
Within 2.1 years of marriage, women are having their
first birth. The median age at first birth for women is
19.2 years. Nearly 4 in 10 (38%) women give birth by
age 18.
Polygyny
Eleven percent of Ethiopian women age 15-49 are in a
polygynous union. Polygyny is most common among
women in Somali region (29%). Five percent of men
age 15-49 are in a polygynous union.
Teenage Childbearing
In Ethiopia, 13% of adolescent women age 15-19 are
already mothers or pregnant with their first child.
Teenage fertility is three times higher in rural areas
(15%) than in urban areas (5%). Adolescent women
in the poorest households are four times as likely as
those in the wealthiest households to have begun
childbearing (24% versus 6%). Teenage pregnancy
decreases with increased education; 28% of young
women with no education have begun childbearing
compared to 3% young women with more than
secondary education. Regionally, teenage pregnancy
ranges from 3% in Addis Ababa to 23% in Affar.
Median Age at First Sex,Marriage,and Birth
Among women and men age 25-49
Women Men
Median
age at
first sex
16.6
21.2
Median
age at first
marriage
17.1
23.7
Median
age at
first birth
19.2
na
Teenage Childbearing by Education
Percent of women age 15-19 who
have begun childbearing
No
education
28
Primary Secondary
12
More than
secondary
4 3
7. Page 52016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey
Family Planning
Current Use of Family Planning
More than one-third (36%) of married women age
15-49 use any method of family planning—35% use
a modern method and 1% use a traditional method.
Injectables are the most popular modern method
(23%), followed by implants (8%), IUD (2%), and the
pill (2%).
Among sexually active, unmarried women age 15-
49, 55% use a modern method of family planning
and 3% use a traditional method. The most popular
methods among sexually active, unmarried women
are injectables (35%) and implants (11%).
Use of modern methods of family planning among
married women varies by region. Modern method
use ranges from a low of 1% in Somali to a high
of 50% in Addis Ababa. Modern family planning
use increases with wealth; 20% of women from the
poorest households use a modern method of family
planning, compared to 47% of women from the
wealthiest households.
The use of any method of family planning by married
women has increased more than fourfold from 8% in
2000 to 36% in 2016. Similarly, modern method use
has increased fivefold from 6% to 35% during the
same time period.
Family Planning
Percent of married women age 15-49
using family planning
Any method
Any modern method
Injectables
Implants
Any traditional method
35
36
8
23
1
Trends in Family Planning Use
Percent of married women age 15-49
using family planning
2000
EDHS
2005
EDHS
2011
EDHS
2016
EDHS
10
20
30
40
50
Any method
Any modern method
Modern Method Use by Region
Percent of married women age 15-49 using any
modern method of family planning
Tigray
Affar
Amhara
Oromiya
Somali
Benishangul-Gumuz
SNNPR
Gambela
Harari
Addis Ababa
Dire Dawa
Ethiopia
35
12
47
28
1
40
35
29
50
29
35
28
13. Page 112016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey
Nutritional Status
Children’s Nutritional Status
The 2016 EDHS measures children’s nutritional status
by comparing height and weight measurements
against an international reference standard. Nearly
4 in 10 (38%) of children under five in Ethiopia are
stunted, or too short for their age. Stunting is an
indication of chronic undernutrition. Stunting is more
common in Amhara (46%) and less common in Addis
Ababa (15%). Children from the poorest households
(45%) and whose mothers have no education (42%)
are more likely to be stunted.
Overall, 10% of children are wasted (too thin for
height), a sign of acute malnutrition. In addition,
24% of children are underweight, or too thin for their
age. The nutritional status of Ethiopian children
has improved since 2000. In 2000, more than half of
children under five were stunted compared to 38% in
2016.
Women and Men’s Nutritional Status
The 2016 EDHS also took weight and height
measurements of women and men age 15–49.
Overall, 22% of women are thin (body mass index
or BMI < 18.5). Comparatively, 8% of women are
overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25.0). Women in urban
households are five times as likely to be overweight
or obese than rural women (21% vs. 4%). Since 2000,
overweight or obesity has increased from 3% to 8% in
2016.
Among men, one-third are thin (BMI < 18.5) and only
3% are overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25.0). Men with
more than secondary education (14%) and those from
the wealthiest households (10%) are more likely to be
overweight or obese. Since 2011, thinness among men
has slightly declined from 37% to 33%.
Anaemia
The 2016 EDHS tested children age 6-59 months,
women age 15-49, and men age 15-49 for anaemia.
Overall, 57% of children age 6-59 months are
anaemic. Anaemia is more common in children
from the poorest households (68%) and those
whose mothers have no education (58%). Anaemia
in children has increased since 2011 when 44% of
children were anaemic.
One-quarter of women age 15-49 in Ethiopia are
anaemic. Comparatively, 15% of men are anaemic.
Since 2005, anaemia among women has slightly
decreased from 27% to 24% in 2016. Among men,
anaemia has slightly increased from 11% in 2011 to
15% in 2016.
Trends in Childhood’s Nutritional Status
Percent of children under five,
based on 2006 WHO Child Growth Standards
2000
EDHS
2005
EDHS
2011
EDHS
2016
EDHS
20
40
60
80
100
Underweight
Stunted
Wasted
Anaemia in Children,Women,and Men
Percent of children age 6-59 months,women
age 15-49,and men age 15-49 with anaemia
Children
57
Women
24
Men
15
14. Page 12 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey
HIV Knowledge,Attitudes,and Behaviour
Knowledge of HIV Prevention Methods
Half of women and 69% of men know that the risk
of getting HIV can be reduced by using condoms
and limiting sex to one monogamous, uninfected
partner. Knowledge of HIV prevention methods is
highest among women and men from the wealthiest
households and those with more than secondary
education.
Knowledge of Prevention of Mother-to-Child
Transmission (PMTCT)
More than half of women and men know that HIV
can be transmitted during pregnancy, delivery, and
by breastfeeding. Half of women and 61% of men
know that HIV transmission can be reduced by the
mother taking special medication.
Multiple Sexual Partners
Having multiple sexual partners increases the risk
of contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted
infections (STIs). Less than 1% of women and 3% of
men had two or more sexual partners in the past 12
months. Among women and men who had two or
more partners in the past year, 20% of women and
19% of men reported using a condom at last sexual
intercourse. Men in Ethiopia have 1.3 more sexual
partners in their lifetime than women (2.9 versus 1.6).
Male Circumcision
Nine in ten men in Ethiopia are circumcised. Male
circumcision ranges from 72% in Gambela to 99% in
Affar, Somali, Harari, and Dire Dawa. Young men
age 15-19 are less likely to be circumcised than older
men age 30-49 (86% vs. 94%)
HIV Testing
More than two-thirds of women (69%) and 84% of
men know where to get an HIV test. Four in ten
women and 43% of men have ever been tested for
HIV and received the results. However, 56% of
women and 55% of men have never been tested for
HIV. Within the past 12 months, 1 in 5 women and
men have been tested and received the results. HIV
testing has slightly increased since 2011 when 36% of
women and 38% of men were ever tested for HIV and
received the results. Nineteen percent of pregnant
women with a live birth in the last two years received
HIV testing and counseling and received the results
during an ANC visit.
Knowledge of HIV Prevention Methods
Percent of women and men age 15-49 who know that
the risk of HIV transmission can be reduced by:
Women
Men
Knowledge of PMTCT
Percent of women and men age 15-49 who know that:
Women
Men
Using condoms
Limiting sex to one
uninfected partner
Both
58
77
69
81
49
69
HIV can be transmitted
during pregnancy,delivery,
and by breastfeeding
Transmission can be
reduced by mother taking
special drugs
57
55
51
61
Trends in HIV Testing
Percent of women and men age 15-49 who were ever
tested for HIV and received their results
Women Men
2005 EDHS 2011 EDHS 2016 EDHS
2
4338
5
4036
16. Page 14 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey
Attitudes toward Wife Beating
Sixty-three percent of women and 28% of men agree
that a husband is justified in beating his wife for at
least one of the following reasons: if she burns the
food, argues with him, goes out without telling him,
neglects the children, or refuses to have sex with
him. Both women and men are most likely to agree
that wife beating is justified if the wife neglects the
children (48% and 19%, respectively).
Experience of Physical Violence
Nearly one-quarter of women (23%) have ever
experienced physical violence since age 15. In the
past year, 15% of women have experienced physical
violence. The most common perpetrator of physical
violence among ever-married women is a current
husband/partner (68%). Among never married
women, the most common perpetrator of physical
violence is a sister/brother (27%).
Experience of Sexual Violence
One in ten women have ever experienced sexual
violence; 7% have experienced sexual violence in the
past year. Divorced/separated/widowed women
are most at risk (18%) compared to never married
women (2%). The most common perpetrator of sexual
violence among ever-married women is a current
husband/partner (69%).
Domestic Violence
Spousal Violence
More than one-third of ever-married women have
experienced spousal violence, whether physical
or sexual or emotional. Twenty-seven percent of
ever-married women report having experienced
spousal violence within the past year. Spousal
violence is highest among ever-married women who
are divorced/separated/widowed (44%), with no
education (36%), and those from the Oromiya region
(38%).
Spousal Violence
Percent of ever-married women who have experienced
the following types of spousal violence
Ever Past 12 months
Emotional
24 20
Physical
24
17
Sexual
10 8
Physical
or sexual
26
20
Physical,
sexual,or
emotional
34
27
Help Seeking Behaviour
More than 1 in 5 women who have experienced
physical or sexual violence sought help to stop the
violence. The most common sources of help for these
women are their neighbour (34%) or own family
(31%).
17. Page 152016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C)
Nearly all women and men have heard of FGM/C in
Ethiopia. Knowledge of FGM/C steadily increases
with increased levels of education.
In Ethiopia, 65% of women have been circumcised.
Among these women, the most common type of
FGM/C involves the cutting and removal of flesh
(73%). FGM/C is more common among women from
rural areas (68%) than urban areas (54%). Regionally,
FGM/C is least common in Tigray (24%) and
Gambela (33%) and more common in Affar (91%) and
Somali (99%). FGM/C has declined since 2000 from
80% of women in 2000 to 74% in 2005 to the current
level of 65% in 2016.
In Ethiopia, FGM/C is performed throughout
childhood. Women are most likely to report
circumcision occurred before age 5 (49%), while 22%
are circumcised between age 5-9, 18% age 10-14, and
6% age 15 or older.
FGM/C among Girls
Women interviewed in the 2016 EDHS who had
daughters under age 15 were asked if their daughters
are circumcised. Overall, 16% of girls under age 15
are circumcised. FGM/C is more common among
girls in rural areas (17%), whose mothers have no
education (17%), and whose mothers are circumcised
(20%).
Attitudes toward FGM/C
One-quarter of women and 17% of men believe that
FGM/C is required by their religion. Overall, 79%
of women and 87% of men believe that the practice
should not be continued.
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting by Region
Percent of women age 15-49 who are circumcised
Tigray
Affar
Amhara
Oromiya
Somali
Benishangul-Gumuz
SNNPR
Gambela
Harari
Addis Ababa
Dire Dawa
Ethiopia
24
91
62
76
99
62
33
82
54
75
65
63
Age at Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting
Percent distribution of women age 15-49
who are circumcised by age at circumcision
Age <5
49%
Age 5-9
22%
Age 15+
6%
Age 10-14
18%
Don’t know
6%
Trends in Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting
Percent of women age 15-49 who are circumcised
2000
EDHS
80
2005
EDHS
74
2016
EDHS
65
18. Indicators
Residence
Fertility Ethiopia Urban Rural
Total fertility rate (number of children per woman) 4.6 2.3 5.2
Median age at first birth for women age 25-49 (years) 19.2 21.6 18.9
Women age 15-19 who are mothers or currently pregnant (%) 13 5 15
Family Planning (among married women age 15-49)
Current use of any method of family planning (%) 36 52 33
Current use of a modern method of family planning (%) 35 50 32
Unmet need for family planning2
(%) 22 11 25
Demand satisfied by modern methods (%) 61 79 57
Maternal Health (among women age 15-49)
ANC visit with a skilled provider3
(%) 62 90 58
Births delivered in a health facility (%) 26 79 20
Births assisted by a skilled provider3
(%) 28 80 21
Child Health (among children age 12-23 months)
Children who have received all basic vaccinations4
(%) 39 65 35
Nutrition
Children under five who are stunted (moderate or severe) (%) 38 25 40
Women age 15-49 who are overweight or obese (%) 8 21 4
Men age 15-49 who are overweight or obese (%) 3 12 1
Prevalence of any anaemia among children age 6-59 months (%) 57 49 58
Prevalence of any anaemia among women age 15-49 (%) 24 17 25
Prevalence of any anaemia among men age 15-49 (%) 15 7 16
Childhood Mortality (deaths per 1,000 live births)5
Neonatal mortality 29 41 38
Infant mortality 48 54 62
Under-five mortality 67 66 83
HIV/AIDS
Women age 15-49 who know that HIV can be prevent by using condoms and
limiting sexual intercourse to one uninfected partner (%) 49 69 43
Men age 15-49 who know that HIV can be prevent by using condoms and
limiting sexual intercourse to one uninfected partner (%) 69 74 67
Women age 15-49 who have ever been tested for HIV and received the results (%) 40 68 32
Men age 15-49 who have ever been tested for HIV and received the results (%) 43 65 37
Domestic Violence (among women age 15-49)
Women who have ever experienced physical violence since age 15 (%) 23 21 24
Ever-married women who have ever experienced spousal physical, sexual, or emo-
tional violence (%) 34 28 35
1
a = Omitted because less than 50% of respondents had sexual intercourse for the first time before reaching the beginning of the age group. 2
Currently married women who
do not want any more children or want to wait at least two years before their next birth but are not currently using a method of family planning. 3
Skilled provider includes
doctor, nurse, midwife, health officer, and health extension worker. 4
Basic vaccinations include BCG, measles, three doses each of DPT-HepB-Hib and polio vaccine (excluding
polio vaccine given at birth). 5
Figures are for the ten-year period before the survey except for the national rate, in italics, which represents the five-year period before the
survey.