According to PCI

2. • Ketone bodies are produced when body burns fat for
energy . If insulin secretion is increased in the body ,
ketone bodies will begin to build up in blood stream and
will result in a life-threatening condition known as
KETOACIDOSIS.
• TYPES :-
ketoacidosis alcoholic
diabetic
starvation

3. • Raise in acid level in system due to acetoacetate
and beta-hydroxybutyrate(strong acids ) and
decrease insulin production .
• Breakdown of fat cells to generate ketones .

4. • ALCOHOLIC :
• Occurs due to more intake of alcohol for prolonged time.
Excessive consumption of alcohol causes
malnourishment.
• Excessive drinking may also result in vomiting and
excess vomiting for a long time results in Starvation ,
which further reduces insulin production in the body .
• DIABETIC :-
• Other infections and diseased conditions releases high
concentration of certain hormones like adrenaline or
cortisol .

5. • These hormones counteract insulin and thus trigger
an episode of diabetic ketoacidosis or due to missed
insulin treatments or inadequate insulin therapy the
insulin level of body decreases, accidently , causing
diabetic ketoacidosis.
• STARVATION :-
• Commonly seen in pregnant women , in their third
trimester.
• Experience excessive vomiting .

7. • ALCOHOLIC :
• Pain in abdomen
• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• DIABETIC :
• Abdominal pain
• Dry and cooler skin
• Elevated thirst and
urination
• Increased blood
glucose level.

8. • ALCOHOLIC :
• Blood glucose tests
• Blood urea nitrogen
and creatinine tests
• Urine tests
• DIABETIC
• Blood tests
• Urine tests

9. • ALCOHOLIC :-
• Intravenous fluids are administered.
• Vitamins and following nutrients are given immediately to
treat malnutrition .
• Thiamine
• Potassium
• Phosphorus
• Magnesium

10. • DIABETIC :-Treatment of ketoacidosis focuses
on the following :-
• Resuscitation of fluids
• Acidosis and ketosis reversal
• Lowering plasma glucose concentration to
normal
• Electrolyte replenishment along with volume
losses.

11. • Rapid acting insulin (INSULIN ASPARTATE)
• Short acting insulin (REGULAR INSULIN)
• Electrolyte supplements (KCl)
• Alkalinising agents (SODIUM BICARBONATES)