The document provides information about grammar structures in English, including: 1. It discusses the present simple tense and how it is used to talk about habits and facts, and provides examples of its formation. 2. It explains the use of the verb "to be" in the present simple when describing something as a fact or general truth without an action verb. 3. It covers question formation, negatives, and exceptions in the present simple tense. 4. It also addresses the present progressive tense, stative verbs, the past simple tense, past progressive tense, adjectives and how to compare them, adverbs, the future simple with "be going to" and "will", modals and

1. Junior High Grammar

2. The Present Simple Tense
- We use the present simple to talk about things people
do regularly: habits and facts (general truths).
- In the present simple we use the base form of the verb
(v1); but when the subject of the sentence is – he / she /
it, we add s/es/ies to the verb.
Exception: have ----- has
Example: Every Sunday I drink tea and my sister drinks
coffee.
He has to take the dog out every afternoon.
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3. The verb ‘to be’
▶ When we describe something or someone, it’s a
fact/general truth, but there is no action verb. In this
case, we use the verb ‘to be’ in the present tense –
am/is/are:
Example: I am a teacher. He is a student.
▶ Do not use the verb ‘to be’ in the present simple if
you already have an action verb in the sentence.
“ He is eats a sandwich every day”.
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4. Negative and Questions in the Present
Simple
For negative statements and questions, we need
a helping verb – do;
But what do we do when the subject of the
sentence is a he/she/it? We need to add
s/es/ies, right? = Does.
Remember that it takes the s from the verb!
Questions – the helping verb jumps to the
beginning.
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5. The Present Simple Tense
When we talk about habits and facts. Use
Every…, Once/ twice a …., On _______s;
always, often, seldom, usually, rarely, never
Time Exp.
I/ you / we / they + V1 …..
He/ She / It + V1 + s /es/ ies ….
Positive
I/ you / we / they + do not + V1 …
He/ She / It + does not + V1 …
Negative
Do + I/ you / we / they + V1 …?
Does + he/ she / it + V1 … ?
Yes/No Q.
Wh- do + I/ you / we / they + V1 …?
Wh- does + he/ she / it + V1 … ?
Wh- Q.
Q.: Who + V1 + s /es/ ies … ? Answer: I/ you …
Q.: What + V1 + s /es/ ies … ? Answer: it.
Subject Q.
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6. Present Progressive
The Present Progressive
To talk about things that are happening now/
continuing around the time of speaking/ to describe
photos
Use
now, right now, at the moment, at present Time
Expressions
Subject + am/is/are + verb ing. Positive
Subject + am/is/are not + verb ing. Negative
Am/Is/Are + subject + verb ing. Yes/No Q.
Wh- + am/is/are + subject + verb ing. Wh. Q.
Who/What is + verb ing. Subject Q.
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7. Stative Verbs
▶ Stative verbs express senses, thoughts and feelings and
states (‫)מצב‬.
▶ Stative verbs are not usually used in the Progressive
form.
Senses: hear, see, smell, taste, feel
Thoughts: believe, know, think, remember, understand, forget,
mean, prefer
Feelings: like, dislike, love, hate, need, want, hope
Others: belong, own, seem, cost, weigh, sound
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8. The Past Simple
When we talk about finished actions in the past. Use
Yesterday, … ago, last …., in …., when Time Expressions
Subject + V2 (ed /d/ ied or irregular) …
CVC double…
Positive
Subject + did + not + V1 Negative
Did + subject + V1 …. ? Yes/No Q.
Wh + did + subject + V1 …? Wh. Q.
Q.: Who + V2 … ?
A.: I/ you / we / they / he/ she / it…
Q.: What + V2 … ?
A.: It…
Subject Q.
Past Simple ‫ז‬
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9. Past Progressive
The Past Progressive
Describes an action that was in progress at a specific time in
the past. Describes an action that started in the past and was
interrupted by another action. Describes two actions that were in
progress at the same time in the past.
Use
when, while Time
Expressions
Subject + was/were + verb ing. Positive
Subject + was/were not + verb ing. Negative
was/were + subject + verb ing. Yes/No Q.
Wh- + was/were + subject + verb ing. Wh. Q.
Who/What was+ verb ing. Subject Q.
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10. Adjectives - Comparing
Comparison between two nouns:
(1) Same : X is as ……… as Y;
(2) Not same : X is not as ….. as Y.
(3) More / less than: X is …….er than Y (short); X is more ……. than Y
(long)
Comparison between a noun and the group to which it belongs:
The most / least: X is the ….. est of Y (short); X is the most ….. of Y.
Exceptions: good – better – best ; bad – worse – worst.
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11. Spelling – er - est
Adjectives ending in -e – add “ r” or “ st” – Example: safe-safer-
safest
Adjectives ending in cvc – double the last letter and add “er”/”est”.
Example: big – bigger – biggest Exception: w – new – newer –
newest
Adjectives ending in –y – replace the “ y” with an “ i” :-
Example: easy – easier – easiest , funny – funnier - funniest
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12. ▶ Some hippos are as heavy as elephants.
▶ A giraffe’s ears are _______________ (not big) a rabbit’s.
▶ A buffalo is _____________________ (not fast) a cheetah.
▶ An angry elephant is ________________ (dangerous) a lion.
▶ Elephants and hippos are ________________ (tall) giraffes.
Exercise:
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13. Superlative Comparative adjective
the quietest / the most
quiet
quieter / more quiet than quiet
the most famous more famous than famous
the saddest sadder than sad
the longest longer than long
the most expensive more expensive than expensive
the safest safer than safe
the most exciting more exciting than Exciting
the biggest bigger than big
the heaviest heavier than Heavy
the tallest taller than tall
Adjectives - Comparing
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14. ▶ A fire is scarier than a storm.
▶ Girls are usually _________________ (noisy) boys.
▶ Movies are __________ (interesting) books.
▶ Paintings are ______________ (beautiful) photographs.
▶ Math exams are usually ______________ (easy) English exams.
Exercise:
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15. ● The cheetah is the fastest animal in the world.
● The chimpanzee__________________ (intelligent) animal in the world.
● The piranha______________ (dangerous) fish in the ocean.
● The anaconda_____________ (heavy) snake in the world.
● The Great Dane________________ (tall) dog in the world.
Exercise:
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16. Superlative Comparative Adjective
the newest newer than new
the greatest greater than great
the largest larger than large
the best better than good
the most important more important than important
the highest higher than high
the earliest earlier than early
the fattest fatter than fat
the most deafening more deafening than deafening
the noisiest noisier than noisy
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17. Complete the Sentences
▶ Dan is _cleaner than_______________ (clean) Ron.
▶ Dan is _____________ (clean) member of his family.
▶ Parents are _________________ (old) children; but grandparents
are __________________ (old) in the family.
▶ Dan is ______________ (dirty) as Dana; and they are both _____
________________ (dirty) children in the world.
▶ Riding a boat is ____________________ (exhilarating) riding a bus.
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18. An adverb answers the question “ How” ?
Usually comes after the verb
We usually add ‘ly’ to the adjective to form an adverb.
“ The tiger waits quietly and patiently.”
Exceptions: good - _____________; fast - _____________; hard - ___________;
high - ________________.
We can also compare with adverbs – “A deer can run faster than a tiger”.
Spelling: adjectives ending in ‘y’ – happy - happily
adjectives ending in ‘e’ / ‘l’ – nice, careful - nicely,
carefully
adjectives ending in ‘le’ – terrible - terribly
Reading comp. Adverbs Clip
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19. Adverbs from Adjectives
Adjectives Adverbs
safe safely
beautiful beautifully
fast fast
good well
angry angrily
nervous nervously
hungry hungrily
brave bravely
careful carefully
slow slowly
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20. The Future Simple with “be + going to”
To talk about things are going to happen in the
future.
Use
tomorrow, this summer, next year, in two weeks… Time
Expressions
Subject + am/is/are + going to + V1 Positive
Subject + am/is/are not + going to + V1 Negative
Am/Is/Are + subject + going to + V1 Yes/No Q.
Wh- + am/is/are + subject + going to + V1 Wh. Q.
Who/What is + going to + V1 Subject Q.
Future Simple ‫ז‬
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21. The Future Simple with “will”
To talk about things are will happen in the future. Use
tomorrow, this summer, next year, in two weeks… Time Expressions
Subject + will + V1 Positive
Subject + will not + V1 Negative
Will + subject + V1 Yes/No Q.
Wh- + will + subject + V1 Wh. Q.
Who/What will + V1 Subject Q.
Future Simple ‫ז‬
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22. Modals and Semi Modals
▶ A modal is a type of auxiliary (helping) verb that us used to
express: ability, possibility, permission or obligation. necessity, and
permission
▶ Semi-Modals, also known as Modal-Phrases are used to express the
same things as modals, but are a combination of auxiliary verbs
and the preposition to.
▶ The modals and semi-modals in English are:
▶ Can/could/be able to
▶ May/might
▶ Shall/should/ought to
▶ Must/have to
▶ Will/would
▶ Type of modals and their meaning
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23. Phrasal Verbs
▶ A phrasal verb is a combination of words (a verb + a
preposition or verb +adverb) that when used together, usually
take on a different meaning to that of the original verb.
▶ Examples:
▶ Ella tore up the letter after she read it.
▶ Their car broke down two miles out of town.
▶ Did the manager deal with that customer’s complaint.
▶ Be sure to put on a life jacket before getting into the boat.
▶ We left out the trash for pickup.
▶ It’s time to get on the plane.
▶ Take off your shoes before you walk on the carpet.
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24. Relative Pronouns ‫ז‬
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25. Passive Voice – in Simple Tenses
▶ We use the passive when the action is more important than the person who
did it, or when the person is not known. When we mention the person who did
the action, we use the word by
▶ Structure:
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26. Passive Voice – in Progressive Tenses
▶ We use the passive when the action is more important than the person who
did it, or when the person is not known. When we mention the person who did
the action, we use the word by
▶ Structure:
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27. Tag Questions ‫ח‬
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28. Gerunds ‫שם‬
‫פועל‬
▶ A gerund is a noun formed by adding “ ing” to the verb:
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29. The Past Simple
To describe an action that began in the past but is still
important today.
Use
Never, ever, yet, recently, lately, already, just, for, since Time Expressions
Subject + have/has + V3 (ed /d/ ied or irregular) … Positive
Subject + have/has + not + V3 Negative
Have/Has + subject + V3 …. ? Yes/No Q.
Wh + have/has + V3 …? Wh. Q.
Q.: Who + has + V3 … ?
A.: I/ you / we / they / he/ she / it…
Q.: What + has + V3 … ?
A.: It…
Subject Q.
Present Perfect ‫ט‬

30. Present Perfect Exercise
▶ I _________________ (not work) today.
▶ We __________________ (just buy) a new lamp.
▶ We _______________________ (not plan) our holiday yet.
▶ Where __________________________ (be / you)?
▶ So far he __________________________ (write) 5 letters.
▶ She ______________________ (not see) him in a long time.
▶ They _____________________ (be) friends for the past 20 years.
▶ ______________________ (speak / you) to your teacher recently?
▶ The movie ____________________ (not start) yet.
▶ We ___________________________ (never, see) this movie.
▶ _______________________________ (be, you, ever) to Paris?
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31. The Past Simple
to talk about an activity that happened before another activity or another
time in the past. The more recent activity is in the Past Simple.
Use
after, as soon as, before, by the time, until, when… Time Expressions
Subject + had + V3 (ed /d/ ied or irregular) … Positive
Subject + had + not + V3 Negative
Had + subject + V3 …. ? Yes/No Q.
Wh + had + V3 …? Wh. Q.
Q.: Who + had + V3 … ?
A.: I/ you / we / they / he/ she / it…
Q.: What + had + V3 … ?
A.: It…
Subject Q.
Past Perfect ‫ט‬

32. Reported Speech
▶ We use reported speech to report what someone else said. If the
reporting verb is in the past, the verb in the reported sentence
moves one tense back in time.
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33. Zero and First Conditional ‫ט‬

34. Second and Third Conditional ‫ט‬