The Karai Badlands national geological monument is located in the Karai area along the Karai-Kulakkalnattam road of Perambalur District, Tamil Nadu. A four km. the stretch of badlands with natural conical mounds and typical fossils of the Cretaceous age is exposed as badlands with a series of conical mounds separated by gulleys.
Badland topography, on either side of Alattur-Ariyalur road, spread within 40-70 km. radius marks the lower part of marine Cretaceous rocks that mainly consists of clay & sandstone of the Karai Formation. Like the Grand Canyon in Colorado, US, Ariyalur is considered a Cretaceous Park of South India by Geo-scientist.
The Geological Survey of India (GSI), has declared Karai Badland as a National Geological monument for its maintenance, protection, promotion, and enhancement of geo-tourism.
Stratigraphy
The Rock formation is here exposed to the Cretaceous of Trichinopoly, Which dates back to the Late Cretaceous. The Succession in the area is broadly divided into 4 Groups -Uttathur, Trichinopoly, Ariyalur, and Ninniyur, Where Uttathur is the oldest. After comparing the age and color of the rock formations here with those of the Himalayas, we have found that they are of the same age. The Karai Formation of Uttatur Group at the Karai-Kulakkalnattam section in the Perambalur district forms the lower part of the Cretaceous sedimentary succession of the Cauvery Basin.
The Karai Badlands area is the type area for Karai Formation. The Karai Formation is exposed as badlands with a series of conical mounds separated by gulleys. It is a wasteland with scanty vegetation and without any topsoil on either side of Karai-Kulakkalnattam road.
The Karai Badlands Formation consists of grey-brown, gypsiferous, glauconitic mudstone, and marl with sporadic thin interbeds of siltstone and calcareous sandstone, particularly in its upper part- sporadic calcareous, siderites and phosphatic concretions/nodules and concretionary horizons occur in some intervals. A variety of marine fossils like ammonites, nautiloids, belemnites, worm tubes, pelecypods, gastropods, and oysters occur in abundance.
The importance of this “Geoheritage Site” lies in the fact that it provides one of the best-exposed sections of Cretaceous rocks with its unique lithology and diversity of extinct marine life. The region is a magnet for cement companies because of the purity of Ariyalur’s limestone. The factories burn a mixture of powdered limestone, gypsum, coal, and other chemicals to produce cement and clinker. But unchecked mining has led to air pollution and large quantities of overburdened soil being heaped up randomly.
How Badland is a form
The Cretaceous Period (135- 65 Million Years) witnessed a series of major geological events in the history of the Earth. Of these, the most significant is the worldwide marine transgression, which has left its mark in many parts of the world including South India.
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The document provides an overview of the Paleozoic era, which began approximately 542 million years ago and lasted around 290 million years. Some key points:
- Suitable time for organic evolution of both flora and fauna. Rocks from this era are less deformed, providing good sections for research.
- In India, Paleozoic rocks are mainly found in the Himalayan region and isolated basins in the peninsula. Stratigraphy has been determined along river sections in the Himalayas.
- Life included early plants, foraminifera, corals, brachiopods, pelecypods, gastropods, cephalopods, ostracods
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1) Kerala is located on the southwest coast of India between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats mountains. It has varied geology consisting of Precambrian crystalline rocks, Tertiary sedimentary rocks, and recent sediments.
2) The oldest rocks are Precambrian and include khondalite, charnockite, sargur schists, and dharwar schists, as well as basic and ultrabasic rocks and granites. Tertiary sediments overlie the Precambrian rocks and include the Vaikom, Quilon, and Warkalli formations dating to the Miocene-Pliocene periods.
3) Recent deposits include peat beds, sand bars, and
Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
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The document provides an overview of the Paleozoic era, which began approximately 542 million years ago and lasted around 290 million years. Some key points:
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- In India, Paleozoic rocks are mainly found in the Himalayan region and isolated basins in the peninsula. Stratigraphy has been determined along river sections in the Himalayas.
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1) Kerala is located on the southwest coast of India between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats mountains. It has varied geology consisting of Precambrian crystalline rocks, Tertiary sedimentary rocks, and recent sediments.
2) The oldest rocks are Precambrian and include khondalite, charnockite, sargur schists, and dharwar schists, as well as basic and ultrabasic rocks and granites. Tertiary sediments overlie the Precambrian rocks and include the Vaikom, Quilon, and Warkalli formations dating to the Miocene-Pliocene periods.
3) Recent deposits include peat beds, sand bars, and
Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
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Karst topography is unique landform that is underground to understand more about this vist my youtube channel
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The rocks in the Macleay Valley were formed 250 million years ago at the bottom of a sea during the Permian period. These sedimentary rocks, including mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate and limestone can be seen in road cuttings and along the Macleay River. The folding of these layers during the formation of the Great Dividing Range causes them to be at various angles, resulting in frequent landslides during wet weather. Different rock types are also visible including slate, basalt, granite and limestone, which are used for various purposes by humans.
The document summarizes Palaeozoic stratigraphy in India, specifically in the Salt Range and Spiti regions. It describes the major periods of the Palaeozoic Era from Cambrian to Permian. For the Salt Range, it details the stratigraphy, including key formations like the Saline Series composed of gypsum, marl and rock salt. It also notes important economic minerals found in the Salt Range. For Spiti, it outlines the stratigraphy of the Cambrian rocks known as the Haimanta System, divided into lower, middle and upper subdivisions. Fossils found in both regions are also briefly mentioned.
Karst topography is unique landform that is underground to understand more about this vist my youtube channel
https://youtu.be/PdB_6Ua1ymE
#karst topograpghy #geography
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The document summarizes key information about three sedimentary basins in western India:
1) The Kutch Basin formed in the Late Triassic due to rifting along the Delhi trend. It contains up to 3,000m of sediments from the Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous deposited in marine to deltaic environments.
2) The Saurashtra Basin lies north of proven Mumbai Offshore Basin and south of prospective Kutch Basin. It contains Mesozoic rocks and is covered by Deccan Traps, hindering exploration. Potential reservoirs include Cretaceous sandstones and Eocene-Miocene carbonates.
3) The Narmada Basin formed in the Early
Rockwell Resources RSA conducted a technical statement for its Niewejaarskraal and Viegulands Put mining operations in South Africa as of July 1, 2013. The document summarizes the geological setting of the alluvial diamond deposits preserved in paleochannel gravels along the Orange River. It also provides details on exploration drilling, sampling, mineral processing using dense media separation, and an inferred mineral resource estimate based on historical production data from 2001-2005 under previous ownership. The operations are fully permitted and infrastructure is in place to support mining and processing of the gravel deposits.
The document summarizes the Gondwana system of sedimentary rocks found in India. It describes the lithology, topography, sedimentation processes, flora and fauna of the different formations within the Gondwana group. These include the Talchir formation containing glacial deposits, the marine-influenced Bap and Badhaura formations, and the coal-bearing Damuda group. The climate changed from cold glacial conditions to warmer and wetter periods favorable for coal formation over the depositional period.
Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. Different types of ores are characterized by distinct geological environment and tectonic settings.
Similar to Karai badland topography and Geo-Heritage site, Take A Geotourism around Graveyard of Cretaceous Fossil (20)
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Karai badland topography and Geo-Heritage site, Take A Geotourism around Graveyard of Cretaceous Fossil
1. Karai badland topography and Geo-Heritage
site, Take A Geotourism around Graveyard of
Cretaceous Fossil
The Karai Badlands national geological monument is located in the Karai area along
the Karai-Kulakkalnattam road of Perambalur District, Tamil Nadu. A four km. the
stretch of badlands with natural conical mounds and typical fossils of Cretaceous age
is exposed as badlands with a series of conical mounds separated by gulleys.
Badland topography, on either side of Alattur-Ariyalur road, spread within 40-70 km.
radius marks the lower part of marine Cretaceous rocks that mainly consists of clay &
sandstone of Karai Formation. Like the Grand Canyon in Colorado, US, Ariyalur is
considered as a Cretaceous Park of South India by the Geo-scientist.
Geological Survey of India (GSI), has declared Karai Badland as a National
Geological monument for its maintenance, protection, promotion, and enhancement
of geo-tourism.
Stratigraphy
The Rock formation is here exposed of Cretaceous of Trichinopoly, Which dates back
to the Late Cretaceous. The Succession in the area is broadly divided into 4 Groups -
2. Uttathur, Trichinopoly, Ariyalur, and Ninniyur, Where the Uttathur is the oldest. After
comparing the age and color of the rock formations here with those of the
Himalayas, we have found that they are of the same age. The Karai Formation of
Uttatur Group at Karai-Kulakkalnattam section in Perambalur district forms the lower
part of the Cretaceous sedimentary succession of the Cauvery Basin.
Karai Badlands area is the type area for Karai Formation. The Karai Formation is
exposed as badlands with a series of conical mounds separated by gulleys. It is a
wasteland with scanty vegetation and without any topsoil on either side of Karai-
Kulakkalnattam road.
The Karai Badlands Formation consists of grey-brown, gypsiferous, glauconitic
mudstone, and marl with sporadic thin interbeds of siltstone and calcareous
sandstone particularly in its upper part- sporadic calcareous, siderites and phosphatic
concretions/nodules and concretionary horizons occur in some intervals. A variety of
marine fossils like ammonites, nautiloids, belemnites, worm tubes, pelecypods,
gastropods, and oysters occur in abundance.
The importance of this “Geoheritage Site” lies in the fact that it provides one of the
best-exposed sections of Cretaceous rocks with its unique lithology and diversity of
extinct marine life. The region is a magnet for cement companies because of the
purity of Ariyalur’s limestone. The factories burn a mixture of powdered limestone,
gypsum, coal, and other chemicals to produce cement and clinker. But unchecked
mining has led to air pollution and large quantities of overburdened soil being
heaped up randomly.
How Badland is a form
3. The Cretaceous Period (135- 65 Million Years) witnessed a series of major geological
events in the history of the Earth. Of these, the most significant is the worldwide
marine transgression, which has left its mark in many parts of the world including
South India. The land covering modern-day Ariyalur, Kallagudi, Dalmiapuram,
Kozhakalnatham, Uttathur, Karai, Anaipadi, and Kallankurichi were affected by this
geological event.
The mouth of the Vellar river was considered the entry point (Transgression) of the
sea from the Bay of Bengal. After being a marine haven for 40 million years, the sea
gets regression, leaving behind a vast graveyard of shellfish, corals, clams,
gastropods, and branchiopods. These formed huge bands of sedimentary rocks,
most of them limestone, Shale & Siltstone. Over time this formation gets weathering
and erosion process and forms Badland topography in the area.
The Cauvery Basin was formed during the fragmentation of Gondwanaland in the
Lower Cretaceous. Sedimentation in the Cauvery Basin commenced with fluviatile
deposition represented by the Terani Plant bed of Upper Gondwana of the Lower
Cretaceous age. The depositional environment varied from fluviatile, to lacustrine.
The Cretaceous deposit in the Cauvery Basin of Tamil Nadu consists of an
4. exceptionally complete shallow marine sequence with very rich faunal assemblages,
which have attracted the attention of paleontologists from all over the world.
