JUVENILE DELINQUENCY THE CORE 5E Chapter 9: Schools and Delinquency Modern American Schools  School plays a significant role in shaping values of youth  Today, more than 90% of school-age children attend school  School has become the primary instrument of socialization  Because young people spend a longer time in school, their adolescence is prolonged  Young people rely increasing on school friends and become less interested in adult role models Modern American Schools • Primary determinant of social/economic status • School itself is an engine of social change and improvement • African American youth educated in states where a higher proportion of their classmates are European American experience lower incarceration rates Education Trends and Issues  There has been some improvement in reading, math, and science achievement during the past decade, but improvements have been minimal  Many secondary math and science teachers did not major in the subjects they teach  US devotes less of its resources to education than do many other nations Economic Disadvantage and Educational Achievement  Economically disadvantaged children usually enter school lagging behind their more advantaged peers  They face substantial gaps in reading and math proficiency, in prosocial behaviors and behavior problems, and in readiness to learn  Many disadvantaged children fail to meet grade-level expectations on core subjects  They face higher rates of special education placement and grade repetition Dropping Out  Nearly 1/3 of all high school students leave the public school system before graduating, especially minority students and students with disabilities  Effects of dropping out mixed  Some say significantly increases delinquency  Some find no link  Reasons for dropping out:  Educational factors:  Kids who show disinterest in school are more likely to drop out - failed courses, low grade point average, absences, falling behind and getting pushed out  Social factors:  Left because they did not like school, they wanted to get a job, could not get along with teachers, had been expelled or were suspended  Poverty and family dysfunction increase chances of dropping out Race and Dropping Out  Minority students drop out at a higher rate than European American students  According to Dorn, the relatively high dropout rate among minorities is the legacy of disciplinary policies enacted when educational administrators opposed school desegregation  Dorn believes that the dropout problem is a function of inequality of educational opportunities, rather than the failure of individual students  Payne and Welch found that administrators and teachers in urban scho ...

1. JUVENILE
DELINQUENCY
THE CORE 5E
Chapter 9:
Schools and Delinquency
Modern American Schools
-age children attend school
adolescence is prolonged
less
interested in adult role models
Modern American Schools

2. • Primary determinant of social/economic status
• School itself is an engine of social change and
improvement
• African American youth
educated in states where
a higher proportion of
their classmates are
European American
experience lower
incarceration rates
Education Trends and Issues
There has been some improvement in reading, math, and
science achievement during the past decade, but
improvements have been minimal
the
subjects they teach

3. rces to education than do many
other
nations
Economic Disadvantage and Educational
Achievement
lagging behind their more advantaged peers
h proficiency,
in
prosocial behaviors and behavior problems, and in readiness to
learn
-level
expectations on
core subjects
grade
repetition
Dropping Out

4. system
before graduating, especially minority students and students
with
disabilities
y
out - failed courses, low
grade point average, absences, falling behind and getting
pushed out
job, could not get along with
teachers, had been expelled or were suspended
out

5. Race and Dropping Out
drop out at a higher rate than European
American students
minorities
is the legacy of disciplinary policies enacted when educational
administrators opposed school desegregation
lieves that the dropout problem is a function of
inequality of
educational opportunities, rather than the failure of individual
students
urban
schools were more likely to respond to misbehavior in a
punitive,
as opposed to a restorative, manner
Dropping Out and Crime –
Current Example
Academic Performance & Delinquency

6. • Chronic underachievers are most likely to be delinquent
• Chronic underachievement is a stronger predictor of
delinquency
than class membership, race, ethnicity, or peer influence
• Children who report they don’t like school or don’t do well
in school are most likely to self-report delinquency
• At-risk youths who do well in school often avoid delinquent
involvement
School Failure and Delinquency
school failure and delinquency are:
①School failure is a direct cause of delinquent behavior
②School failure leads to emotional and psychological problems
that are the actual cause of antisocial behavior
①School failure and delinquency share a common cause
Correlates of School Failure

7. • Personal problems
• Dysfunctional family
• Psychological abnormalities
• Low self control
• Social class
• Lower-class children more likely to drop out
• Likely reason is lower economic status often requires students
to work
part time to help family; takes away from time spent on
schoolwork
• Tracking
• Involves dividing students into groups according to ability
• Keeps certain students from having any hope of achieving
academic
success, thereby causing lack of motivation, which can lead to
delinquent behavior
• Alienation
• Youths who don’t like/care about school are more likely to be
delinquent
Delinquency in School
• According to Soule and his
associates, juvenile victimization
and delinquency peak during
school hours, whereas substance use peaks over the weekend

8. • Bullying
• Repeated negative acts committed by one or more
youth against another
• Students who are chronic victims of bullying
experience more physical and psychological problems
• According to Klein, bullies are motivated by need to
prove their masculinity
• According to Loeber, bullies have a long history of
antisocial behaviors that precedes their school
experience
Grandma Bullied –
Current Example
School Shootings
ghly publicized events
perceived lack of support from peers, parents, and teachers

9. the lunch
period, or the end of the school day
suicidal
behavior prior to the shooting
e from a wide variety of backgrounds
Causes of School Crime
-Level Causes
below
grade level, are welfare recipients, and live in socially
disorganized

10. areas
-Level Causes
substance abuse linked to school delinquency
-Level Causes
of
drug abuse and crime in schools
density, and
transient populations can lead to higher rates of school crime
Reducing School Crime
to
campus, metal detectors, security cameras, and limited access to
social networking websites
Employing law enforcement

11. rime in
schools includes the encouragement of order and organization
and
an emphasis on student-bonding
Role of School in Delinquency Prevention
responsive to needs of students
ld Left Behind Act of 2001 increased accountability
for
schools
-based prevention efforts:

12. Legal Rights in School
• Right to Personal Privacy
• New Jersey vs. T.L.O. (1984):
• School officials can legally search students when
there are reasonable grounds to believe a student has
violated the law
• Drug Testing
• The Supreme Court allows school authorities to conduct
random drug tests on the grounds that they are less intrusive
than a search of a student’s body
• The Court extended the right to test for drugs without
probable cause to all students as long as the drug-
testing policies were “reasonable” (Board of Education
of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie
County el al. v. Earls et al.)

13. Legal Rights in School
• Academic Privacy
• The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (1974)
• Restricts disclosure of information from a student’s education
records without parental consent
• In 1994, Congress allowed educational system to disclose
education records under four circumstances:
①
State law authorizes the disclosure
②
The disclosure is to a juvenile justice agency
③
The disclosure relates to the justice system’s ability to
provide
preadjudication services to a student
④
State or local officials certify in writing that the institution or
individual receiving the information has agreed not to disclose
it
to a third party other than another juvenile justice system
agency
Legal Rights in School

14. ①Passive speech:
interfere with the
discipline required to operate the school, the prohibition cannot
be
sustained (Tinker v. Des Monies Independent Community
School
District, 1969)
②Active Speech:
active speech
when it ruled the principal of Hazelwood School District could
censor
articles in a student publication (Hazelwood School District v.
Kuhlmeier,
1988)
Legal Rights in School
• Off-campus: The Supreme Court (2002) ruled that school
officials can control student speech at off-campus events
• Speech in Cyberspace:

15. • The Court noted that as long as the online content
created by a student is his or her own, uses his/her
own resources and is not disruptive to the learning
environment, the student cannot be disciplined
• School prayer:
• Prayers led by “elected” students undermine the
protection of minority viewpoints – school-sanctioned
prayer is therefore severely limited at public school
events (Santa Fe Independent School District,
Petitioner v. Jane Doe, 2000). However, space for after-
school religious groups must be provided (Good News
Club v. Milford Central School, 2001).
Legal Rights in School
• School Discipline
• Corporal punishment allowed in 20 states
• Under in loco parentis:
• Discipline is one of the parental duties given to the
school system
• In the 1977 case Ingraham v. Wright
• Court held that neither the 8th nor the 14th

16. Amendment was violated by a teacher’s use of
corporal punishment to discipline students
• According to the American Civil Liberties Union and Human
Rights Watch, almost a quarter of a million US public school
children are subjected to corporal punishment each school
year
• Suspensions/expulsions require due process hearing (Goss
v. Lopez, 1976)
No-Tolerance Policy -
Current Example
Summary
human development
buting to school delinquency

17. -based delinquency efforts
Part 1: Effective Engagement Strategies Toolkit
Video 1
Video 2
Video 3
Name and Location of Video
Name of Engagement Strategy
Brief Description, including Grade Level
Procedures and Expectations of the Strategy
How the Strategy is Described, Implemented, or Evaluated

18. Reference
Part 2: Effective Engagement Reflection
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