Plastic pollution poses serious threats to both the environment and human health. Plastic waste accumulates in land and water bodies around the world, harming wildlife through entanglement and ingestion. Animals often mistake plastic for food due to its small size, which can cause starvation. Chemicals used in plastics' production and additives that leach out are linked to health issues like cancers and developmental problems in humans. Urgent action is needed to promote safer plastic alternatives and responsible waste disposal to mitigate these potential hazards.
Plastic has many disadvantages when used on a wide scale. Plastic bottles take an extremely long time to decompose in landfills and are difficult to recycle effectively. Most plastic is not recycled and ends up polluting the environment for centuries. This pollution threatens wildlife through ingestion and entanglement. Reducing plastic use and improving recycling and disposal methods is needed to mitigate these environmental and health impacts.
This is a presentation which has ideal details of content related to plastics and its effects.It contains information edited from wikipedia and other sources. Hope its useful for learning kids.
This document discusses plastic pollution, its various forms, and its effects. It notes that plastic pollution accumulates in the environment and harms wildlife and habitats. Types of plastic pollution include littering, marine debris, microplastics in water, and abandoned fishing gear. Plastics constitute over 12% of municipal solid waste. Plastic pollution on land can release chemicals and methane gas from degrading plastics. Ocean plastic pollution includes nurdles and other debris that release toxic chemicals and entangle or poison animals. Over 260 species have been affected. Plastic pollution also poses risks to human health from the chemicals used in plastics. Some efforts have been made to reduce plastic use and promote recycling.
Plastic pollution is a major concern in India. Studies show that trillions of plastic particles cover the Earth and plastic waste entering oceans will increase 20% by 2025. Solutions proposed include source reduction and global cleanup, but cleanup should focus on coasts and industries rather than ocean garbage patches according to a study. The documents discuss the impacts of plastic pollution, including chemical effects on hormones, ingestion by marine life, and proposed solutions like bans and alternatives. Research objectives include awareness of laws and reducing individual contributions to pollution.
Plastic pollution involves the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that harms wildlife and habitats. Plastic pollution occurs on land, in waterways, and oceans. Efforts to reduce plastic use and promote recycling have occurred but with limited success. Plastic is inexpensive and durable but breaks down slowly, accumulating in the environment and food chain over long periods of time with negative effects.
Before going towards the solution we need to understand the problem. Composition of material on our surroundings, heir degradation time and their effect on environment.
A brief intro on Plastic pollution.
What is plastic pollution and how it effects us.
The document discusses the main uses and effects of plastic. It notes that over 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide each year, most of which are not reused or recycled. Plastics are used in many applications like packaging, electrical goods, vehicles, and agriculture. However, plastics take thousands of years to decompose and release harmful chemicals. Their lightweight and durability also leads to plastic pollution in oceans and landscapes. Plastic pollution negatively impacts health through chemical exposure, and harms environments and wildlife through ingestion, entanglement, and chemical effects. The document outlines some ways to reduce plastic use such as favoring biodegradable and reusable products, increasing recycling, and avoiding single-use plastics.
Plastics are polymers made of repeating monomer units that are chemically bonded together. They are resistant to chemicals and water, make good food packaging due to hygiene properties, and provide thermal and electrical insulation. However, plastics persist in the environment and can accumulate toxins. When burned, some plastics like PVC release highly toxic dioxins. Plastic debris is proliferating in oceans and waterways, harming wildlife that ingest or become entangled in it. The majority of plastic waste ends up in landfills or littering the environment.
Plastic has many disadvantages when used on a wide scale. Plastic bottles take an extremely long time to decompose in landfills and are difficult to recycle effectively. Most plastic is not recycled and ends up polluting the environment for centuries. This pollution threatens wildlife through ingestion and entanglement. Reducing plastic use and improving recycling and disposal methods is needed to mitigate these environmental and health impacts.
This is a presentation which has ideal details of content related to plastics and its effects.It contains information edited from wikipedia and other sources. Hope its useful for learning kids.
This document discusses plastic pollution, its various forms, and its effects. It notes that plastic pollution accumulates in the environment and harms wildlife and habitats. Types of plastic pollution include littering, marine debris, microplastics in water, and abandoned fishing gear. Plastics constitute over 12% of municipal solid waste. Plastic pollution on land can release chemicals and methane gas from degrading plastics. Ocean plastic pollution includes nurdles and other debris that release toxic chemicals and entangle or poison animals. Over 260 species have been affected. Plastic pollution also poses risks to human health from the chemicals used in plastics. Some efforts have been made to reduce plastic use and promote recycling.
Plastic pollution is a major concern in India. Studies show that trillions of plastic particles cover the Earth and plastic waste entering oceans will increase 20% by 2025. Solutions proposed include source reduction and global cleanup, but cleanup should focus on coasts and industries rather than ocean garbage patches according to a study. The documents discuss the impacts of plastic pollution, including chemical effects on hormones, ingestion by marine life, and proposed solutions like bans and alternatives. Research objectives include awareness of laws and reducing individual contributions to pollution.
Plastic pollution involves the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that harms wildlife and habitats. Plastic pollution occurs on land, in waterways, and oceans. Efforts to reduce plastic use and promote recycling have occurred but with limited success. Plastic is inexpensive and durable but breaks down slowly, accumulating in the environment and food chain over long periods of time with negative effects.
Before going towards the solution we need to understand the problem. Composition of material on our surroundings, heir degradation time and their effect on environment.
A brief intro on Plastic pollution.
What is plastic pollution and how it effects us.
The document discusses the main uses and effects of plastic. It notes that over 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide each year, most of which are not reused or recycled. Plastics are used in many applications like packaging, electrical goods, vehicles, and agriculture. However, plastics take thousands of years to decompose and release harmful chemicals. Their lightweight and durability also leads to plastic pollution in oceans and landscapes. Plastic pollution negatively impacts health through chemical exposure, and harms environments and wildlife through ingestion, entanglement, and chemical effects. The document outlines some ways to reduce plastic use such as favoring biodegradable and reusable products, increasing recycling, and avoiding single-use plastics.
Plastics are polymers made of repeating monomer units that are chemically bonded together. They are resistant to chemicals and water, make good food packaging due to hygiene properties, and provide thermal and electrical insulation. However, plastics persist in the environment and can accumulate toxins. When burned, some plastics like PVC release highly toxic dioxins. Plastic debris is proliferating in oceans and waterways, harming wildlife that ingest or become entangled in it. The majority of plastic waste ends up in landfills or littering the environment.
Plastic is a synthetic material made from polymers that is widely used to manufacture products. However, plastic poses environmental problems as it is non-biodegradable and persists in the environment, accumulating as litter in landfills, streets, parks, and oceans, where it is mistaken as food by animals and can cause injury or death. With increased plastic production since the 1940s, huge amounts of plastic waste are floating in oceans and deposited on beaches worldwide. Nearly 100,000 marine animals annually are killed by ingesting or entanglement in plastic bags and other debris. While recycling could help address the problem, plastic has low recovery rates and recycling poses health issues from toxic emissions. Reduction of single-use plastics and use of bi
Plastic pollution has become a major environmental issue globally and in India. Large quantities of various types of plastic waste are generated each year from numerous sources. This plastic waste pollutes water bodies, soil, and oceans. When plastic debris is ingested by marine life and wildlife, it can cause injury or death. Plastic pollution also threatens soil quality and has negative impacts on human health through chemicals leached from plastic. Effective control measures are needed from governments, organizations, and individuals to properly manage and reduce plastic waste.
Hundreds of billions of plastic bags are consumed worldwide each year, with less than 1% being recycled. Plastic bags end up polluting oceans and landscapes, harming wildlife. Over 200 sea species are known to die from ingesting plastic bags or becoming entangled in them. To reduce plastic bag usage, many countries and cities have implemented bans or taxes on plastic bags, which has led to dramatic usage decreases as high as 90% in some places. Reducing plastic bag consumption would help decrease dependence on foreign oil.
Plastic pollution is a constant battle . The causes and effects are dangerous, do you know the solution?
#plastic #recycling #plasticpollution #pollution #environment
Beat Plastic Pollution: World Environment Day Aniruddha Guha
This year (2018) India was the host country for official celebrations of WED and escalating the issue of Plastic Pollution for creating required awareness was a matter of utmost importance. This presentation was designed keeping the same in mind. It raised three basic questions,
1) What is the Problem (Problem Definition)?
2) What are the adverse effects of Plastic Pollution?
3) What can we do to stop it?
While answering these questions during the flow of the presentation, the sad reality of Great Pacific Garbage Patch was also discussed. At the final stage, solutions were proposed following 4R concept, namely, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Rebuy. The presentation concluded with a small video trailer titled “Albatross” (By Chris Jordan) which exhibited the tragic truth of Midway Island, one the most heart-breaking consequences of plastic pollution.
Plastic pollution is when plastic has gathered in an area and has begun to negatively impact the natural environment and create problems for plants, wildlife, and even the human population.
In total, half of all plastic produced is designed to be used only once — and then thrown away. Plastic waste is now so ubiquitous in the natural environment that scientists have even suggested it could serve as a geological indicator of the Anthropocene era.
Plastic pollution involves the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that harms wildlife and habitats. Over 100 million tons of plastic are produced each year from polymers like polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene. Common plastic products that become pollution include plastic bags, bottles, packaging, and other single-use items. Plastic pollution has serious negative effects - it is harmful when ingested by marine animals and can entangle and drown them, and chemicals used in plastics may pose health risks to humans.
Assignment of Business Law : Environment pollution caused by Plastic, a study...Abdulla chowdhury
In Bangladesh People have knowledge regarding environmental pollution caused by plastic, but most of them are not bothering because of social practice, lacking of systems and poor respect for the law.
The document discusses plastics, their history, types, and environmental impacts. It provides details on common plastic polymers, how plastics are made, and their uses in various industries. The summary discusses the negative effects of plastic pollution, how plastics do not degrade and release toxic chemicals when burned. It also notes that only a small percentage of plastics are recycled due to the labor intensive process.
Plastic pollution is a major problem affecting the environment globally. Plastic does not degrade naturally and instead accumulates as waste, polluting land, waterways, and oceans. The overuse of plastics like bags and bottles that are used only once combined with improper disposal methods are leading causes of plastic pollution. The buildup of plastics in the environment has severe negative impacts including harming wildlife and entering the food chain, polluting water supplies, and releasing toxic chemicals into the air and groundwater. Urgent action is needed to reduce plastic use and improve waste management in order to mitigate the dangerous effects of plastic pollution on ecosystems and human health.
The document discusses the harms of plastic pollution and proposes solutions. It defines plastics and describes common types used. Plastics are polluting land, oceans, and air while harming wildlife, ecosystems, and human health. The government is taking steps like banning certain plastics and encouraging recycling. Individual actions like refusing single-use plastics and choosing reusable options can help reduce plastic waste.
World Environment Day 2018's theme is "Beat Plastic Pollution". Plastic is ubiquitous and has benefits like being lightweight and inexpensive but causes major pollution problems. India generates a large amount of plastic waste and it affects many species like birds, fish, turtles and coral reefs by ingestion, entanglement, or blocking sunlight. Plastic pollution also transfers toxic chemicals into the food chain and human health. Individual actions like refusing single-use plastics and encouraging alternatives can help reduce plastic pollution.
This presentation discusses the growing issue of plastic pollution and its effects on the environment. It notes that human civilization has progressed through Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages, and are now in the Plastic Age. Plastic is widely used for various domestic, medical, agricultural, and industrial purposes. However, plastic waste pollutes the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Microplastics in particular enter the oceans and aquatic food chains, threatening biodiversity. Burning plastic releases toxic gases that pollute air and contribute to climate change. Potential solutions discussed include banning certain plastics, promoting bioplastics and alternative materials, and developing plastic-degrading enzymes.
Plastic pollution is the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat and humans.
Harmful chemicals from plastics can seep underground and contaminate water.
Similarly harmful chemicals from plastics enter our body through the sea food and causing deases
Plastic pollution is a major global problem, with 18 billion pounds of plastic waste entering oceans each year. Solutions proposed in the document include eco-bricks made from stuffed plastic bottles that can be used to build structures, and deposit return schemes for bottles that can reduce costs for municipalities while incentivizing recycling. Individual actions like reusing plastic for eco-bricks or using fewer plastic bags, as well as government policies around alternatives to plastic, can help address the plastic pollution crisis faced by islands like Hawaii.
Plastic pollution in the marine environment and the marine food webKarl Jaeger
This document discusses plastic pollution in the marine environment and its effects on the marine food web. It outlines that plastic pollution has become a major threat as plastic waste has accumulated in oceans worldwide. The document reviews the types and amounts of plastic debris, including microplastics, found in oceans. It examines how plastics become available to the marine ecosystem and their physical impacts. The document also explores how plastics move through the trophic levels of the marine food web as organisms ingest microplastics and the potential effects on apex predators.
Plastic pollution involves the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that can harm wildlife and humans. Plastic pollution can occur through micro, meso, or macro debris based on size. Plastic pollution can upset the food chain if ingested by plankton, pollute water and land if dumped or stuck in places, and pollute air if burned openly. Plastic recycling recovers different types of plastic to reprocess them into new products unlike the original form. The recycling process involves sorting plastics by type, washing, shredding, extruding or melting plastics, and making new materials. Bioplastics are an alternative to conventional plastics as they are made from renewable plant sources like corn starch or sugar cane
Controle de Política de Rede para Qualidade de Serviço (QoS) - I Workshop CPq...CPqD
O documento descreve os conceitos e arquitetura de um Controlador de Políticas de Rede (PCRF) para controle de Qualidade de Serviço (QoS). O PCRF toma decisões sobre como tratar cada fluxo de dados de serviço com base em políticas e dados de assinatura, e provê regras de QoS e tarifação para elementos de rede. O documento também explica como o PCRF é usado em uma chamada IMS para definir o tratamento apropriado para o fluxo de voz.
O documento descreve o funcionamento do LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), um sistema que usa pulsos laser para medir distâncias entre uma plataforma e alvos, permitindo estimar suas posições. Explica como os dados coletados pelo LIDAR podem ser usados para gerar Modelos Digitais do Terreno e da Superfície, distinguindo apenas o terreno ou incluindo outros objetos. Finalmente, cita um exemplo de software usado para sistemas LIDAR.
Plastic is a synthetic material made from polymers that is widely used to manufacture products. However, plastic poses environmental problems as it is non-biodegradable and persists in the environment, accumulating as litter in landfills, streets, parks, and oceans, where it is mistaken as food by animals and can cause injury or death. With increased plastic production since the 1940s, huge amounts of plastic waste are floating in oceans and deposited on beaches worldwide. Nearly 100,000 marine animals annually are killed by ingesting or entanglement in plastic bags and other debris. While recycling could help address the problem, plastic has low recovery rates and recycling poses health issues from toxic emissions. Reduction of single-use plastics and use of bi
Plastic pollution has become a major environmental issue globally and in India. Large quantities of various types of plastic waste are generated each year from numerous sources. This plastic waste pollutes water bodies, soil, and oceans. When plastic debris is ingested by marine life and wildlife, it can cause injury or death. Plastic pollution also threatens soil quality and has negative impacts on human health through chemicals leached from plastic. Effective control measures are needed from governments, organizations, and individuals to properly manage and reduce plastic waste.
Hundreds of billions of plastic bags are consumed worldwide each year, with less than 1% being recycled. Plastic bags end up polluting oceans and landscapes, harming wildlife. Over 200 sea species are known to die from ingesting plastic bags or becoming entangled in them. To reduce plastic bag usage, many countries and cities have implemented bans or taxes on plastic bags, which has led to dramatic usage decreases as high as 90% in some places. Reducing plastic bag consumption would help decrease dependence on foreign oil.
Plastic pollution is a constant battle . The causes and effects are dangerous, do you know the solution?
#plastic #recycling #plasticpollution #pollution #environment
Beat Plastic Pollution: World Environment Day Aniruddha Guha
This year (2018) India was the host country for official celebrations of WED and escalating the issue of Plastic Pollution for creating required awareness was a matter of utmost importance. This presentation was designed keeping the same in mind. It raised three basic questions,
1) What is the Problem (Problem Definition)?
2) What are the adverse effects of Plastic Pollution?
3) What can we do to stop it?
While answering these questions during the flow of the presentation, the sad reality of Great Pacific Garbage Patch was also discussed. At the final stage, solutions were proposed following 4R concept, namely, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Rebuy. The presentation concluded with a small video trailer titled “Albatross” (By Chris Jordan) which exhibited the tragic truth of Midway Island, one the most heart-breaking consequences of plastic pollution.
Plastic pollution is when plastic has gathered in an area and has begun to negatively impact the natural environment and create problems for plants, wildlife, and even the human population.
In total, half of all plastic produced is designed to be used only once — and then thrown away. Plastic waste is now so ubiquitous in the natural environment that scientists have even suggested it could serve as a geological indicator of the Anthropocene era.
Plastic pollution involves the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that harms wildlife and habitats. Over 100 million tons of plastic are produced each year from polymers like polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene. Common plastic products that become pollution include plastic bags, bottles, packaging, and other single-use items. Plastic pollution has serious negative effects - it is harmful when ingested by marine animals and can entangle and drown them, and chemicals used in plastics may pose health risks to humans.
Assignment of Business Law : Environment pollution caused by Plastic, a study...Abdulla chowdhury
In Bangladesh People have knowledge regarding environmental pollution caused by plastic, but most of them are not bothering because of social practice, lacking of systems and poor respect for the law.
The document discusses plastics, their history, types, and environmental impacts. It provides details on common plastic polymers, how plastics are made, and their uses in various industries. The summary discusses the negative effects of plastic pollution, how plastics do not degrade and release toxic chemicals when burned. It also notes that only a small percentage of plastics are recycled due to the labor intensive process.
Plastic pollution is a major problem affecting the environment globally. Plastic does not degrade naturally and instead accumulates as waste, polluting land, waterways, and oceans. The overuse of plastics like bags and bottles that are used only once combined with improper disposal methods are leading causes of plastic pollution. The buildup of plastics in the environment has severe negative impacts including harming wildlife and entering the food chain, polluting water supplies, and releasing toxic chemicals into the air and groundwater. Urgent action is needed to reduce plastic use and improve waste management in order to mitigate the dangerous effects of plastic pollution on ecosystems and human health.
The document discusses the harms of plastic pollution and proposes solutions. It defines plastics and describes common types used. Plastics are polluting land, oceans, and air while harming wildlife, ecosystems, and human health. The government is taking steps like banning certain plastics and encouraging recycling. Individual actions like refusing single-use plastics and choosing reusable options can help reduce plastic waste.
World Environment Day 2018's theme is "Beat Plastic Pollution". Plastic is ubiquitous and has benefits like being lightweight and inexpensive but causes major pollution problems. India generates a large amount of plastic waste and it affects many species like birds, fish, turtles and coral reefs by ingestion, entanglement, or blocking sunlight. Plastic pollution also transfers toxic chemicals into the food chain and human health. Individual actions like refusing single-use plastics and encouraging alternatives can help reduce plastic pollution.
This presentation discusses the growing issue of plastic pollution and its effects on the environment. It notes that human civilization has progressed through Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages, and are now in the Plastic Age. Plastic is widely used for various domestic, medical, agricultural, and industrial purposes. However, plastic waste pollutes the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Microplastics in particular enter the oceans and aquatic food chains, threatening biodiversity. Burning plastic releases toxic gases that pollute air and contribute to climate change. Potential solutions discussed include banning certain plastics, promoting bioplastics and alternative materials, and developing plastic-degrading enzymes.
Plastic pollution is the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat and humans.
Harmful chemicals from plastics can seep underground and contaminate water.
Similarly harmful chemicals from plastics enter our body through the sea food and causing deases
Plastic pollution is a major global problem, with 18 billion pounds of plastic waste entering oceans each year. Solutions proposed in the document include eco-bricks made from stuffed plastic bottles that can be used to build structures, and deposit return schemes for bottles that can reduce costs for municipalities while incentivizing recycling. Individual actions like reusing plastic for eco-bricks or using fewer plastic bags, as well as government policies around alternatives to plastic, can help address the plastic pollution crisis faced by islands like Hawaii.
Plastic pollution in the marine environment and the marine food webKarl Jaeger
This document discusses plastic pollution in the marine environment and its effects on the marine food web. It outlines that plastic pollution has become a major threat as plastic waste has accumulated in oceans worldwide. The document reviews the types and amounts of plastic debris, including microplastics, found in oceans. It examines how plastics become available to the marine ecosystem and their physical impacts. The document also explores how plastics move through the trophic levels of the marine food web as organisms ingest microplastics and the potential effects on apex predators.
Plastic pollution involves the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that can harm wildlife and humans. Plastic pollution can occur through micro, meso, or macro debris based on size. Plastic pollution can upset the food chain if ingested by plankton, pollute water and land if dumped or stuck in places, and pollute air if burned openly. Plastic recycling recovers different types of plastic to reprocess them into new products unlike the original form. The recycling process involves sorting plastics by type, washing, shredding, extruding or melting plastics, and making new materials. Bioplastics are an alternative to conventional plastics as they are made from renewable plant sources like corn starch or sugar cane
Controle de Política de Rede para Qualidade de Serviço (QoS) - I Workshop CPq...CPqD
O documento descreve os conceitos e arquitetura de um Controlador de Políticas de Rede (PCRF) para controle de Qualidade de Serviço (QoS). O PCRF toma decisões sobre como tratar cada fluxo de dados de serviço com base em políticas e dados de assinatura, e provê regras de QoS e tarifação para elementos de rede. O documento também explica como o PCRF é usado em uma chamada IMS para definir o tratamento apropriado para o fluxo de voz.
O documento descreve o funcionamento do LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), um sistema que usa pulsos laser para medir distâncias entre uma plataforma e alvos, permitindo estimar suas posições. Explica como os dados coletados pelo LIDAR podem ser usados para gerar Modelos Digitais do Terreno e da Superfície, distinguindo apenas o terreno ou incluindo outros objetos. Finalmente, cita um exemplo de software usado para sistemas LIDAR.
Abstract: Microplastics in fish from the KwaZulu-Natal BightMACE Lab
Authors: Sipho Mkhize (MACE Lab NRF Intern 2015), Dr Deborah Robertson-Andersson, Gan Moodley.
Submitted and accepted for the Symposium of Contemporary Conservation Symposium (SCCP) 2016.
Los sistemas radar emiten pulsos de microondas que se reflejan en objetos y superficies, permitiendo medir sus distancias y posiciones. Pueden instalarse en aviones o satélites, generando imágenes día y noche. Se usan para controlar tráfico aéreo y vehicular, meteorología, observación de la Tierra y océanos, y estudiar volcanes y fallas geológicas.
This thesis investigates the effects of microplastic PVC particles and the pollutant
fluoranthene on the lugworm Arenicola marina and whether a transfer could occur through a
model food chain of mussel Mytilus edulis and dog whelk Nucella lapillus. Arenicola marina
were exposed to different PVC concentrations and pollution levels, observing impacts on
faecal casts, weight, and mortality. Mytilus edulis were then exposed to PVC and presented
to dog whelks to observe particle transfer. Results showed Arenicola marina was affected at
higher PVC levels but resilient to lower levels. Particle transfer was observed between
mus
Este documento describe la resistencia a antibióticos de bacterias gramnegativas. Explica la clasificación de Ambler de mecanismos de resistencia y ofrece tablas sobre resistencia natural de bacterias como Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter y Serratia a diferentes antibióticos. También identifica factores de riesgo para infecciones por bacterias gramnegativas resistentes a múltiples antibióticos.
World Coast Journey for the Preservation of the Seasguigevaerd
This document outlines a project called the World Coast Journey that aims to raise awareness about trash and plastic pollution in oceans. The project involves traveling along coastlines worldwide using non-polluting transportation to give presentations in schools. The journey is split into 8 parts along different coasts, with the first stage having been completed along the Mediterranean coast by bicycle. Future stages will involve traveling from Brazil to the Caribbean by pedal boat, and other regions by various means of transport, educating people along the way. The goal is to inform communities and future generations about the threats of plastic waste in oceans and what will be left for children if no action is taken.
O documento descreve iniciativas de parcerias entre universidades e empresas para promover inovação tecnológica. Ele apresenta exemplos de projetos conjuntos em diferentes estágios, desde a geração de ideias na universidade até o desenvolvimento de produtos e spin-offs. O texto enfatiza a importância da colaboração entre os setores para aumentar a competitividade por meio da inovação.
Introduced alien species can become invasive when they escape into local ecosystems, outcompeting and reducing numbers of endemic species by competitive exclusion in the absence of predators. Pollutants become more concentrated at higher trophic levels through biomagnification. Large macroplastic and small microplastic debris have accumulated in marine environments and are ingested by many species, entering the food chain. Case studies show how introduced cane toads in Australia and marine plastic affect Laysan albatrosses through stomach blockage and starvation.
Industrial hazards arise from mass production and can occur at any stage, from extraction to disposal. They generally involve releasing damaging substances or energy from facilities into the environment. While malfunctions cause some hazards, the risks also depend on complex interactions between industrial systems, human factors, and the environment. Key areas of risk include manufacturing, material handling and storage, transportation, and damage can be done to the environment, infrastructure, health, and local economies.
Esta línea de productos presenta cámaras fotográficas de la marca alemana AgfaPhoto, reconocida a nivel mundial con más de 100 años en el mercado. Se ofrecen 5 modelos con diseño europeo y características avanzadas como zoom óptico, estabilizador de imagen, pantallas grandes y compatibilidad con redes sociales. Todas incluyen software profesional de edición fotográfica y generación de presentaciones en 3D de manera gratuita.
This report analyzes microplastic ingestion by blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) cultivated for human consumption from four UK locations. Mussel flesh samples were digested in nitric acid and the remaining particles were examined under scanning electron microscope. All sample groups contained plastic particles ranging in size from 54.40 μm to 2140 μm, with an average of 439.81 μm. Statistical analysis found significant differences in plastic abundance between locations. The presence of microplastics in mussels intended for human consumption indicates potential risks to both marine life and human health.
Wastewater and Its Contributions to Plastics in the Marine EnvironmentJudith Marquez
Wastewater can be an unknowing contributor to plastic pollution in our waterways and marine environment. Simple fixes include installing washing machine filters, using high efficiency washers (no agitator), and improving collection methods at wastewater treatment facilities.
Unfortunately, it seems membrane filters are the only method to eliminate the discharge of these micro filaments of plastic in effluent discharges to our waters from our wastewater treatment plants. And could pose additional problems in our sewage sludge which is often spread on land, where it can contaminate groundwater and vegetation.
In addition, in an effort to recycle, some clothing manufacturers are using more plastic in their materials - not understanding the ramifications of what occurs with the breakdown of those materials in wash cycles.
Este documento analiza los sistemas de detección de intrusos (IDS), incluyendo una introducción a los IDS, tipos de IDS (NIDS y HIDS), herramientas como Snort, y complementos para Snort. También discute problemas de los IDS, conclusiones sobre el uso de IDS para fortalecer la seguridad, y recomendaciones para implementar una estrategia de seguridad efectiva.
Este documento presenta diferentes métodos diagnósticos para la caries dental, incluyendo métodos visuales, táctiles, radiográficos, de transiluminación, fluorescencia láser y conductancia eléctrica. También describe el sistema ICDAS para clasificar lesiones de caries y compara la sensibilidad y especificidad de diferentes métodos como la radiografía, transiluminación y fluorescencia láser. El objetivo es brindar una guía sobre las opciones diagnósticas disponibles y sus fortalezas y limitaciones para la detección precisa de caries.
Implementierbare Sicherheitsregeln im Enterprise ManagerMartin Obst
Security Technical Implementation Guides im Oracle Enterprise Manager sichern höchste Ansprüche an die Oracle Datenbank-Sicherheit. Sie sind schon implementiert und können direkt genutzt werden. Einfacher geht´s nicht. Die konsequente Nutzung führt zu bester Sicherheit.
Metodos indirectos para estimación de la capacidad aeróbicaFelipe Vargas Rios
El documento describe varios parámetros fisiológicos como la presión arterial, el colesterol y el consumo máximo de oxígeno, así como métodos para evaluar la potencia aeróbica como las pruebas de esfuerzo máximo en caminadora, cicloergómetro y la prueba de escaleras de Harvard. Explica factores que determinan el consumo de oxígeno como los factores cardiacos, respiratorios, musculares y neuronales, y factores que limitan el rendimiento como el flujo sanguíneo coronario y la contractibil
This document summarizes Robyn Elizabeth Jones' MSc thesis on the effects of microplastics on marine biota. The study aims to examine if ingestion of microplastics negatively impacts the common mussel Mytilus edulis and whether these microplastics are transferred to the mussel's predator, the dog whelk Nucella lapillus. The methodology will expose mussels to different microplastic concentrations over various time periods and examine plastic accumulation in their guts. Mussels will then be fed to dog whelks to see if microplastics transfer through the food web. Beach surveys will also quantify microplastic contamination along the North Wales coastline. Statistical analysis will compare plastic ingestion across exposure conditions and
El documento habla sobre los desafíos de la exploración planetaria mediante robots y posibles soluciones. Explora seis desafíos principales como la comunicación, localización, autonomía, corrección de errores, sensibilidad de la instrumentación y el tiempo. Propone soluciones como mapeo del terreno, detección de esferas y obstáculos, planificación de rutas y llamados de ayuda para abordar estos desafíos y mejorar la exploración planetaria con robots.
Plastic pollution is a major problem affecting the environment globally. Plastic is a synthetic material made from petroleum that does not degrade naturally over time. The overuse of plastics like plastic bags and bottles, as well as improper disposal methods, have led to large amounts of plastic accumulating in landfills and the environment. This plastic pollution harms wildlife and habitats by entanglement and ingestion, and pollutes water sources and air. Long term, plastic pollution disrupts food chains and ecosystems and poses health risks to both animals and humans.
Plastic pollution is a major problem affecting the environment globally. Plastics do not degrade naturally and as a result accumulate in landfills, waterways, and oceans. Major sources of plastic pollution include improper disposal of plastic waste, single-use plastics like bags and bottles, fishing nets, and microplastics. The effects of plastic pollution are severe and long-lasting - it disrupts food chains, pollutes groundwater, harms wildlife, releases toxic chemicals into the air and water, and poses health risks to humans and animals. Urgent action is needed to reduce plastic production and improve waste management to mitigate plastic pollution.
The informative newsletter created by 5 students of the University of the West Indies, St Augustine Campus, for the ENRM 1001 course. This newsletter focuses on the problems, solutions, recommendations and innovations to plastic pollution on land and sea.
The document discusses the problems caused by plastic, electronic, and paper waste. It notes that plastic is made from non-renewable resources and does not decompose easily, polluting land and water. When burned, plastic releases toxic gases. Electronic waste contains hazardous chemicals that pollute air, soil, and water when devices are burned or landfilled. Paper production uses large amounts of energy and wood, contributing to deforestation, while paper waste pollutes the environment when it decomposes. All three types of waste have negative environmental and health impacts if not disposed of properly.
Plastic has become ubiquitous in modern life but takes a heavy toll on the environment. While plastic helps economic growth, its disposal harms wildlife and pollution from plastic is difficult to decompose and can take 1000 years. Steps need to be taken to reduce plastic use and develop greener alternatives to transition from harmful plastics. Both reducing plastic consumption and increasing recycling efforts are needed to balance environmental and economic concerns.
This document discusses plastic pollution, including what plastic is, its history, types of plastic, plastic pollution sources and effects, and potential solutions. It notes that plastic pollution is the accumulation of plastic objects in the environment that harms wildlife, habitats, and humans. Plastic does not degrade naturally and has led to high levels of plastic waste. The document outlines various case studies on plastic pollution in oceans, its financial damage to marine ecosystems, and increasing amounts of plastic litter in the Arctic deep sea. It also discusses examples of countries that have implemented policies to reduce plastic pollution.
Plastics are everywhere, in our home, school, work, playground, parks, and beaches. It is such a popular material because it is flexible, lightweight, moisture resistant, and inexpensive. Even if plastics are found deep inland, they eventually find their way to the sea or ocean through rivers and streams. The global consumption of plastic was 260 million tons in 2010. It is estimated to reach 297.5 million tons by 2017.
Plastic pollution is a form of environmental pollution that ar.docxmattjtoni51554
Plastic pollution is a form of environmental pollution that arise when plastic material
accumulates in an area and begins to exert negative effects to the surroundings. Plastic pollution
has been an issue on the rise that was not being experienced in the traditional times. This is
because, plastic is a readily available material and is used in packaging of various items. Plastic
has also been used widely to replace organic materials and solutions for various lifestyles
materials.
Plastic is a toxic material and substance which can cause great harm than good. Inspire of
being a very convenient and useful material in the modern day world, human beings have not yet
learned proper lessons on garbage disposal to avoid plastics lying around where they are not
required to. The accumulation of plastics is what has led to the increased pollution. This means
that, had human beings learnt to take care of the disposable materials this issue can be
eliminated.
One of the major issue with the plastic material is that, it is non-biodegradable. This
means it is in a form that cannot decompose. In this sense it becomes very harmful to plant and
animal life. Once animals consume plastics they are susceptible to diseases and very fast deaths.
For instance, cows are very prone to the issue of plastic consumption as they feed on grass. The
plastic is indigestible and it clogs up the digestive system causing the anima a very quick and
painful death.
Apart from the bigger animals such as cows for instance even fish are and other aquatic
animals are affected from the ingestion of plastic particles and substances. For instance when
planktons becomes affected and are poisoned from the consumption of plastic substances,
eventual death is the end result. This will often imbalance and upset the food chain, since many
other sea animals depend on the planktons for food. This chain goes on and on and eventually the
larger animals succumb due to lack of food. This paints a greater picture of the harm that plastic
pollution predisposes the environment to.
The plastics pollution cause great and adverse effects on ground water or generally
consumption water. The water in the seas and lakes is mostly polluted from plastics and other
insoluble pollutants. Plastic contains harmful substances which when washed off to the seas and
the lake affects the water to be consumed. Plastics on the dumping sites erode their harmful
substances to the water bodies once they are washed away by rain water. This affects drinking
water and the sea animals. Consumption of the water or the sea animals, pauses grate health
dangers to the human beings and the overall marine life.
Plastics contribute to air pollution once the plastics are burned to get rid of them. The
smoke produced from the burning of plastics is very harmful and contains toxic substances and
gases once they are freely left into the air. The polluted air once inhaled by humans and animals
can.
Plastic pollution is a major global problem caused by the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment. Nearly 300 million tons of plastic are produced annually, half of which is for single-use purposes. More than 8 million tons of plastic end up in oceans each year. Plastic pollution harms wildlife and ecosystems through entanglement, ingestion, and chemical exposure. Reducing plastic usage, reusing products, and improving waste management and recycling are key to solving this growing environmental issue.
This document discusses plastics pollution and the history, production, and effects of plastic. It notes that plastic is made from polymers derived from petroleum and coal and is very slow to degrade. The document outlines the chemicals involved in different plastic types and products. It describes how plastic pollution harms wildlife and the environment when littered or burned. The document also discusses the health impacts of plastic production, use, and disposal and proposes awareness campaigns and clean-up efforts to help address the issue of plastic pollution.
Plastic pollution and it's impact on marine ecosystemsdrmilanpatel101
This document discusses plastic pollution and its impact on marine ecosystems. It notes that over 300 million tonnes of plastic are produced annually, with much of it ending up as ocean pollution. Plastic pollution harms marine life through ingestion, entanglement, toxicity, and habitat disruption. It also poses risks to human health such as contamination of seafood and drinking water. Several global initiatives are working to address plastic pollution and advance solutions to mitigate its effects.
This document provides information about plastic pollution and lessons to teach about its impacts. It discusses how plastic affects various organisms like birds, fish, turtles, coral reefs and humans. Plastic pollution harms tourism and livelihoods in places like Belize. The document also describes the five major ocean garbage patches called gyres and solutions individuals can take to reduce, reuse and recycle plastic.
Plastics are synthetic polymers that are durable, lightweight and inexpensive materials. However, they persist in the environment for centuries and have caused widespread pollution. Only a small percentage of plastics are recycled each year, with the rest accumulating in landfills and oceans. This poses threats to wildlife through entanglement and ingestion of plastic debris. Reducing plastic use and improving waste management strategies are needed to curb further environmental damage.
This document discusses plastics and plastic pollution. It begins by defining plastics as a formless material made from natural resources like petroleum and coal that can be molded into various shapes. Plastics are then categorized by type and usage. The document outlines the negative impacts of plastic production and pollution, including releasing toxins during manufacturing and disposal that enter the food chain and cause health problems. It notes plastic pollution spoils land, water and air. The summary concludes by providing the "4 R's" approach to prevent plastic pollution: refuse, reduce, reuse, and recycle.
It is based on how we are polluting the environment with so much of plastic and it causes many types of pollution. It is the PowerPoint Presentation. So you all can make the best PowerPoint Presentation by my ideas. It is my Believe
The document discusses plastic pollution and single-use plastics. It defines plastics as synthetic materials made from polymers. Single-use plastics are meant to be used only once before being disposed. Plastic pollution is accumulating in the environment and wildlife are ingesting it. By 2050, there will be more plastic in oceans than fish. Plastic takes a very long time to decompose and releases toxins as it breaks down. The document outlines various plastic types and their common uses. It also discusses the impacts of plastic pollution on health, environment and wildlife. India and Tripura's status of plastic waste generation and management is provided. Alternatives to banned single-use plastic items are suggested.
The document discusses plastic pollution and recycling. It notes that plastic production has greatly increased globally but plastic is very slow to decompose, with some plastics taking over 1000 years. This causes plastic pollution in oceans, where it kills and endangers wildlife through entanglement and ingestion. The document advocates for more sustainable plastic recycling approaches to address this growing environmental problem.
The document discusses plastic waste and plastic pollution as a global concern. It notes that plastic production has increased significantly worldwide but only a small percentage is recycled, with the rest becoming plastic waste that pollutes the environment. The document outlines India's significant plastic waste generation and recycling rates. It discusses the various types of plastics and their impacts, both positive and negative. The document proposes solutions like reducing single-use plastics, banning certain plastics, improving waste management practices, and developing more sustainable alternatives to address the growing plastic pollution problem.
1. ONLINE ASSIGNMENT
Submitted by Submitted to
KAVITHA N.A SHYMIJA .M .Z
Physical science Physical Science
KUCTE, Kumarapuram KUCTE, Kumarapuram
2.
3. INTRODUCTION
Plastic pollution is the accumulation of the different types of plastic material on land,
as well as in water bodies like rivers, oceans, canals, lakes, etc. As a commodity, it is used on
a large scale all around the world. Basically, it is a synthetic polymer that consists of many
organic and inorganic compounds, and is mostly derived from petrochemicals like olefins.
Plastic materials are mainly classified as thermoplastics (polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride)
and thermosetting polymers (polyisoprene). Apart from these, they can also be classified as
biodegradable, engineering, and elastomer plastics. Although they are extremely useful in
many ways, and have been an important part of the global polymer industry, their production
as well as disposal, pose a great threat to all the life forms on Earth.
Plastic, one of the most preferred materials in today's industrial world is posing
serious threat to environment and consumer's health in many direct and indirect ways.
Exposure to harmful chemicals during manufacturing, leaching in the stored food items while
using plastic packages or chewing of plastic teethers and toys by children are linked with
severe adverse health outcomes such as cancers, birth defects, impaired immunity, endocrine
disruption, developmental and reproductive effects etc. Promotion of plastics substitutes and
safe disposal of plastic waste requires urgent and definitive action to take care of this
potential health hazard in future.
The advent of fuel based plastics has revolutionized the industrial world and there is
no area of manufacturing which is untouched by plastics. Convenience and cost factors have
pitch forked plastics as the most preferred material of choice till recently, a rethinking about
its impact on environment and sustainability is slowly putting a brake on its continued use.
While cheap petroleum fuels from which most plastics are derived was once justified to
introduce them in place of traditional materials like glass and metals, this plea cannot hold
any more since the cost of non-renewable fossil fuels increased several fold during the last 3
decades.
Research based on plastics proves their injurious nature towards human health in
many direct or indirect ways. Phthalates or phthalate esters are esters of phthalic acid mainly
used as plasticizers (substances added to plastics to increase their flexibility) in Poly Vinyl
Chloride (PVC). PVC is a widely used material, including extensive use in toys and other
children's products such as chewy teethers, soft figures and inflatable toys. Di (2-ethylhexyl
4. phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di-isononylphthalate (DINP), di-isodecyl
phthalate (DIDP), benzyl - butyl - phthalate (BBP) and di-n- octyl- phthalate (DNOP) are
phthalates mainly used in converting polyvinyl chloride (PVC) from a hard plastic to a
flexible plastic. Phthalates migrate into the air, into food and into people including babies in
their mother's wombs. Phthalates can be released from soft PVC by surface contact,
especially where mechanical pressure is applied e.g. during chewing of a PVC teether).
Release of phthalates during manufacture, use and disposal of PVC products, in addition to
their use as additives in ink, perfumes etc. has lead to their ubiquitous distribution and
abundance in the global environment.
PLASTIC POLLUTION
HALF OF OUR WORLD ARE SWALLOWED BY PLASTIC
5. Plastic pollution involves the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that
adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, or humans. Many types and forms of plastic
pollution exist. Plastic pollution can adversely affect lands, waterways and oceans. Plastic
reduction efforts have occurred in some areas in attempts to reduce plastic consumption and
promote plastic recycling. The prominence of plastic pollution is correlated with plastics
being inexpensive and durable, which lends to high levels of plastics used by humans.
TYPES
Plastic pollution on plants
Plastic pollution occurs in many forms, including but not limited to littering, marine
debris (man-made waste that has been released in a lake, sea, ocean, or waterway), plastic
particle water pollution, plastic netting and Friendly Floatees. A large percentage of plastic
produced each year is used to make single-use, disposable packaging items or products which
will get permanently thrown out within one year. Often, consumers of the various types of
plastics mainly use them for one purpose and then discard or recycle them.
Per the United States Environmental Protection Agency, in 2011 plastics constituted
over 12% of municipal solid waste. In the 1960s, plastics constituted less than 1% of
municipal solid waste.
Effects on the environment
Land
Chlorinated plastic can release harmful chemicals into the surrounding soil, which can
then seep into groundwater or other surrounding water sources. This can cause serious harm
to the species that drink this water.
Landfill areas are constantly piled high with many different types of plastics. In these
landfills, there are many microorganisms which speed up the biodegradation of plastics.
Regarding biodegradable plastics, as they are broken down, methane is released, which is a
very powerful greenhouse gas that contributes significantly to global warming. Some landfills
are taking initiative by installing devices to capture the methane and use it for energy, but
most have not incorporated such technology. Release of methane does not only occur in
6. landfills, biodegradable plastics also degrade if left on the ground, in which case degradation
takes longer to occur.
Ocean
Nurdles are plastic pellets (a type of microplastic) that are shipped in this form, often
in cargo ships, to be used for the creation of plastic products. A significant amount of nurdles
are spilled into oceans, and it has been estimated that globally, around 10% of beach litter is
nurdles. Plastics in oceans typically degrade within a year, but not entirely, and in the process
toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A and polystyrene can leach into waters from some
plastics. Polystyrene pieces and nurdles are the most common types of plastic pollution in
oceans, and combined with plastic bags and food containers make up the majority of oceanic
debris. In 2012, it was estimated that there was approximately 165 million tons of plastic
pollution in the world's oceans.
Effects on animals
Plastic pollution has the potential to poison animals, which can then adversely affect
human food supplies. Plastic pollution has been described as being highly detrimental to large
marine mammals, described in the book Introduction to Marine Biology as posing the "single
greatest threat" to them. Some marine species, such as sea turtles, have been found to contain
large proportions of plastics in their stomach. When this occurs, the animal typically starves,
because the plastic blocks the animal's digestive tract. Marine mammals sometimes become
entangled in plastic products such as nets, which can harm or kill them.
Over 260 species, including invertebrates, have been reported to have either ingested
plastic or become entangled in the plastic. When a species gets entangled, its movement is
seriously reduced, therefore making it very difficult to find food. Being entangled usually
results in death or severe lacerations and ulcers. It has been estimated that over 400,000
marine mammals perish annually due to plastic pollution in oceans. In 2004, it was estimated
that seagulls in the North Sea had an average of thirty pieces of plastic in their stomachs.
Plastic bags harm animals in the ocean by them thinking that its food because plastic doesn't
biodegrade it gets smaller and smaller. Also in the ocean a lot of animals get caught in ropes
and they choke.
7. Effects on humans
Plastics contain many different types of chemicals, depending on the type of plastic.
The addition of chemicals is the main reason why these plastics have become so
multipurpose, however this has problems associated with it. Some of the chemicals used in
plastic production have the potential to be absorbed by human beings through skin
absorption. A lot is unknown on how severely humans are physically affected by these
chemicals. Some of the chemicals used in plastic production can cause dermatitis upon
contact with human skin. In many plastics, these toxic chemicals are only used in trace
amounts, but significant testing is often required to ensure that the toxic elements are
contained within the plastic by inert material or polymer.
Plastic pollution can also affect humans in which it may create an eyesore that
interferes with enjoyment of the natural environment.
DEFECTS AND CAUSES
Due to their insolubility in water and relative chemical inertness, pure plastics
generally have low toxicity in their finished state, and will pass through the digestive system
with no ill effect (other than mechanical damage or obstruction).However, plastics often
contain a variety of toxic additives. For example, plasticizers like adipates and phthalates are
often added to brittle plastics like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to make them pliable enough for
use in food packaging, children's toys and teethers, tubing, shower curtains and other items.
Traces of these chemicals can leach out of the plastic when it comes into contact with food.
Out of these concerns, the European Union has banned the use of DEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl
phthalate), the most widely used plasticizer in PVC. Some compounds leaching from
polystyrene food containers have been found to interfere with hormone functions and are
suspected human carcinogens. Moreover, while the finished plastic may be non-toxic, the
monomers used in its manufacture may be toxic; and small amounts of those chemical may
remain trapped in the product. The World Health Organization's International Agency for
Research on Cancer(IARC) has recognized the chemical used to make PVC, vinyl chloride,
as a known human carcinogen. Some polymers may also decompose into the monomers or
other toxic substances when heated. The primary building block of polycarbonates, bisphenol
A (BPA), is an estrogen-like hormone disrupter that may leach into food. Research in
Environmental Health Perspectives finds that BPA leached from the lining of tin cans, dental
8. sealants and polycarbonate bottles can increase body weight of lab animals'
offspring.[citation needed] A more recent animal study suggests that even low-level exposure
to BPA results in insulin resistance, which can lead to inflammation and heart
disease.[citation needed] Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, present in plastic wrap based on PVC, is
also of concern, as are the volatile organic compounds present in new car smell. Toxic
chemicals all
Plastics have following harmful effects:
1) Choking hazard if consumed directly
2) Release toxic gases during production and on combustion.
3) Being non biodegradable cause disposal problems.
4) Contain hazardous chemicals like BPA, PVC
REDUCTION EFFORTS
Household items made of various types of plastic.
Efforts to reduce the use of plastics and to promote plastic recycling have occurred.
Some supermarkets charge their customers for plastic bags, and in some places more efficient
reusable or biodegradable materials are being used in place of plastics. Some communities
and businesses have put a ban on some commonly used plastic items, such as bottled water
and plastic bags.
9. Litter the Landscape
Once they are used, most bags go into landfill, or rubbish tips. Each year, more and
more bags are ending up littering the environment. Once they become litter, plastic bags find
their way into our waterways, parks, beaches, and streets. And, if they are burned, they infuse
the air with toxic fumes.
Kill Animals
About 100,000 animals, such as dolphins, turtles whales, penguins are killed every
year due to these bags. Many animals ingest plastic bags, mistaking them for food and
therefore, die. And worse, the ingested plastic bag remains intact even after the death and
decomposition of the animal. Thus, it lies around in the landscape where another victim may
ingest it.
Non-biodegradable
One of the worst environmental effects is they are non-biodegradable. The
decomposition takes about 400 years. No one will live so long to witness decomposition of
plastic! Thus, save the environment for the future generation of humans as well as animals.
Petroleum Is Required to Produce Plastic Bags
Petroleum products are diminishing and getting more expensive by the day, since we
have used this non-renewable resource, increasingly. Petroleum is vital for our modern way
of life. It is necessary for our energy requirements -- for our factories, transport, heating,
lighting, and so on. Without viable alternative sources of energy yet on the horizon, if the
supply of petroleum were to be turned off, it would lead to, practically the entire world
grinding to a halt. And to make plastic, about 60 - 100 million barrels of oil are needed every
year around the world.
COLLECTION
The two common forms of waste collection include curbside collection and the use of
drop-off recycling centers. About 87 percent of the population in the U.S.A. (273 million
people) have access to curbside and drop-off recycling centers. In curbside collection, which
is available to about 63 percent of the U.S.A. population (193 million people), people place
10. designated plastics in a special bin to be picked up by a public or private hauling company.
Most curbside programs collect more than one type of plastic resin; usually both PETE and
HDPE. At drop-off recycling centers, which are available to 68 percent of the U.S.A.
population (213 million people), people take their recyclables to a centrally located facility.
Once collected, the plastics are delivered to a material recovery facility or handler for sorting
into single-resin streams to increase product value. The sorted plastics are then baled to
reduce shipping costs to reclaimers.
There are varying rates of recycling per type of plastic, and in 2011, the overall plastic
recycling rate was approximately 8% in the United States. Approximately 2.7 million tons of
plastics were recycled in the U.S. in 2011. Some plastics are recycled more than others; in
2011 "29 percent of HDPE bottles and 29 percent of PET bottles and jars were recycled.
PROPER DISPOSAL OF PLASTIC
Plastic which is disposed off can be recycled and used in many different ways such as
for tote bags, wallets, or pouches. There are biodegradable plastic bags available, which can
help to a considerable extent.
These changes might be gradual, and even less appealing against the problem; but
taking small steps can greatly contribute to the reduction of plastic pollution. It is time for us
to take some preventive steps, and ensure a better life for the future generations.
Single-use bags have become such a ubiquitous way of life that it seems as if we
simply cannot do without them. However, if we have the will, we can start reducing their use
in small ways.
A tote bag can make a good substitute for holding the shopping. You can keep the bag
with the cashier, and then put your purchases into it instead of the usual plastic bag.
Recycling the bags you already have is another good idea. These can come into use for
various purposes, like holding your garbage, instead of purchasing new ones.
While governments may be working out ways to lessen the impact of plastic bags on
the environment, however, each of us should shoulder some of the responsibility for this
problem, which ultimately harms us. From the above paragraphs, you must have understood
the gist of the harmful effects of plastic bags on environment. They are not only non-
11. biodegradable, but are one of the major pollutants of the sea. For a clean and green
environment, try to use alternatives to plastic whenever and wherever possible. Cut down on
your use of plastic, and do your bit to save our planet.
CONCLUSION
Every once in a while the government passes out an order banning shop keepers from
providing plastic bags to customers for carrying their purchases, with little lasting effect.
Plastic bags are very popular with both retailers as well as consumers because they are cheap,
strong, lightweight, functional, as well as a hygienic means of carrying food as well as other
goods. Even though they are one of the modern conveniences that we seem to be unable to do
without, they are responsible for causing pollution, killing wildlife, and using up the precious
resources of the earth.
About a hundred billion plastic bags are used every year in the U.S. alone. And then,
when one considers the huge economies and populations of India, China, Europe, and other
parts of the world, the numbers can be staggering. The problem is further caused by the
developed countries shipping off their plastic waste to developing countries like India. There
are many harmful effects of plastic bags.
Plastic bags are used by everybody. You get them, right from a vegetable vendor to a
designer store. They are convenient and easy to use. Though commodities made of plastic are
handy, it is time to become aware of the harm that plastic causes to life on Earth. Before the
picture turns even more ugly, it is better that you take some effective preventive measures to
reduce this type of pollution.
To bring a decline in its usage, start using paper or cloth bags for shopping and other
purposes as much as possible, and avoid bringing plastic bags at home.
Understand the severity of the problem of plastic pollution, and know the consequences of
dumping plastic in water and on land.