Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe made accurate measurements of planetary positions which he shared with Johannes Kepler. Kepler found that Mars' orbit was elliptical rather than circular as previously believed. He developed his three laws of planetary motion based on Mars' orbit: 1) planets orbit in ellipses with the sun at one focus, 2) connecting swept areas equal over time, 3) the square of a planet's orbital period is proportional to the cube of its average distance from the sun. Kepler's laws helped Isaac Newton later establish his law of universal gravitation.
The document outlines major developments in the history of astronomy from ancient civilizations like the Mayans to modern scientists. It describes key findings and theories proposed by thinkers such as Copernicus, who proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system; Kepler, who formulated his three laws of planetary motion; Galileo, who made important astronomical observations; and Einstein, who revolutionized physics with his theories of relativity. Overall, it provides an overview of the major figures and discoveries that advanced our understanding of the universe over thousands of years.
Discovering the Universe - Gravitiationbrycetbolin
1. Nicolaus Copernicus developed the first heliocentric (sun-centered) model of the solar system to explain observations like the retrograde motion of Mars.
2. Tycho Brahe made extremely accurate observations of planetary motions that allowed Johannes Kepler to deduce his three laws of planetary motion, including that planets orbit in ellipses with the sun at one focus.
3. Isaac Newton later formulated his law of universal gravitation and laws of motion, explaining that gravity is what keeps the planets in orbit around the sun and accounting for Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
This document provides an overview of the Copernican Revolution in astronomy from Ptolemy to Newton. It summarizes early geocentric models proposed by Aristotle and Ptolemy that placed Earth at the center. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model that placed the Sun at the center. Kepler discovered that planets follow elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus, and formulated his three laws of planetary motion. Galileo made important astronomical observations with his telescope that supported the Copernican model. Newton later described his laws of motion and gravity, unifying Kepler's laws with a physical mechanism.
This document discusses the progression of ideas in astronomy from ancient Greek thinkers to Isaac Newton. It describes the models proposed by Claudius Ptolemy, Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei. Kepler discovered the elliptical orbits of planets and his three laws of planetary motion. Newton then proposed his law of universal gravitation to explain what causes planets to remain in orbit. By the late 1600s, it had been established that the Sun is at the center of the solar system and that planets move according to the principles of inertia and gravitation.
- Astronomy is defined as the study of objects beyond Earth and how they interact. Greeks like Aristotle and Eratosthenes provided early evidence that Earth is round based on lunar phases and shadows during eclipses. Eratosthenes calculated Earth's circumference by comparing shadows in Alexandria and Syene.
- Key astronomical phenomena observed before telescopes included the diurnal and annual motions of celestial objects, zodiac constellations, equinoxes and solstices, and eclipses. Kepler later determined the elliptical orbits of planets and his laws of planetary motion. Galileo asserted uniform acceleration and Newton subsequently formulated his laws of motion and gravitation.
Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences, with early civilizations like those in ancient China and at Stonehenge making careful records of astronomical phenomena. The field advanced significantly with Greek philosophers and scientists developing early mathematical models. Claudius Ptolemy created an influential geocentric model of the Solar System in his work The Almagest. Later, Nicolaus Copernicus developed the first heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center. Johannes Kepler then established his three laws of planetary motion, and Isaac Newton later formulated his law of universal gravitation and invented calculus, greatly advancing our understanding of astronomy.
Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe made accurate measurements of planetary positions which he shared with Johannes Kepler. Kepler found that Mars' orbit was elliptical rather than circular as previously believed. He developed his three laws of planetary motion based on Mars' orbit: 1) planets orbit in ellipses with the sun at one focus, 2) connecting swept areas equal over time, 3) the square of a planet's orbital period is proportional to the cube of its average distance from the sun. Kepler's laws helped Isaac Newton later establish his law of universal gravitation.
The document outlines major developments in the history of astronomy from ancient civilizations like the Mayans to modern scientists. It describes key findings and theories proposed by thinkers such as Copernicus, who proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system; Kepler, who formulated his three laws of planetary motion; Galileo, who made important astronomical observations; and Einstein, who revolutionized physics with his theories of relativity. Overall, it provides an overview of the major figures and discoveries that advanced our understanding of the universe over thousands of years.
Discovering the Universe - Gravitiationbrycetbolin
1. Nicolaus Copernicus developed the first heliocentric (sun-centered) model of the solar system to explain observations like the retrograde motion of Mars.
2. Tycho Brahe made extremely accurate observations of planetary motions that allowed Johannes Kepler to deduce his three laws of planetary motion, including that planets orbit in ellipses with the sun at one focus.
3. Isaac Newton later formulated his law of universal gravitation and laws of motion, explaining that gravity is what keeps the planets in orbit around the sun and accounting for Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
This document provides an overview of the Copernican Revolution in astronomy from Ptolemy to Newton. It summarizes early geocentric models proposed by Aristotle and Ptolemy that placed Earth at the center. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model that placed the Sun at the center. Kepler discovered that planets follow elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus, and formulated his three laws of planetary motion. Galileo made important astronomical observations with his telescope that supported the Copernican model. Newton later described his laws of motion and gravity, unifying Kepler's laws with a physical mechanism.
This document discusses the progression of ideas in astronomy from ancient Greek thinkers to Isaac Newton. It describes the models proposed by Claudius Ptolemy, Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei. Kepler discovered the elliptical orbits of planets and his three laws of planetary motion. Newton then proposed his law of universal gravitation to explain what causes planets to remain in orbit. By the late 1600s, it had been established that the Sun is at the center of the solar system and that planets move according to the principles of inertia and gravitation.
- Astronomy is defined as the study of objects beyond Earth and how they interact. Greeks like Aristotle and Eratosthenes provided early evidence that Earth is round based on lunar phases and shadows during eclipses. Eratosthenes calculated Earth's circumference by comparing shadows in Alexandria and Syene.
- Key astronomical phenomena observed before telescopes included the diurnal and annual motions of celestial objects, zodiac constellations, equinoxes and solstices, and eclipses. Kepler later determined the elliptical orbits of planets and his laws of planetary motion. Galileo asserted uniform acceleration and Newton subsequently formulated his laws of motion and gravitation.
Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences, with early civilizations like those in ancient China and at Stonehenge making careful records of astronomical phenomena. The field advanced significantly with Greek philosophers and scientists developing early mathematical models. Claudius Ptolemy created an influential geocentric model of the Solar System in his work The Almagest. Later, Nicolaus Copernicus developed the first heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center. Johannes Kepler then established his three laws of planetary motion, and Isaac Newton later formulated his law of universal gravitation and invented calculus, greatly advancing our understanding of astronomy.
- Astronomy is defined as the study of objects beyond Earth and how they interact. Greeks like Aristotle and Eratosthenes provided early evidence that Earth is round based on lunar eclipses and shadows. Eratosthenes calculated Earth's circumference by comparing shadows in Alexandria and Syene.
- Kepler's laws of planetary motion described elliptical orbits and relationships between planetary characteristics. Galileo asserted uniform acceleration and Newton later formulated laws of motion and gravity. Reflection and refraction explain how light bends at boundaries, and photons are quanta of light energy calculable from wavelength.
Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer who discovered the three laws of planetary motion. The first law states that planets orbit the sun in ellipses, with the sun located at one focus. The second law describes how a line connecting a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times. Kepler's third law relates the orbital period of a planet to its average distance from the sun. These laws helped usher in the modern era of astronomy and supported the Copernican model of a sun-centered solar system.
1) According to NASA scientist Jim Kasting, there could be dozens of habitable planets surrounding us that we cannot yet see.
2) Seven Earth-sized planets were recently discovered orbiting the star Trappist-1 that may be capable of sustaining liquid water and life.
3) Throughout history, various cultures made structures aligned with astronomical events like solstices, demonstrating early interest in the skies.
Math is used in everything you see, including space. This presentation is about how mathematics were used in Kepler's Laws on Planetary Motion, plus how Gauss used those laws. This was made for The Cincinnati Observatory's annual ScopeOut event.
- Galileo Galilei was the first to use the telescope astronomically in 1609, observing sunspots on the Sun and features on the Moon like seas. His observations of Jupiter's moons provided evidence that bodies can orbit something other than Earth. His observations of Venus' phases provided evidence that Venus orbits the Sun.
- Kepler developed his three laws of planetary motion based on Brahe's astronomical measurements. His laws improved the Copernican model by showing planets orbit in ellipses rather than perfect circles.
Galileo Galilei's observations of Venus, Jupiter, and the Moon provided strong evidence supporting Copernicus' heliocentric model of the solar system. Galileo observed phases of Venus similar to Earth's Moon, proving that Venus orbits the Sun. He also discovered four moons orbiting Jupiter, showing that other celestial bodies can orbit something other than Earth.
- Galileo Galilei was the first to use the telescope astronomically in 1609, observing sunspots on the Sun and features on the Moon like seas. His observations of Jupiter's moons provided evidence that bodies can orbit something other than Earth. His observations of Venus' phases provided evidence that Venus orbits the Sun.
- Kepler developed his three laws of planetary motion based on Brahe's astronomical measurements. His laws improved the Copernican model by showing planets orbit in ellipses rather than perfect circles.
This document summarizes the Copernican Revolution in astronomy from the 15th century to Isaac Newton in the 17th century. It describes the geocentric Ptolemaic model that was widely accepted, then introduces Copernicus' heliocentric model which placed the Sun at the center. Tycho Brahe made highly accurate observations that Kepler used to develop his three laws of planetary motion and elliptical orbits. Galileo's telescope discoveries of craters on the Moon, sunspots, Jupiter's moons, and Venus' phases supported the Copernican model. Finally, Newton developed his laws of motion and law of universal gravitation, explaining Kepler's laws and proving the heliocentric model.
Early models of the solar system described the Earth as stationary at the center with celestial objects revolving around it in circular orbits. Ptolemy developed an influential geocentric model that explained observations using epicycles but was inaccurate. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center. Kepler analyzed Brahe's precise observations of Mars to deduce its elliptical orbit and formulated his three laws of planetary motion, establishing the foundations of modern astronomy.
1) The document provides an overview of planetary motion and influential historical figures in astronomy. It describes how Earth and other planets orbit the sun, and how early models like Ptolemy's geocentric theory and Copernicus' heliocentric theory shaped understanding of the solar system.
2) Key figures discussed include Tycho Brahe, whose precise observations aided Kepler, and Kepler, who developed his three laws of planetary motion based on Brahe's data. Kepler's laws described elliptic orbits and the relationship between orbital periods and distances from the sun.
3) Newton later explained planetary motion as resulting from the combined effects of inertia and gravity, cementing the understanding that gravity causes planets to follow elliptical paths around the
1. Astronomy, Astronomers and their Contributions.pptxLianneParrenas1
This document provides an overview of the history and development of astronomy. It describes some of the key figures throughout history and their contributions, including:
- Plato and Aristotle, who proposed early models of the universe with Earth at the center
- Aristarchus, who first proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system
- Copernicus, who revived Aristarchus' heliocentric theory
- Kepler, who discovered his three laws of planetary motion providing strong evidence for the heliocentric model
- Galileo and Newton, who provided further evidence for the heliocentric model and proposed gravity as the force governing planetary motion.
This chapter discusses the scientific discoveries that revealed the Earth is not at the center of the universe, including Copernicus's argument that planets orbit the Sun. It describes how Kepler determined planetary orbits depend on Tycho Brahe's observations, and how Newton formulated the law of gravity to explain why planets remain in orbit. The scientific method is used to develop theories through observation, hypothesis, prediction, testing, modification and simplification.
1. The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient Greek ideas of a geocentric universe to Copernicus' heliocentric model.
2. Key figures discussed include Ptolemy, who developed the geocentric model that dominated for over 1000 years, and Copernicus, who proposed placing the Sun at the center.
3. Kepler later determined that planets orbit in ellipses rather than circles, establishing his three laws of planetary motion.
This document discusses Venus and its transit across the Sun as observed from Earth. It provides times for the phases of the June 6, 2012 transit of Venus, including first external contact, first internal contact, greatest eclipse, last internal contact, and last external contact. It warns about safely observing the Sun and recommends using smartphone apps for timing. It also mentions the upcoming annular solar eclipse of May 21 that will be visible from Hong Kong from sunrise until 7:16 am.
This document discusses the Copernican Revolution and the transition from the geocentric to heliocentric models of the solar system. It describes the geocentric model proposed by Aristotle and Ptolemy, which placed Earth at the center. Problems with this model included its inability to explain retrograde motion of planets and phases of Venus. The document then introduces the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus, which placed the Sun at the center. Key figures who contributed to the acceptance of the heliocentric model included Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei through their observations and scientific work.
Ancient cultures like the Chinese, Egyptians, and Babylonians began recording the motions of celestial objects like the sun, moon, and planets over 5,000 years ago to track seasons and plan activities. The Golden Age of astronomy from 600 BC to AD 150 centered in Greece, where scientists like Aristotle and Eratosthenes made early attempts to measure the size and distances of astronomical bodies using geometry and trigonometry. Later, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton developed the heliocentric model of the solar system and laws of planetary motion through observations and mathematical analysis, overturning the geocentric Ptolemaic model that had dominated for over 1,000 years. Their work established modern astronomy and understanding of
- Ptolemy placed the Earth at the center of the universe, with the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn circling the Earth. This geocentric model held sway for 1400 years.
- Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the Solar System in his book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies. This heliocentric model made Copernicus the "father of modern astronomy."
- Kepler formulated his Three Laws of Planetary Motion using Brahe's precise observations. The first law states that the orbits of the planets are ellipses with the Sun at one focus.
Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, and natural philosopher born in 1571 who made several important contributions to astronomy and the scientific revolution. He discovered the laws of planetary motion, including that planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus, that a line joining a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times, and that the square of the orbital period is proportional to the cube of the average distance from the sun. Kepler also invented eyeglasses and log books, and was a key figure of the 17th century scientific revolution, though he faced difficulties due to his beliefs.
Earth's orbit is elliptical rather than circular, with the Sun located at one of the two foci points of the ellipse. Kepler's laws describe Earth's orbit, stating that it sweeps out equal areas in equal times and its orbital period squared is proportional to its average distance from the Sun cubed. While Earth orbits the Sun, both actually orbit around their common center of mass or barycenter, which is shifted slightly towards the Sun due to its greater mass.
- Astronomy is defined as the study of objects beyond Earth and how they interact. Greeks like Aristotle and Eratosthenes provided early evidence that Earth is round based on lunar eclipses and shadows. Eratosthenes calculated Earth's circumference by comparing shadows in Alexandria and Syene.
- Kepler's laws of planetary motion described elliptical orbits and relationships between planetary characteristics. Galileo asserted uniform acceleration and Newton later formulated laws of motion and gravity. Reflection and refraction explain how light bends at boundaries, and photons are quanta of light energy calculable from wavelength.
Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer who discovered the three laws of planetary motion. The first law states that planets orbit the sun in ellipses, with the sun located at one focus. The second law describes how a line connecting a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times. Kepler's third law relates the orbital period of a planet to its average distance from the sun. These laws helped usher in the modern era of astronomy and supported the Copernican model of a sun-centered solar system.
1) According to NASA scientist Jim Kasting, there could be dozens of habitable planets surrounding us that we cannot yet see.
2) Seven Earth-sized planets were recently discovered orbiting the star Trappist-1 that may be capable of sustaining liquid water and life.
3) Throughout history, various cultures made structures aligned with astronomical events like solstices, demonstrating early interest in the skies.
Math is used in everything you see, including space. This presentation is about how mathematics were used in Kepler's Laws on Planetary Motion, plus how Gauss used those laws. This was made for The Cincinnati Observatory's annual ScopeOut event.
- Galileo Galilei was the first to use the telescope astronomically in 1609, observing sunspots on the Sun and features on the Moon like seas. His observations of Jupiter's moons provided evidence that bodies can orbit something other than Earth. His observations of Venus' phases provided evidence that Venus orbits the Sun.
- Kepler developed his three laws of planetary motion based on Brahe's astronomical measurements. His laws improved the Copernican model by showing planets orbit in ellipses rather than perfect circles.
Galileo Galilei's observations of Venus, Jupiter, and the Moon provided strong evidence supporting Copernicus' heliocentric model of the solar system. Galileo observed phases of Venus similar to Earth's Moon, proving that Venus orbits the Sun. He also discovered four moons orbiting Jupiter, showing that other celestial bodies can orbit something other than Earth.
- Galileo Galilei was the first to use the telescope astronomically in 1609, observing sunspots on the Sun and features on the Moon like seas. His observations of Jupiter's moons provided evidence that bodies can orbit something other than Earth. His observations of Venus' phases provided evidence that Venus orbits the Sun.
- Kepler developed his three laws of planetary motion based on Brahe's astronomical measurements. His laws improved the Copernican model by showing planets orbit in ellipses rather than perfect circles.
This document summarizes the Copernican Revolution in astronomy from the 15th century to Isaac Newton in the 17th century. It describes the geocentric Ptolemaic model that was widely accepted, then introduces Copernicus' heliocentric model which placed the Sun at the center. Tycho Brahe made highly accurate observations that Kepler used to develop his three laws of planetary motion and elliptical orbits. Galileo's telescope discoveries of craters on the Moon, sunspots, Jupiter's moons, and Venus' phases supported the Copernican model. Finally, Newton developed his laws of motion and law of universal gravitation, explaining Kepler's laws and proving the heliocentric model.
Early models of the solar system described the Earth as stationary at the center with celestial objects revolving around it in circular orbits. Ptolemy developed an influential geocentric model that explained observations using epicycles but was inaccurate. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center. Kepler analyzed Brahe's precise observations of Mars to deduce its elliptical orbit and formulated his three laws of planetary motion, establishing the foundations of modern astronomy.
1) The document provides an overview of planetary motion and influential historical figures in astronomy. It describes how Earth and other planets orbit the sun, and how early models like Ptolemy's geocentric theory and Copernicus' heliocentric theory shaped understanding of the solar system.
2) Key figures discussed include Tycho Brahe, whose precise observations aided Kepler, and Kepler, who developed his three laws of planetary motion based on Brahe's data. Kepler's laws described elliptic orbits and the relationship between orbital periods and distances from the sun.
3) Newton later explained planetary motion as resulting from the combined effects of inertia and gravity, cementing the understanding that gravity causes planets to follow elliptical paths around the
1. Astronomy, Astronomers and their Contributions.pptxLianneParrenas1
This document provides an overview of the history and development of astronomy. It describes some of the key figures throughout history and their contributions, including:
- Plato and Aristotle, who proposed early models of the universe with Earth at the center
- Aristarchus, who first proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system
- Copernicus, who revived Aristarchus' heliocentric theory
- Kepler, who discovered his three laws of planetary motion providing strong evidence for the heliocentric model
- Galileo and Newton, who provided further evidence for the heliocentric model and proposed gravity as the force governing planetary motion.
This chapter discusses the scientific discoveries that revealed the Earth is not at the center of the universe, including Copernicus's argument that planets orbit the Sun. It describes how Kepler determined planetary orbits depend on Tycho Brahe's observations, and how Newton formulated the law of gravity to explain why planets remain in orbit. The scientific method is used to develop theories through observation, hypothesis, prediction, testing, modification and simplification.
1. The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient Greek ideas of a geocentric universe to Copernicus' heliocentric model.
2. Key figures discussed include Ptolemy, who developed the geocentric model that dominated for over 1000 years, and Copernicus, who proposed placing the Sun at the center.
3. Kepler later determined that planets orbit in ellipses rather than circles, establishing his three laws of planetary motion.
This document discusses Venus and its transit across the Sun as observed from Earth. It provides times for the phases of the June 6, 2012 transit of Venus, including first external contact, first internal contact, greatest eclipse, last internal contact, and last external contact. It warns about safely observing the Sun and recommends using smartphone apps for timing. It also mentions the upcoming annular solar eclipse of May 21 that will be visible from Hong Kong from sunrise until 7:16 am.
This document discusses the Copernican Revolution and the transition from the geocentric to heliocentric models of the solar system. It describes the geocentric model proposed by Aristotle and Ptolemy, which placed Earth at the center. Problems with this model included its inability to explain retrograde motion of planets and phases of Venus. The document then introduces the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus, which placed the Sun at the center. Key figures who contributed to the acceptance of the heliocentric model included Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei through their observations and scientific work.
Ancient cultures like the Chinese, Egyptians, and Babylonians began recording the motions of celestial objects like the sun, moon, and planets over 5,000 years ago to track seasons and plan activities. The Golden Age of astronomy from 600 BC to AD 150 centered in Greece, where scientists like Aristotle and Eratosthenes made early attempts to measure the size and distances of astronomical bodies using geometry and trigonometry. Later, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton developed the heliocentric model of the solar system and laws of planetary motion through observations and mathematical analysis, overturning the geocentric Ptolemaic model that had dominated for over 1,000 years. Their work established modern astronomy and understanding of
- Ptolemy placed the Earth at the center of the universe, with the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn circling the Earth. This geocentric model held sway for 1400 years.
- Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the Solar System in his book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies. This heliocentric model made Copernicus the "father of modern astronomy."
- Kepler formulated his Three Laws of Planetary Motion using Brahe's precise observations. The first law states that the orbits of the planets are ellipses with the Sun at one focus.
Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, and natural philosopher born in 1571 who made several important contributions to astronomy and the scientific revolution. He discovered the laws of planetary motion, including that planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus, that a line joining a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times, and that the square of the orbital period is proportional to the cube of the average distance from the sun. Kepler also invented eyeglasses and log books, and was a key figure of the 17th century scientific revolution, though he faced difficulties due to his beliefs.
Earth's orbit is elliptical rather than circular, with the Sun located at one of the two foci points of the ellipse. Kepler's laws describe Earth's orbit, stating that it sweeps out equal areas in equal times and its orbital period squared is proportional to its average distance from the Sun cubed. While Earth orbits the Sun, both actually orbit around their common center of mass or barycenter, which is shifted slightly towards the Sun due to its greater mass.
Similar to Kepler's Laws of Planetarycvcvc Motion.ppt (20)
Diffraction New (1).pptxcddvdvdvdvdvdvcvdvdhamda100
1. The document discusses the phenomenon of diffraction, where light waves bend and spread out when passing through narrow openings or obstacles.
2. It describes how Huygen's principle explains that each point on a wavefront acts as a secondary source of waves, and the combination of these secondary waves causes diffraction patterns of alternating bright and dark fringes.
3. A key example is single slit diffraction, where light passing through a slit interferes to produce a characteristic pattern on a screen with a bright central band and alternating dark and bright fringes on either side.
Law of Universal Gvvdvxcvvfravitation.pptxhamda100
Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation after observing an apple fall from a tree and realizing that the same force must cause objects on Earth and celestial bodies like the moon to attract each other. He determined that the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Later experiments by Cavendish helped determine the gravitational constant G. Gravity explains many phenomena like the moon's orbit, tides, and why objects fall, and its universal nature made Newton's theory highly influential.
Thin le c cvcvcvvcvdvdgfdvfgvfbdbgnses.pptxhamda100
This document discusses the positioning of lenses in compound microscopes, telescopes, and eyeglasses or contact lenses. In compound microscopes, the objective lenses are located in the rotating nosepiece near the object and magnify the image, which is then further magnified by the ocular lens located in the part you look through. In telescopes, the objective lens is at the end and collects light from a distance, bringing the image into focus, which is then magnified by the eyepiece lens. Eyeglasses hold two ground lenses in a frame to correct vision, while contact lenses are worn directly on the cornea.
The document is a chapter from a physics textbook about light and reflection. It discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and describes how light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. It also explains the law of reflection for flat mirrors, how mirrors form virtual images, and concepts of polarization of light waves.
The document discusses heat transfer mechanisms in the Earth. It explains that heat arrives at the Earth's surface from both its interior and the Sun, with the Sun providing the majority. Heat from the interior drives geological evolution through plate tectonics and volcanism. The key mechanisms of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction follows Fourier's Law and can be modeled using the heat equation. Mantle convection is driven by temperature differences and can be characterized using Rayleigh number calculations.
Circular motion and Gravitmnjhygbjation.pptxhamda100
Centripetal force is the inward force that causes an object moving in a circular path to change direction. It acts towards the center of the circular path and prevents objects from flying off in a straight line. Centripetal acceleration is the acceleration of an object towards the center of its circular path, and it allows objects to travel in circular motion rather than a straight line due to an inward force like centripetal force.
The document discusses thermal energy and the three methods of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Thermal energy is the energy of moving particles and is felt as heat. Heat always moves from warmer objects to cooler ones. Conduction occurs when objects in direct contact transfer heat. Convection involves the transfer of heat through liquids and gases by density differences. Radiation transfers heat through electromagnetic waves like from the sun or a fire.
Nuclear fusion occurs when multiple small nuclei join together to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy. This process generates energy in the Sun's core through the fusion of hydrogen into helium. Nuclear fission occurs when a large nucleus splits into smaller nuclei upon impact from a neutron, releasing large amounts of energy used for power generation on Earth through the fission of uranium-235. Both fusion and fission involve changes in nuclear binding energies that result in net mass being converted to energy according to Einstein's equation E=mc2.
Character Annotations - Caliban and Ariel.pptxhamda100
Caliban and Ariel are two characters from The Tempest that need to be evaluated. The document provides an outline for students to complete character silhouettes for Caliban and Ariel using at least 3 quotes about each character to describe their attitude, behavior, experiences, and relationships to understand their characters and how an audience might respond.
Africa.pptxvcx cx c c cvbfvfddsdasDscvdbfgfbhamda100
This document provides historical facts about Africa and its colonization. It notes that South Africa has the largest economy in Africa. It discusses geographic features like the Nile River and Victoria Falls. It then explains that Europeans initially did not colonize Africa due to diseases and military disadvantages, but became able to in the 19th century after advances in medicine, technology, and weaponry. Europeans sought Africa for its natural resources and viewed themselves as civilizing other parts of the world. They divided Africa at the Berlin Conference with little regard for cultural groups. Most African nations achieved independence after World War II.
Gregor Mendel conducted breeding experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863. He found that traits are determined by factors, now called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. His experiments led to two laws of inheritance: 1) the law of dominance, which states that one trait is dominant over another trait, and 2) the law of segregation, which states that genes separate during gamete formation such that each gamete contains one allele. Mendel's work established the foundations of genetics and heredity.
This document provides a presentation template with a Japanese theme. The template includes creative elements that can be downloaded to enhance a presentation and bring more visual interest and life. The template allows users to add cultural elements from Japan to their presentation slides.
This document provides information about two major natural features in Botswana:
1) The Makgadikgadi Pans, which are the remains of a large lake that dried up less than 10,000 years ago, leaving vast salt flats. When it rains, wildlife such as zebra and wildebeest migrate across the pans.
2) The Okavango Delta, formed where the Okavango River meets the Kalahari Desert. The unending river drops sediment to form islands, blocking its path and creating a huge inland delta with over 1,500 plant and animal species.
The Botswana government must decide which of these two areas to devote limited resources to protect from overdevelopment, as
river lesson 1 (6).pptx is saved with agreat presentation very goodhamda100
The document discusses key features of river drainage basins:
- A drainage basin is the land area drained by a river and its tributaries. It includes the river's source, channel, tributaries, watershed, and mouth.
- The source is where the river begins, usually in highland areas. Tributaries are smaller rivers that flow into the main river. The watershed separates waters flowing to different rivers.
- At the mouth, the main river finally reaches the sea. Together these features make up the river's drainage basin, which channels water throughout the landscape.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Earth Day How has technology changed our life?
Thinkers/Inquiry • How has our ability to think and inquire helped to advance technology?
Vocabulary • Nature Deficit Disorder~ A condition that some people maintain is a spreading affliction especially affecting youth but also their adult counterparts, characterized by an excessive lack of familiarity with the outdoors and the natural world. • Precautionary Principle~ The approach whereby any possible risk associated with the introduction of a new technology is largely avoided, until a full understanding of its impact on health, environment and other areas is available.
What is technology? • Brainstorm a list of technology that you use everyday that your parents or grandparents did not have. • Compare your list with a partner.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.comNarendra Jayas
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3. Watch the video clip
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5a9npp0Qbw
How does the planets around the Sun???
What are Kepler’s law of planetary motion???
4. Corpenicus (1473-
1543) Planetary model
proposed that Earth
and other planets orbit
the sun in perfect
circles. The model also
shows moon’s inclined
orbit around Earth.
5. Danish astronomer Tyco
Brahe (1546-1601) had an
island observatory and the
best measurements of the
positions for all known
planets (Mercury, Venus,
Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn)
and the Moon.
Picture of Brahe
7. At that time, many astronomers
believed that planets orbited around
the sun in perfect circles, but Tyco’s
accurate measurements for Mars
didn’t fit a circle.
Instead, the mathematician Johannes
Kepler found that the orbit of Mars fit
an ellipse the best…
8. What is an ellipse?
2 foci
An ellipse is a
geometric shape with
2 foci instead of 1
central focus, as in a
circle. The sun is at
one focus with
nothing at the other
focus.
FIRST LAW OF PLANETARY MOTION
9. An ellipse also has…
…a major axis …and a minor axis
Semi-major axis
Perihelion Aphelion
Perihelion: When Mars or any another planet
is closest to the sun.
Aphelion: When Mars or any other planet is
farthest from the sun.
10. Kepler also found that Mars changed
speed as it orbited around the sun:
faster when closer to the sun, slower
when farther from the sun…
A B
But, areas A and B,
swept out by a line
from the sun to
Mars, were equal
over the same
amount of time.
SECOND LAW OF PLANETARY
MOTION
11. Kepler found a
relationship between the
time it took a planet to
go completely around
the sun (T, sidereal
year), and the average
distance from the sun
(R, semi-major axis)…
R1
R2
T1
T2
T1
2 R1
3
T2
2 R2
3
=
T 2 = T x T
R3 = R x R x R
( )
THIRD LAW OF PLANETARY MOTION
12. T2
R2
Earth’s sidereal year (T)
and distance (R) both
equal 1. The average
distance from the Earth
to the sun (R) is called 1
astronomical unit (AU).
Kepler’s Third Law, then, changes to
T1
2 R1
3 T1
2 R1
3
T2
2 R2
3 1 1
= =
or or T1
2 = R1
3
13. Kepler’s Laws apply to any celestial
body orbiting any other celestial body.
• Any planet around a sun
• The moon around the Earth
• Any satellite around the Earth
• The international space station
• Any rings around any planet
14. Later, Isaac Newton built upon Kepler’s Laws
to confirm his own Law of Gravitation.
THE RED PLANET MARS IS FOREVER
LINKED TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF
THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND ONE OF THE
4 BASIC FORCES OF NATURE.
If it wasn’t for Mars and its complicated
travels across the night sky, Johannes Kepler
may not have derived his Laws of Planetary
Motion. Isaac Newton might not have had a
foundation for his Law of Gravitation...