This document analyzes the potential for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) in Indonesian seas. It finds that the waters of South Kalimantan and North Sulawesi have significant potential temperature gradients between surface and depths of 500 meters that could be used for OTEC. Specifically, South Kalimantan waters averaged a 29.09°C surface temperature and 6.71°C deep temperature, while North Sulawesi averaged 29.22°C and 6.44°C, respectively, yielding a difference of over 22°C needed for viable OTEC. Using a Carnot efficiency calculation, the document estimates a maximum thermal efficiency of 7.5-8% for OTEC in these Indonesian sea
Potentials of the Atlantic Ocean for Renewable Energy Development in NigeriaEmmanuel O.B Ogedengbe
An Invited Presentation at the 5th High-Level Interaction of the Atlantic International Research Centre (AIR Centre) that held between April 28-30, 2019 at the Eko Hotel & Suites.
Ocean wave energy and its uses in generating electricityDr. Ved Nath Jha
This document discusses ocean wave energy and its potential uses and challenges. It describes how ocean waves are a renewable source of energy generated by wind. While wave energy could help meet electricity demand, there are technological and environmental challenges to overcome. These include efficiently converting wave motion to electricity, designing structures that can withstand storms and corrosion, and reducing costs. Further research is needed to better understand the feasibility and impacts of wave energy technologies for specific locations like remote Alaskan communities. Overall, the document examines the viability and opportunities of harnessing ocean wave power, but notes the development challenges that must still be addressed.
Submarine geothermics. hydrothermal vents and electricity generationjjsoto00
This document discusses generating electricity from submarine hydrothermal vents. Researchers from UNAM designed prototypes to install small power plants on hydrothermal vents using binary cycle technology. They estimated that 1% of known vent sites could generate around 130,000 MW of electricity without harming ecosystems. This is comparable to electricity from other geothermal sources. Specific vent sites studied in Mexico include areas in the Gulf of California with temperatures over 360°C and shallow vents along the Pacific coast. One vent could potentially generate up to 20 MW without affecting the environment.
Generation of Hydroelectricity By Sea Wavesvivatechijri
Oscillation Wave Column (Owc) is generation of electricity and most popular categories of wave
energy device. They work on the natural wave action i.e alternate compression & decompression of Trapped Air to
generate electricity. In the view of rising population & more consumption of electricity, alternative thinking for
generation of electricity for future use is essential. In recent years the application of generation of hydroelectricity
(By OWC) in most of the country is widely acceptable. The Main objective of present research work is to provide &
popularize the simple, feasible, ecofriendly, renewable source for generation of electricity. OWC technology in
such a type of system, which hardness energy from oscillation of seawater into chamber & converts wave energy
into electrical energy with low energy impact
Review paper on Enhanced Geothermal Systems 2Stephen Leslie
The document summarizes enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), which extract heat from deep within the Earth's crust. EGS is still in research and development with only a few pilot plants operating worldwide. It has potential as a massive source of renewable energy but faces high costs, particularly for drilling. Techniques like using cascading processes, hydroshearing, and carbon dioxide working fluids may help reduce costs. EGS could provide baseload power and leverage existing oil/gas infrastructure. Extracting minerals and producing chemicals in hot water also offer potential benefits. Further research is needed but EGS may be viable in the future with the right developments.
Solar still,A water Purifying Technique Project ReportEr. Aman Agrawal
This document provides an overview of a project report on a solar still. It introduces solar distillation as a process for purifying water using solar energy. Solar distillation involves evaporating water using heat from the sun, then condensing the vapor to collect purified distilled water. The document discusses the need for water purification, options for purification including distillation and filtration, and outlines the objectives, considerations and design of a solar still to efficiently produce potable water using a renewable energy source.
Current status of Wells Turbine for Wave Energy Conversionijsrd.com
The method of wave energy conversion utilizes an oscillating water column (OWC). The OWC converts wave energy into low-pressure pneumatic energy in the form of bi-directional airflow. Wells has been used to convert this pneumatic power into uni-directional mechanical shaft power. But a Wells turbine has inherent disadvantages like lower efficiency and poorer starting characteristics. This paper provides current status of wells turbine and reviews various researches done to improve starting and running characteristics of wells turbine.
This research summary describes the work of Yong-Siou Chen focusing on developing nanomaterials for efficient light energy conversion applications. Two major projects are described: (1) Using thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters as a new class of photosensitizer for solar cells and hydrogen production from water splitting, achieving higher efficiencies than existing technologies. (2) Designing a tandem device using bismuth vanadate and lead halide perovskite solar cells for bias-free hydrogen production from water splitting under sunlight. The work establishes new nanomaterials and device architectures for clean, cost-effective electricity and hydrogen generation.
Potentials of the Atlantic Ocean for Renewable Energy Development in NigeriaEmmanuel O.B Ogedengbe
An Invited Presentation at the 5th High-Level Interaction of the Atlantic International Research Centre (AIR Centre) that held between April 28-30, 2019 at the Eko Hotel & Suites.
Ocean wave energy and its uses in generating electricityDr. Ved Nath Jha
This document discusses ocean wave energy and its potential uses and challenges. It describes how ocean waves are a renewable source of energy generated by wind. While wave energy could help meet electricity demand, there are technological and environmental challenges to overcome. These include efficiently converting wave motion to electricity, designing structures that can withstand storms and corrosion, and reducing costs. Further research is needed to better understand the feasibility and impacts of wave energy technologies for specific locations like remote Alaskan communities. Overall, the document examines the viability and opportunities of harnessing ocean wave power, but notes the development challenges that must still be addressed.
Submarine geothermics. hydrothermal vents and electricity generationjjsoto00
This document discusses generating electricity from submarine hydrothermal vents. Researchers from UNAM designed prototypes to install small power plants on hydrothermal vents using binary cycle technology. They estimated that 1% of known vent sites could generate around 130,000 MW of electricity without harming ecosystems. This is comparable to electricity from other geothermal sources. Specific vent sites studied in Mexico include areas in the Gulf of California with temperatures over 360°C and shallow vents along the Pacific coast. One vent could potentially generate up to 20 MW without affecting the environment.
Generation of Hydroelectricity By Sea Wavesvivatechijri
Oscillation Wave Column (Owc) is generation of electricity and most popular categories of wave
energy device. They work on the natural wave action i.e alternate compression & decompression of Trapped Air to
generate electricity. In the view of rising population & more consumption of electricity, alternative thinking for
generation of electricity for future use is essential. In recent years the application of generation of hydroelectricity
(By OWC) in most of the country is widely acceptable. The Main objective of present research work is to provide &
popularize the simple, feasible, ecofriendly, renewable source for generation of electricity. OWC technology in
such a type of system, which hardness energy from oscillation of seawater into chamber & converts wave energy
into electrical energy with low energy impact
Review paper on Enhanced Geothermal Systems 2Stephen Leslie
The document summarizes enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), which extract heat from deep within the Earth's crust. EGS is still in research and development with only a few pilot plants operating worldwide. It has potential as a massive source of renewable energy but faces high costs, particularly for drilling. Techniques like using cascading processes, hydroshearing, and carbon dioxide working fluids may help reduce costs. EGS could provide baseload power and leverage existing oil/gas infrastructure. Extracting minerals and producing chemicals in hot water also offer potential benefits. Further research is needed but EGS may be viable in the future with the right developments.
Solar still,A water Purifying Technique Project ReportEr. Aman Agrawal
This document provides an overview of a project report on a solar still. It introduces solar distillation as a process for purifying water using solar energy. Solar distillation involves evaporating water using heat from the sun, then condensing the vapor to collect purified distilled water. The document discusses the need for water purification, options for purification including distillation and filtration, and outlines the objectives, considerations and design of a solar still to efficiently produce potable water using a renewable energy source.
Current status of Wells Turbine for Wave Energy Conversionijsrd.com
The method of wave energy conversion utilizes an oscillating water column (OWC). The OWC converts wave energy into low-pressure pneumatic energy in the form of bi-directional airflow. Wells has been used to convert this pneumatic power into uni-directional mechanical shaft power. But a Wells turbine has inherent disadvantages like lower efficiency and poorer starting characteristics. This paper provides current status of wells turbine and reviews various researches done to improve starting and running characteristics of wells turbine.
This research summary describes the work of Yong-Siou Chen focusing on developing nanomaterials for efficient light energy conversion applications. Two major projects are described: (1) Using thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters as a new class of photosensitizer for solar cells and hydrogen production from water splitting, achieving higher efficiencies than existing technologies. (2) Designing a tandem device using bismuth vanadate and lead halide perovskite solar cells for bias-free hydrogen production from water splitting under sunlight. The work establishes new nanomaterials and device architectures for clean, cost-effective electricity and hydrogen generation.
The document summarizes Rwanda's energy sector and research interventions. It outlines Rwanda's plans to increase power generation through various renewable sources like hydropower, methane gas, geothermal, peat and solar. It also discusses ongoing and planned projects in these areas. Research interventions proposed include improving biomass cookstoves, reducing biogas construction costs, and studying peat characteristics and lake Kivu gas extraction.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A SOLAR STILL USING LAURIC ACID AS A ENERGY S...IAEME Publication
The solar still is a simple device used for obtaining fresh water for small scale demand. Due to intermittent nature of solar energy, solar still s are not continuous in nature. To make them operative for non-sunshine hours energy storage
mediums are used. In the present work an attempt has been made to utilize the energy storage capacity of Lauric acid to enhance the performance of solar still. Experiments were carried out on single basin double slope solar still in the premises of SHIATS, Allahabad in the month of February. It is observed that the nocturnal distillate output is increased by more than 17% when Lauricacid is used as energy storage medium.
In this paper, a mathematical model is developed to study the performance of a parabolic trough collector (PTC). The proposed model consists of three parts. The first part is a solar radiation model that used to estimate the amount of solar radiation incident upon Earth by using equations and relationships between the sun and the Earth. The second part is the optical model; This part has the ability to determine the optical efficiency of PTC throughout the daytime. The last part is the thermal model. The aim of this part is to estimate the amount of energy collected by different types of fluids and capable to calculate the heat losses, thermal efficiency and the outlet temperature of fluid. All heat balance equations and heat transfer mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation, have been incorporated. The proposed model is implemented in MATLAB. A new nanofluids like Water+PEO+1%CNT, PEO+1%CNT and PEO+0.2%CUO where tested and were compared with conventional water and molten salt during the winter and the summer to the city of Basra and good results were obtained in improving the performance of the solar collector. The results explained both the design and environmental parameters that effect on the performance of PTC. Percentage of improvement in the thermal efficiency at the summer when using nanofluids (Water+PEO+1%CNT, PEO+1%CNT and PEO+0.2%CUO) Nano fluids are (19.68%, 17.47% and 15.1%) respectively compared to the water and (10.98%, 8.93% and 6.7%) respectively compared to the molten salt, as well as the percentage decreases in the heat losses by using the Nano fluids through the vacuum space between the receiver tube and the glass envelope compared with water (86 %, 76 % and 66 %) and molten salt (79.15 %, 64.34 % and 48.47 % ) . As final a Water+PEO+1%CNT nanofluid gives the best performance
This document discusses nuclear power, including its uses and effects. It describes how nuclear energy is released from atom nuclei through mass conversion. The document outlines several pros of nuclear power, such as being a clean, reliable source that does not depend on weather. It also lists applications of nuclear power, such as in agriculture, food preservation, water resources, medicine, sterilization, dating, space missions, and electricity production. Finally, it notes some disadvantages of nuclear power, like high costs, terrorism risks, health effects of radiation, and potential for reactor accidents.
Nuclear energy is generated through nuclear fission or fusion reactions that convert mass into energy. Nuclear power plants operate similarly to fossil fuel plants in that they heat water into steam to drive turbines, but they use nuclear reactions instead of combustion to produce heat. While nuclear energy has advantages of low emissions and high energy output, it also produces highly radioactive waste that remains dangerous for extremely long periods, and accidents can expose surrounding areas to radiation. Safety and waste storage are ongoing concerns for nuclear power.
Generally it is believed that nuclear energy is used for destructive purposes only. But, in fact it has more positive uses than its negative uses. Basically atom is the source of nuclear energy. This energy is released by splitting of a nuclei in to two.
Hybrid renewable energy photovoltaic and darrieus VAWT as propulsion fuel of ...journalBEEI
Currently, marine transportation in the world still uses fossil fuels. In addition to running low on supplies, fossil fuels also cause emissions that cause global warming. Sea transportation generates around 1,000 million tonnes of CO2 emissions. Therefore, the exploration of alternative energy is becoming a popular research direction. Several renewable energy sources include solar and wind energy. Indonesia has an average wind speed of above 8 m/s at sea. Also, the energy potential of the sun is around 4.8 kWh/m2. Based on the potential of these renewable energy sources, this study discusses the potential of renewable energy sources from sunlight and wind, which are implemented in the prototype catamaran ship. The results obtained from the experiment, the total energy of photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine generators is 774 Wh. This energy can be used to charge a battery with a battery specification of 35Ah for 6 hours.
The impact of coloured filters on the performance of polycrystalline photovo...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic modules behave extraordinarily by transforming part of the visible spectrum into electrical energy, and their efficiencies are affected by the nature of radiation (light) reaching them. When light strikes a photovoltaic cell, this light may go through the cell without been absorbed if it is too energetic or if the light possesses low energy it will be absorbed by the cell and cause the electrons to twist and vibrate in their bonds without dislodging them, hence causing the cell to heat up which ultimately leads to a decrease in its overall efficiency. This study is aimed to investigate how photovoltaics respond to different wavelengths of light. For the study to achieve its aim, colour filters were used to ensure that only a particular wavelength of light reaches the photovoltaic module at a time. In the process of collecting data from the solar panel, the solar panel was placed horizontally flat on a platform one meter above sea level facing the sun. Data was first obtained from the solar panel without the filters and after that with the filters placed one at a time and data collected accordingly. The amount of solar power and solar flux anytime a different colour filter was placed on the solar panel were measured. Among the coloured filter used yellow produced the highest efficiency, while blue produced the least efficiency. However, the solar panel was still more efficient when exposed to the natural spectrum.
This document summarizes an energy presentation by Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur. It discusses the different forms of energy including mechanical, chemical, nuclear, thermal, light, electrical, and sound energy. It explains concepts like the conservation and conversion of energy. It provides details on India's energy scenario, including its reliance on coal for electricity generation and its status as a major coal and oil producer. However, India also imports coal and oil to meet domestic demand. The document outlines challenges around meeting rising energy needs to support economic growth.
Photovoltaic panels tilt angle optimizationKhery Ali
This document discusses optimizing the tilt angle of photovoltaic panels. It begins by providing background on how a panel's tilt angle affects the amount of solar radiation it captures. It then describes the mathematical equations used to calculate the optimal tilt angle based on a location's latitude and the solar declination angle. The document presents experimental results from Iraq that measured the voltage output of panels tilted at different angles. The experimental optimal tilt angle was found to differ from the mathematically calculated angle, demonstrating the need for practical testing to determine the true optimized tilt.
Researchers and Reviews on Active Solar Distillation Systemijsrd.com
Solar distillation is one of the most promising technologies for supplying potable water. Simply due to its lower productivity, it has limited application. Only, when solar distillation is coupled with any mechanical source, then it increased productivity. Such, the device is called active solar still. The present review paper shows researches done on a solar distillation system for increment in distillate output.
This article presents the deep-subsea OTEC concept, with a threefold increase in exergy efficiency as to the topside one. On the environmental aspect, the deep-subsea OTEC concept can bring about negative CO2 emissions, which poses a positive environmental risk. On the economics, with appropriate public funding, 100 MW deep-subsea OTEC asset would cost about USD(2010) 600 million. On the life-cost of energy, 40-60 USD(2010)/MWh
Unit 1 Introduction to Non-Conventional Energy ResourcesDr Piyush Charan
This unit is part of the course EC228 Renewable Energy Engineering of program B.Tech. Electronics Engg. (Solar Photovoltaic Engineering). It gives an introduction to conventional and non-conventional energy resources.
This Presentation covers the introduction of EIA, nuclear power plant with its advantages and disadvantages, nuclear fission and fusion reaction and the detailed portion of the nuclear power plant of Karachi, Pakistan.
This document provides an overview of nuclear reactors and safety issues. It describes the basic components and workings of a nuclear reactor, including the core, moderator, coolant, and control rods. It also discusses different reactor types such as pressurized water reactors, boiling water reactors, and sodium cooled fast reactors. The document then briefly summarizes some major nuclear accidents that have occurred, such as at Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima. It aims to analyze safety factors in reactor design and discuss safety considerations for developing countries like Bangladesh.
This document summarizes a geothermal energy project in Puerto Rico using Single-Well Engineered Geothermal Systems (SWEGS). It outlines the team developing the GTherm Green Boiler, including engineering, drilling, and research partners. It then describes how the SWEGS works by drilling a central well with lateral holes to harvest heat via heat pipes. The document discusses the flexibility and environmental benefits of the closed-loop system. It analyzes Puerto Rico's energy profile and compares the levelized costs of GTherm to other power sources. Finally, it presents the future considerations and applications of GTherm systems.
The document summarizes information about ocean wave energy, including:
1) It outlines different wave energy conversion systems such as oscillating water columns (OWCs) and overtopping, discussing their components and efficiencies.
2) OWCs can be improved by optimizing damping to reduce power losses and larger, deeper installations can lower costs by increasing available energy and reducing capital expenditures.
3) Costs for various renewable technologies like wave, solar, wind and biomass are compared, showing wave energy's high density but current higher costs than other options.
4) Costs for wave energy are projected to decline to €0.03-0.04/kWh by 2050 through
The Use of Artificial Photosynthesis to Power Hydrogen Fuel CellsJacob Saletsky
This document summarizes a student paper about using artificial photosynthesis to power hydrogen fuel cells. It discusses how artificial photosynthesis works by using solar energy, water, and catalysts like titanium oxide to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. It then explains how hydrogen fuel cells can use the hydrogen to generate electricity. The document argues that artificial photosynthesis is a promising renewable energy source because, like natural photosynthesis, its byproducts are harmless and materials are reusable. It also discusses the components and processes involved in artificial photosynthesis and hydrogen fuel cells.
Nuclear energy works by splitting uranium atoms through fission to produce heat, which boils water to create steam that powers turbines for electricity generation. It has advantages of being very energy dense and producing no greenhouse gases, but produces radioactive waste that must be safely stored. While concerns exist around waste and safety, nuclear energy could play an important role in meeting future energy demand and reducing carbon emissions. The report provides background on how nuclear reactors function and issues around expanding nuclear power.
OTEC harnesses the temperature difference between warm surface seawater and cold deep seawater to generate electricity. The aim of the thesis is to explore incorporating OTEC facilities in Nigeria to generate renewable energy and maximize economic benefits. OTEC requires a temperature gradient of 20°C, relative seawater depths of around 1000m, and tropical locations like those along Nigeria's Gulf of Guinea coast. The closed-cycle OTEC system uses ammonia in a pump, heat exchanger, and turbine generator loop to produce electricity from ocean thermal energy.
The document discusses ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) as a renewable energy source that uses temperature differences between deep and shallow ocean waters. OTEC works on the Rankine cycle to convert this thermal energy into electricity. It has the advantages of being renewable, continuously available, and environmentally friendly but is also expensive and location-dependent. India has potential to generate OTEC due to temperature differences along its coasts and research institutes are working on OTEC projects.
The document summarizes Rwanda's energy sector and research interventions. It outlines Rwanda's plans to increase power generation through various renewable sources like hydropower, methane gas, geothermal, peat and solar. It also discusses ongoing and planned projects in these areas. Research interventions proposed include improving biomass cookstoves, reducing biogas construction costs, and studying peat characteristics and lake Kivu gas extraction.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A SOLAR STILL USING LAURIC ACID AS A ENERGY S...IAEME Publication
The solar still is a simple device used for obtaining fresh water for small scale demand. Due to intermittent nature of solar energy, solar still s are not continuous in nature. To make them operative for non-sunshine hours energy storage
mediums are used. In the present work an attempt has been made to utilize the energy storage capacity of Lauric acid to enhance the performance of solar still. Experiments were carried out on single basin double slope solar still in the premises of SHIATS, Allahabad in the month of February. It is observed that the nocturnal distillate output is increased by more than 17% when Lauricacid is used as energy storage medium.
In this paper, a mathematical model is developed to study the performance of a parabolic trough collector (PTC). The proposed model consists of three parts. The first part is a solar radiation model that used to estimate the amount of solar radiation incident upon Earth by using equations and relationships between the sun and the Earth. The second part is the optical model; This part has the ability to determine the optical efficiency of PTC throughout the daytime. The last part is the thermal model. The aim of this part is to estimate the amount of energy collected by different types of fluids and capable to calculate the heat losses, thermal efficiency and the outlet temperature of fluid. All heat balance equations and heat transfer mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation, have been incorporated. The proposed model is implemented in MATLAB. A new nanofluids like Water+PEO+1%CNT, PEO+1%CNT and PEO+0.2%CUO where tested and were compared with conventional water and molten salt during the winter and the summer to the city of Basra and good results were obtained in improving the performance of the solar collector. The results explained both the design and environmental parameters that effect on the performance of PTC. Percentage of improvement in the thermal efficiency at the summer when using nanofluids (Water+PEO+1%CNT, PEO+1%CNT and PEO+0.2%CUO) Nano fluids are (19.68%, 17.47% and 15.1%) respectively compared to the water and (10.98%, 8.93% and 6.7%) respectively compared to the molten salt, as well as the percentage decreases in the heat losses by using the Nano fluids through the vacuum space between the receiver tube and the glass envelope compared with water (86 %, 76 % and 66 %) and molten salt (79.15 %, 64.34 % and 48.47 % ) . As final a Water+PEO+1%CNT nanofluid gives the best performance
This document discusses nuclear power, including its uses and effects. It describes how nuclear energy is released from atom nuclei through mass conversion. The document outlines several pros of nuclear power, such as being a clean, reliable source that does not depend on weather. It also lists applications of nuclear power, such as in agriculture, food preservation, water resources, medicine, sterilization, dating, space missions, and electricity production. Finally, it notes some disadvantages of nuclear power, like high costs, terrorism risks, health effects of radiation, and potential for reactor accidents.
Nuclear energy is generated through nuclear fission or fusion reactions that convert mass into energy. Nuclear power plants operate similarly to fossil fuel plants in that they heat water into steam to drive turbines, but they use nuclear reactions instead of combustion to produce heat. While nuclear energy has advantages of low emissions and high energy output, it also produces highly radioactive waste that remains dangerous for extremely long periods, and accidents can expose surrounding areas to radiation. Safety and waste storage are ongoing concerns for nuclear power.
Generally it is believed that nuclear energy is used for destructive purposes only. But, in fact it has more positive uses than its negative uses. Basically atom is the source of nuclear energy. This energy is released by splitting of a nuclei in to two.
Hybrid renewable energy photovoltaic and darrieus VAWT as propulsion fuel of ...journalBEEI
Currently, marine transportation in the world still uses fossil fuels. In addition to running low on supplies, fossil fuels also cause emissions that cause global warming. Sea transportation generates around 1,000 million tonnes of CO2 emissions. Therefore, the exploration of alternative energy is becoming a popular research direction. Several renewable energy sources include solar and wind energy. Indonesia has an average wind speed of above 8 m/s at sea. Also, the energy potential of the sun is around 4.8 kWh/m2. Based on the potential of these renewable energy sources, this study discusses the potential of renewable energy sources from sunlight and wind, which are implemented in the prototype catamaran ship. The results obtained from the experiment, the total energy of photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine generators is 774 Wh. This energy can be used to charge a battery with a battery specification of 35Ah for 6 hours.
The impact of coloured filters on the performance of polycrystalline photovo...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic modules behave extraordinarily by transforming part of the visible spectrum into electrical energy, and their efficiencies are affected by the nature of radiation (light) reaching them. When light strikes a photovoltaic cell, this light may go through the cell without been absorbed if it is too energetic or if the light possesses low energy it will be absorbed by the cell and cause the electrons to twist and vibrate in their bonds without dislodging them, hence causing the cell to heat up which ultimately leads to a decrease in its overall efficiency. This study is aimed to investigate how photovoltaics respond to different wavelengths of light. For the study to achieve its aim, colour filters were used to ensure that only a particular wavelength of light reaches the photovoltaic module at a time. In the process of collecting data from the solar panel, the solar panel was placed horizontally flat on a platform one meter above sea level facing the sun. Data was first obtained from the solar panel without the filters and after that with the filters placed one at a time and data collected accordingly. The amount of solar power and solar flux anytime a different colour filter was placed on the solar panel were measured. Among the coloured filter used yellow produced the highest efficiency, while blue produced the least efficiency. However, the solar panel was still more efficient when exposed to the natural spectrum.
This document summarizes an energy presentation by Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur. It discusses the different forms of energy including mechanical, chemical, nuclear, thermal, light, electrical, and sound energy. It explains concepts like the conservation and conversion of energy. It provides details on India's energy scenario, including its reliance on coal for electricity generation and its status as a major coal and oil producer. However, India also imports coal and oil to meet domestic demand. The document outlines challenges around meeting rising energy needs to support economic growth.
Photovoltaic panels tilt angle optimizationKhery Ali
This document discusses optimizing the tilt angle of photovoltaic panels. It begins by providing background on how a panel's tilt angle affects the amount of solar radiation it captures. It then describes the mathematical equations used to calculate the optimal tilt angle based on a location's latitude and the solar declination angle. The document presents experimental results from Iraq that measured the voltage output of panels tilted at different angles. The experimental optimal tilt angle was found to differ from the mathematically calculated angle, demonstrating the need for practical testing to determine the true optimized tilt.
Researchers and Reviews on Active Solar Distillation Systemijsrd.com
Solar distillation is one of the most promising technologies for supplying potable water. Simply due to its lower productivity, it has limited application. Only, when solar distillation is coupled with any mechanical source, then it increased productivity. Such, the device is called active solar still. The present review paper shows researches done on a solar distillation system for increment in distillate output.
This article presents the deep-subsea OTEC concept, with a threefold increase in exergy efficiency as to the topside one. On the environmental aspect, the deep-subsea OTEC concept can bring about negative CO2 emissions, which poses a positive environmental risk. On the economics, with appropriate public funding, 100 MW deep-subsea OTEC asset would cost about USD(2010) 600 million. On the life-cost of energy, 40-60 USD(2010)/MWh
Unit 1 Introduction to Non-Conventional Energy ResourcesDr Piyush Charan
This unit is part of the course EC228 Renewable Energy Engineering of program B.Tech. Electronics Engg. (Solar Photovoltaic Engineering). It gives an introduction to conventional and non-conventional energy resources.
This Presentation covers the introduction of EIA, nuclear power plant with its advantages and disadvantages, nuclear fission and fusion reaction and the detailed portion of the nuclear power plant of Karachi, Pakistan.
This document provides an overview of nuclear reactors and safety issues. It describes the basic components and workings of a nuclear reactor, including the core, moderator, coolant, and control rods. It also discusses different reactor types such as pressurized water reactors, boiling water reactors, and sodium cooled fast reactors. The document then briefly summarizes some major nuclear accidents that have occurred, such as at Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima. It aims to analyze safety factors in reactor design and discuss safety considerations for developing countries like Bangladesh.
This document summarizes a geothermal energy project in Puerto Rico using Single-Well Engineered Geothermal Systems (SWEGS). It outlines the team developing the GTherm Green Boiler, including engineering, drilling, and research partners. It then describes how the SWEGS works by drilling a central well with lateral holes to harvest heat via heat pipes. The document discusses the flexibility and environmental benefits of the closed-loop system. It analyzes Puerto Rico's energy profile and compares the levelized costs of GTherm to other power sources. Finally, it presents the future considerations and applications of GTherm systems.
The document summarizes information about ocean wave energy, including:
1) It outlines different wave energy conversion systems such as oscillating water columns (OWCs) and overtopping, discussing their components and efficiencies.
2) OWCs can be improved by optimizing damping to reduce power losses and larger, deeper installations can lower costs by increasing available energy and reducing capital expenditures.
3) Costs for various renewable technologies like wave, solar, wind and biomass are compared, showing wave energy's high density but current higher costs than other options.
4) Costs for wave energy are projected to decline to €0.03-0.04/kWh by 2050 through
The Use of Artificial Photosynthesis to Power Hydrogen Fuel CellsJacob Saletsky
This document summarizes a student paper about using artificial photosynthesis to power hydrogen fuel cells. It discusses how artificial photosynthesis works by using solar energy, water, and catalysts like titanium oxide to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. It then explains how hydrogen fuel cells can use the hydrogen to generate electricity. The document argues that artificial photosynthesis is a promising renewable energy source because, like natural photosynthesis, its byproducts are harmless and materials are reusable. It also discusses the components and processes involved in artificial photosynthesis and hydrogen fuel cells.
Nuclear energy works by splitting uranium atoms through fission to produce heat, which boils water to create steam that powers turbines for electricity generation. It has advantages of being very energy dense and producing no greenhouse gases, but produces radioactive waste that must be safely stored. While concerns exist around waste and safety, nuclear energy could play an important role in meeting future energy demand and reducing carbon emissions. The report provides background on how nuclear reactors function and issues around expanding nuclear power.
OTEC harnesses the temperature difference between warm surface seawater and cold deep seawater to generate electricity. The aim of the thesis is to explore incorporating OTEC facilities in Nigeria to generate renewable energy and maximize economic benefits. OTEC requires a temperature gradient of 20°C, relative seawater depths of around 1000m, and tropical locations like those along Nigeria's Gulf of Guinea coast. The closed-cycle OTEC system uses ammonia in a pump, heat exchanger, and turbine generator loop to produce electricity from ocean thermal energy.
The document discusses ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) as a renewable energy source that uses temperature differences between deep and shallow ocean waters. OTEC works on the Rankine cycle to convert this thermal energy into electricity. It has the advantages of being renewable, continuously available, and environmentally friendly but is also expensive and location-dependent. India has potential to generate OTEC due to temperature differences along its coasts and research institutes are working on OTEC projects.
Modelling net power of Sabah trough and its effectiveness14281 16588-1-pbIdris Wasiu Olalekan
This document summarizes a study that modeled the net power potential of an Ocean Thermal Energy
Conversion (OTEC) system in Sabah Trough, Malaysia. The study used temperature and depth profile data from
Sabah Trough and applied Lockheed Martin's OTEC modeling approach to calculate gross and net power output.
The modeling found a gross power potential of 183.65 MW and a net power potential of 133.8162 MW after
accounting for various loss factors in the system. This represents the first study to specifically estimate net
power potential from OTEC in Sabah Trough using established modeling techniques. The results support the
viability and potential of OTEC as a renewable
This document provides a seminar report on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) presented by two students. It discusses the working principle of OTEC, which uses the temperature difference between warm surface ocean water and cold deep water to run a heat engine and generate electricity. It classifies OTEC plants as either closed-cycle or open-cycle, and as either land-based or floating/offshore. It then reviews the history of OTEC development from the 1880s to recent projects. The future potential of OTEC and its benefits are also mentioned.
Seminar Report On OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSIONAnik Samaddar
This document summarizes a seminar report on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) presented by two students. It discusses the working principle of OTEC, which uses the temperature difference between warm surface water and cold deep ocean water to run a heat engine and generate electricity. There are two types of OTEC systems - closed-cycle which uses working fluids like ammonia, and open-cycle which uses seawater directly. OTEC plants can be land-based, floating, or offshore. The document provides a brief history of OTEC and discusses its future potential as a renewable energy source.
The document discusses Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), which uses the temperature difference between warm surface ocean water and cold deep water to produce electricity. OTEC systems take advantage of the sun's heating of surface water and can generate significant power as long as there is a 20°C difference between water layers. The oceans represent a vast renewable resource that could help produce billions of watts of electricity to power the world. OTEC plants require a stable ocean environment with the necessary thermal gradient between water layers to efficiently operate.
Harnessing the Power of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (2).pptxSuvamSankarKar
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) harnesses the temperature difference between warm surface ocean water and cold deep water to generate electricity. There are three main types of OTEC systems - open cycle, closed cycle, and hybrid cycle. OTEC shows potential as a renewable energy source but faces challenges including high capital costs, technical complexity, and environmental impacts. While small pilot OTEC plants exist, the technology must be further developed to increase efficiency and feasibility on a larger commercial scale.
OTEC stands for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. It use a temperature difference (20 -°C) between the upper layer of ocean surface and bottom layer of ocean surface is required to run the turbine to generate an electricity. Ocean covered 70% of earths surface which is abundant form of solar collector and solar storage capacity. Ocean has an abundant form of renewable source of energy which has a potential to fulfill billions of watts of electricity. Now a days, OTEC is required to generate electricity due to sky rocketing price of oil, natural gas and coal. The objective was how to minimize the cost of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plant. Abhishek Kishore | Ameen Uddin Ahmad"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2314.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/2314/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion/abhishek-kishore
Review of enhancement for ocean thermal energy conversion system.pdfIreneKoronaki1
This document provides a review of enhancement strategies for ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) systems. It discusses various closed thermodynamic cycles that can be used in OTEC, including the basic Rankine cycle. Different working fluids are described, such as ammonia and ammonia-water mixtures, and how they affect cycle efficiency. The document also examines the impact of the ejector on cycle performance. Several methods to improve thermal efficiency are presented, such as intermediate extraction, heat recovery, reheating, and two-stage cycles. The most effective approaches are evaluated under identical operating conditions to determine which strategy provides the highest efficiency for OTEC.
This document provides an overview of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) technology. It discusses the history of OTEC, the basic concepts behind closed-cycle, open-cycle and hybrid-cycle OTEC systems, potential applications including power generation, desalination, hydrogen production and aquaculture, benefits such as providing continuous base load power with no emissions, and challenges including high costs. Current demonstration projects are mentioned, and it is suggested that further research and development could help optimize OTEC technology and integrate it with other commercial systems.
Ocean thermal energy conversion utilizes the temperature difference between warm surface waters and cooler deep ocean waters to generate electricity. It has the potential to be a renewable source of energy. The document discusses the types of ocean energy including ocean thermal energy. It describes the components and working of open and closed cycle OTEC systems and their applications in producing electricity, freshwater, refrigeration, and mineral extraction. The efficiency of OTEC plants depends on the temperature difference between the source and sink waters. While renewable, OTEC also has disadvantages such as high capital costs and low conversion efficiency.
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a renewable energy technology that uses the temperature difference between warm surface ocean waters and cold deep ocean waters to produce electricity. OTEC systems take advantage of the sun's heating of surface waters and the ocean's ability to store heat in its deep waters to drive a power generating cycle. As long as there is a temperature difference of around 20°C between surface and deep waters, an OTEC system can produce a significant amount of electricity with little environmental impact. The oceans receive vast amounts of solar energy and represent an enormous untapped renewable resource that could help meet the world's growing energy needs.
GIS based spatial distribution of Temperature and Chlorophyll-a along Kalpakk...IJERA Editor
This paper briefly describes the status of Temperature and Chlorophyll-a trend in Kalpakkam Coast, discusses its ecological and temperature impacts recommending measures to achieve long term sustainability using advanced tools like Geographic Information System (GIS). Present study reveals the monthly spatial distribution of Temperature and Chlorophyll-a at Kalpakkam. Transect based in-situ Temperature and Chlorophyll-a collected at 200m, 500m and 1 km distance into the sea was interpolated using the Inverse Distance Weightage (IDW) method in ARC GIS. Data revealed the extent of spatial distribution of thermal effluent in Kalpakkam. It could be found that temperature range of 26.2 – 31.9°C provided substantial Chlorophyll-a concentration between 0.8 – 2.9 mg/m3 for surface and bottom waters. Further, increase of Chlorophyll-a levels did not lead to higher productivity. Combined temperature and chlorophyll a showed little synergistic effects. It is concluded that the effect of thermal discharge from the power plant into the receiving water body is quite localized and productivity of the coastal waters are not affected. From the results obtained, the spatial data has been found to be useful in determining zones of safe use of seawater and to understand the extent of relationship between the relatable parameters.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a process that uses the temperature difference between warm surface ocean water and cold deep sea water to produce electricity. There are three types of OTEC systems - closed loop, open loop, and hybrid. OTEC utilizes the large temperature difference between warm surface waters and cold deep ocean water to power a turbine and generate electricity. It has the potential to be a renewable source of clean energy without emissions. However, OTEC plants are currently more expensive to build than fossil fuel plants.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a process that uses the temperature difference between warm surface ocean water and cold deep sea water to produce electricity. There are three types of OTEC systems - closed loop, open loop, and hybrid. OTEC takes advantage of the sun's energy absorbed and stored in the ocean to drive a turbine that generates electricity. In addition to power generation, OTEC can provide desalinated water, refrigeration, air conditioning, and support aquaculture. While high capital costs currently limit OTEC, it has potential as a renewable source of clean energy without emissions.
119 ocean energy systems exercise no keysJosuePerez129
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature difference between warm surface waters and cold deep ocean waters to drive turbines and generate electricity. Experimental OTEC plants have been built but none have been commercially viable yet due to high costs. OTEC could provide clean, renewable energy around the clock and desalinate water as a byproduct but discharges may disturb marine environments. Lowering startup costs is needed for OTEC to compete with conventional energy sources.
For the tropical surface ocean waters being the largest thermal
solar collectors and reservoirs in the planet, a solution is
proposed for inexhaustible supply of freshwater by combining
two renewable energy routes through a hybrid offshore
energy farm, ocean thermal energy conversion, and
offshore wind power.
This document summarizes ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), which generates electricity by exploiting the temperature difference between warm surface ocean waters and cold deep waters. OTEC utilizes the ocean as the world's largest solar collector. It works on the principle of Carnot efficiency, producing power when there is a 20°C or greater difference between water temperatures. Existing OTEC plants operate in Japan, the US, Hawaii, and the Bahamas, with future larger plants planned. OTEC is a renewable source but has high capital costs and potential environmental impacts that need to be addressed.
1. The document discusses the design of a cold water pipe for an OTEC power plant off the coast of the Philippines. It analyzes parameters from a theoretical 10MW OTEC system to determine requirements for the cold water pipe design.
2. Key parameters used include a seawater temperature difference of 21.5°C and mass flow rate. The document estimates that a pipe depth of 895.84m would achieve the required temperature difference off the Philippines coast.
3. Additional considerations for the pipe design include withstanding static/dynamic loads from waves and typhoons that occur in the Philippines location. The pipe structure, flow rate, diameter and pump requirements will be analyzed based on the estimated depth.
2. 216 Mega L. Syamsuddin et al. / Energy Procedia 65 (2015) 215 – 222
Nomenclature
AUO widely used to infer respiration in the ocean by assuming that surface oxygen concentration is close to
saturation with the overlaying atmosphere
ETOPO is a topography or bathymetry dataset which is available in resolution up to 1 arc minute
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
ODV is a software package for the interactive exploration, analysis and visualization of oceanographic and
other geo-referenced profile, time series, trajectory or sequence data
OTEC Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Tw absolute temperature of the warm water
Tc absolute temperature of the cold water
1. Introduction
New and renewable energy has become the hope of the people to fulfil energy needs. Energy is considered
abundant and environmentally sustainable and highly anticipated that the future development can be the mainstay of
a country's energy supply.
In addition, renewable energy that is generally cleaner, safer and environmentally friendly and its availability to
reach all areas on the earth's surface is needed [1]. Unfortunately, the utilization of renewable energy resources in
Indonesia is still lacking. Based on the data, the need for electrical energy in Indonesia is supplied by fossil power
plants with oil in the first rank (51.66 %) and natural gas in second rank (28.57 %) [2]. Due to the increasing of
energy consumption, both of these renewable energies will be diminished in the future, and OTEC is one of many
renewable energy sources from the ocean that could be a solution for a green energy.
OTEC is one of the newest technologies that use temperature difference between the sea surface and the deep
ocean to operate a generator to produce electrical energy. OTEC has two systems that include open and closed
cycles, and has an advantage in it self. In maritime tropics, the thermal resource of the oceanic thermocline
represents a potentially rich renewable energy resource [3].
The practical ocean temperature differences have made OTEC implementation very challenging [4]. The
temperature difference between the sea surface gets worse when getting close to the equator [5]. The sea surface is
heated continuously by sunlight within the depth of 35 m to 100 m where the wind and waves affect the incoming
temperature [6]. Differences in temperature and solar energy hold a lot of potential for mankind to use, given the sea
level has a total area of 70 % of the earth's surface. If this can be done effectively and on a large scale, OTEC is able
to provide a source of renewable energy that is needed to cover a wide range of energy issues, especially in
Indonesia, which has a large surface area of the ocean.
The previous study of OTEC potential site have not well been done in the Indonesian seas. Most research have
focused on global area of temperature difference from the shore to a depth of 1 000 m [3,4]. The purpose of this
paper is to identify and outline the potential and the position of marine energy source that can be converted into
electrical energy in Eastern Indonesia by using and processing of secondary data obtained from satellites. Our
research is focused on the potential of OTEC sites in shallower depth (less than 600 m).
2. Material and method
2.1. Study area
The selection of the study area was in the Indonesian seas focusing on the geographical coordinates of 8° N to
13° S and 113° E to 141° E, because those areas have ocean thermal potential to be explored. Based on the area of
potential OTEC waters must have ΔT of 22 °C, from which the temperature difference can be converted into energy.
Extensive areas that have the potential for OTEC are sixty million km2
[7]. Totally seven locations with potentially
OTEC resources were chosen. The first location is North Sulawesi which represented Celebes Sea, and then South
Sulawesi, West Papua which represented Banda Sea, South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan which represented
3. Mega L. Syamsuddin et al. / Energy Procedia 65 (2015) 215 – 222 217
Makassar Strait, Timur Strait, and Morotai Island which represented Morotai Sea.
Fig.1. Map of Indonesian Seas.Color bar show the level of bathymetry (in meter)
2.2. Data sources and processing
The data was obtained from World Ocean Atlas 2009 (WOA09). WOA09 is a set of objectively analyzed
(1° grid) climatological fields of in situ temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, Apparent Oxygen Utilization
(AOU), percent oxygen saturation, phosphate, silicate, and nitrate at standard depth levels for annual, seasonal, and
monthly compositing periods for the World Ocean. It also includes associated statistical fields of observed
oceanographic profile data interpolated to standard depth levels on 1° grid. These data were processed and
visualized in vertical profile (depth) and horizontal (surface) using Ocean Data View (ODV) software. The
visualization results represent the potential temperature difference of OTEC at seven locations [8].
Table 1. Minimum values of ocean energy source for ORE suitability categories
Ocean energy source Minimum value Data source
Current speed 0.5 m · s–1
Yuningsih et al. [9]
Wind speed 4.0 m · s–1
Khaligh and Onar [10]
Wave height 1.6 m Cruz [11]
Tidal range 2.0 m Charlier and Finkl [12]
2.3. Efficiency of OTEC
Ocean thermal between water surface and water depth must be converted to reach maximum output from its
thermal. The proceeding ocean thermal should reach the range of water column with efficiency value, OTEC
efficiency value can be calculated using the equation of Carnot efficiency:
(1)
where:
η = Carnot efficiency
Tw = Absolute temperature of the warm water
Tc = Absolute temperature of the cold water
Carnot recognized that the production energy from ocean thermal required the transfer of heat from a source at
one temperature (T1) to a heat sink at a lower temperature (T2). The efficiency had a theoretical aspect to define the
relationship between variables. Technology of steam engine which produce the energy from ocean thermal potential
are developed rapidly which the efficiency help in the production because the result is the same with the Rankine’s
Tc
TcTw
(max)
4. 218 Mega L. Syamsuddin et al. / Energy Procedia 65 (2015) 215 – 222
analysis. Thus, it proves that the efficiency is necessary [9].
3. Results and discussion
OTEC uses the heat stored in warmer surface water to rotate the steam-driven turbines. Meanwhile, cold,
deepwater is pumped to the surface to re-condense the steam that drives the turbines [11]. The temperature
difference between the warm surface water and the cold deep water has to be more than 22 ˚C, and the energy
produced between range of the water temperature are 100 kW on land-based plant, tested two years by a Japanese
company, to have an efficiently operated OTEC system, capable of producing a significant amount of power.
Processing of secondary data per month and per year have been used in eastern Indonesia. Intended results are
shown in the following table.
Based on the result showed in Table 2, the average value of Tw in the North Sulawesi was 29.22 °C, Tc was
6.44 °C, and ∆T was 22.78 °C. In the South Kalimantan, the value of Tw has an average of 29.09 °C, Tc 6.71 °C
and ∆T 22.38 °C. Both results can be used as a source of ocean thermal energy due to the difference in temperature
of more than 22 °C in the depths of 0 m to 500 m. Thus the location is ideal to be used as OTEC power plant site.
Carnot efficiency equation showed the maximum OTEC thermal efficiency to be 7.5 % to 8 % (22/295 to 25/298).
Carnot efficiency value in the Indonesian seas is shown in Table 3.
Table 2. Results of secondary data processing in North Sulawesi (NS) and South Kalimantan (SK)
Month
Tw (°C) Tc (°C) ∆T
Depth (m)
(NS) (SK) (NS) (SK) (NS) (SK)
January 29.71 29.02 6.32 6.13 23.39 22.89 500
February 29.39 28.92 6.36 6.07 23.03 22.85 500
March 29.71 29.37 6.35 6.9 23.36 22.47 500
April 29.66 29.82 6.31 7.64 23.35 22.18 500
May 29.6 29.39 6.49 6.86 23.11 22.53 500
June 29.72 28.48 6.22 7.12 23.5 21.36 500
July 29.32 27.84 6.39 6.4 22.93 21.44 500
August 29 28.18 6.55 6.41 22.45 21.77 500
September 30.02 28.3 6.48 6.65 23.54 21.65 500
October 29.57 28.26 6.59 6.91 22.98 21.35 500
November 28.97 29.21 6.51 6.53 22.46 22.68 500
December 29.05 29.08 6.49 6.94 22.56 22.14 500
Average 29.22 29.09 6.44 6.71 22.78 22.38 500
5. Mega L. Syamsuddin et al. / Energy Procedia 65 (2015) 215 – 222 219
Based on Table 3, the smallest value of the Carnot efficiency among six other locations is South Kalimantan at
0.73. This inferred that the location is the best site for OTEC potential because the smaller value of the potential
OTEC Carnot efficiency is indicative of better performance. The next location with excellent potential OTEC
resource is North Sulawesi with efficiency values of 0.74 followed by Timur Strait, Makassar Strait, Morotai with
the efficiency value of 0.76, respectively. The Carnot efficiency in West Papua was 0.75, and 0.78 in South
Sulawesi. The data processing as shown in the Table 3 was done by averaging the value of Tw and Tc at each
location. The visualization of temperature changes with depth has been done using ODV software. Based on the
monthly data obtained during one year observation in 2009, the temperature value did not vary significantly, as well
as for the seasonal period. Both season (west monsoon and east monsoon) had relatively same temperature. This
could be explained based on the fact that the location of potential OTEC in the tropics have temperature, salinity and
pressure relatively stable and do not vary. Visualization of temperature change with depth is shown in Figure 2.
Table 3. Carnot efficiency result
Location X Tw (°C) X Tc (°C) ∆T Depth (m) Carnot efficiency (η)
South
Kalimantan
28.82 7.71 21.11 500 0.73
North Sulawesi 29.22 7.44 21.78 500 0.74
Timur Strait 28.83 6.72 22.11 600 0.76
Makasar Strait 28.83 6.72 22.11 600 0.76
South Sulawesi 28.47 6.18 22.29 700 0.78
West Papua 28.16 6.76 21.4 600 0.75
Morotai Sea 28.47 6.82 21.65 600 0.76
Fig. 2. Depth profiles of temperature (a) January and (b) April in South Kalimantan
6. 220 Mega L. Syamsuddin et al. / Energy Procedia 65 (2015) 215 – 222
Based on Figure 2, it can be seen that the temperature at the surface is about 29 °C in January and April. We
have chosen January and April as the representative of the second month of the west and east monsoon season. The
increasing depth was followed by the decreasing temperature value. Temperatures dropped significantly at depth of
200 m to 400 m due to the influence of local mixed layer. The temperature was 6 °C to 7 °C at a depth of 600 m.
This is used as the principle of OTEC by exploiting the difference in temperature of about 22 °C to be converted to
electrical power through a closed cycle of OTEC on conversion. The visualization of temperature change with depth
is shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 3. Depth profiles of temperature (a) January and (b) April in North Sulawesi
Figure 4 shows the vertical profile of monthly temperature in the North Sulawesi and the South Kalimantan
waters. The results showed the average value of the surface temperature is in the range of 28.5 °C to 30 °C.
Temperature continued to decrease with the increase of depth. The temperature decreases significantly due to the
effect of depth 200 m to 600 m in mixed layer, so that the temperature decreases rapidly from 14 °C to 6 °C.
This was based on one year of data with monthly retrieval data. In general, the surface temperature at this location is
relatively the same in each month. In North Sulawesi, the temperature was almost the same in every season.
In South Kalimantan, the lowest temperature chart compared with other months occurred in February at a depth of
7. Mega L. Syamsuddin et al. / Energy Procedia 65 (2015) 215 – 222 221
400 m to 600 m with temperature range of 6 °C to 8 °C, while another month generally with temperature range of
7 °C to 8 °C. Therefore, South Kalimantan and North Sulawesi are superior for potential OTEC due to high
temperature variations as well as the lower value of the Carnot efficiency. Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the
world comprising 17 504 islands. Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries recorded about 15 337 uninhabited
islands in Indonesia, while about 2 342 inhabited islands. Because of the archipelago-geographical conditions of
Indonesia, the government had difficulties in meeting the infrastructure throughout the country, for example: health,
education, water supply and electricity. Especially for electricity, electrification ratio in Indonesia in 2013 is 79.3 %
which means that approximately 20.7 % of the Indonesian people still have no access to electricity. Even more so in
some areas the ratio is still very low electricity, e.g. NTT (54.8 %) and Papua (36.4 %).
Fig. 4. Vertical profile of temperature (a) North Sulawesi (b) South Kalimantan
Utilization of renewable energy to turn the power supply in all over Indonesia is very suitable to be applied for
renewable energy with a wide variety of sources spread evenly throughout the country. Utilization of renewable
energy is very suited to reach isolated areas that are cut off from the main electricity grid in a big city so that it can
accelerate the National Electricity Company’s target to increase the electrification ratio to reach 99 % in 2020.
Renewable energy from OTEC is potential for a power source for small islands to larger islands in Indonesia. OTEC
could produce energy on a small or large scale. There are still many small islands in Indonesia which have not yet
had a source of electrical energy to meet the electricity needs. Thus, this renewable energy is very potential and
useful to be planted in islet or every frontline island in Indonesia.
4. Conclusion
This research highlight two locations with most OTEC potential site, namely North Sulawesi and South
Kalimantan with a depth of 500 m, respectively. We concluded that the OTEC potential site is in South Kalimantan
(ɳ = 0.732 385) and North Sulawesi (ɳ = 0.745 152) seas. Potential OTEC in the Indonesian seas is very large,
based on some of the areas that have optimum temperature conditions for ocean thermal energy conversion.
Furthermore, our results emphasize the optimizing of OTEC utilization in a shallower depth (500 m to 600 m)
should be performed in the future.
a b
8. 222 Mega L. Syamsuddin et al. / Energy Procedia 65 (2015) 215 – 222
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank to Instrumentation and Marine Survey Community (KOMITMEN), Marine
Science Student of Professional Organization (HIMAIKA), Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty Padjadjaran
University. We also thank to the World Ocean Atlas 2009 (WOA09) for the use of their data.
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