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Junior cycle science physics the earth and beyond. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Science Teacher.
This document provides information about the solar system and beyond. It discusses the nine planets in our solar system and how we see planets and the moon because they reflect sunlight, unlike the sun which produces its own light. It also summarizes that the Earth orbits the sun in an elliptical pattern every year and is kept in orbit by gravity and its high velocity. Additional topics covered include gravity, the moon's phases, comets, artificial satellites, galaxies and the universe, and evidence for the Big Bang theory.
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Junior cycle science physics the earth and beyond. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Science Teacher.
- 1. 28/05/13 Junior CycleJunior Cycle PhysicsPhysics TheEarth and Beyond Edited and Reproduced by Theresa Lowry-Lehnen RGN, BSc (Hon’s) Specialist Clinical Practitioner (Nursing), Dip Counselling, Dip Adv Psychotherapy, BSc (Hon’s) Clinical Science, PGCE (QTS) , H. Dip. Ed, MEd, Emotional Intelligence (Level 9) MHS Accredited
- 2. 28/05/13 There are nineplanets in our solar system:There are nine planets in our solar system: Mercury Mars Jupiter Saturn Neptune Uranus Pluto Venus Earth My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming Planets
- 3. 28/05/13 We see planetsand the moon because they reflect sunlight: The sun is different – it produces its own light.
- 4. 28/05/13The Earth orbitsthe sun…The Earth orbits the sun… ……every year (365every year (365 11 //44 days)days) Ellipse
- 5. 28/05/13 The Earth iskept in orbit by 2 things…The Earth is kept in orbit by 2 things… GravityGravity …and by the fact that it is moving at a high velocity
- 6. 28/05/13 The Earth spinson an axis… Because of this spin the sun and stars appear to “move” across the sky…
- 7. 28/05/13 GravityGravity Gravity is anattractive force that affects anything with mass: Note that this force goes both ways – the Earth is attracted to us.
- 8. 28/05/13 Gravity on differentGravityon different planets:planets: Jupiter – gravitational field strength = 25N/Kg Earth – gravitational field strength = 9.8N/Kg
- 9. 28/05/13 More information ongravityMore information on gravity F F/9 F/4 If you double the distance the gravitational force divides by 4… If you triple the distance the force divides by 9… The amount of gravity attracting an object decreases the further out the object is…
- 10. 28/05/13 How much ofthe moon we see dependsHow much of the moon we see depends on where the moon is in its orbit:on where the moon is in its orbit: Appearance:
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- 13. 28/05/13 CometsComets Comets are ballsof dust and frozen gas. They have very elliptical orbits: As the comet approaches the sun gases evaporate from it, forming a “tail”. This tail always faces AWAY from the sun.
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- 15. 28/05/13 Artificial SatellitesArtificial Satellites 1)Observation (e.g. Hubble Space Telescope) – these are in orbit high above the Earth and can observe the universe without interference by the ____________ 2) Communications (e.g. ___, phone, car “SatNav” systems) – these satellites are in “geostationary” orbits. This means that the satellite always stays above ____ ____ point on the Earth and takes a ______ to complete an orbit 3) Monitoring (e.g. weather, spy satellites) – these satellites have a “___ _____” orbit and may scan around the Earth several times a day Artificial satellites have been around for 50 years and have 3 main uses: Words – the same, atmosphere, low polar, TV, day
- 16. 28/05/13 Solar systems, galaxiesand the UniverseSolar systems, galaxies and the Universe OUR SUN is one of millions of stars that orbit the centre of… THE MILKY WAY, which is one of a billion galaxies that orbit AND move away from the centre of… THE UNIVERSE (Basically, everything in the universe orbits around something else)
- 17. 28/05/13 Quiz..Quiz.. 1) What isthe sixth planet in the solar system? 2) What is the biggest planet in the solar system? 3) Name 2 differences between stars and planets 4) How long does the Earth take to orbit the sun? 5) What 2 things keeps the Earth in orbit? 6) Why does Mars take longer to orbit the sun than Earth? 7) How long does the moon take to orbit the Earth? 8) Would the acceleration due to gravity on Mars be bigger or smaller than on the Earth and why? 9) Which hemisphere is Britain in?
- 18. 28/05/13 Quiz..Quiz.. 10)What is thename of the line that divides the two hemispheres? 11) How long does the Earth take to rotate? 12)Where does the sun rise and set? 13)If you double the distance between two objects what happens to the force of gravity between them? 14)What shape describes the shape of a comet’s orbit? 15)What is a comet made up of? 16)Where does a comet’s tail point and why? 17)What keeps stars in orbit around the centre of a galaxy?
- 19. 28/05/13 Searching for ETSearchingfor ET In any scientific enquiry you have to OBTAIN some evidence and then ANALYSE it. Consider searching for extra-terrestrial life on Mars: OBTAINING EVIDENCE •Fly to Mars yourself (takes ages) •Use robots to bring back samples (not very reliable) •Use robots to take pictures and send them back (also not very reliable) ANALYSING EVIDENCE •Use microscopes to search for fossilised remains inside the samples •Place the sample in a container and monitor changes in the environment due to living organisms being present in the sample
- 20. 28/05/13 Evidence about theorigins ofEvidence about the origins of the universe…the universe…
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- 22. 28/05/13 If you passthe light through a gas something different is seen… helium Some wavelengths of light are absorbed by the gas – an “absorption spectrum”.
- 23. 28/05/13 After helium If the lightsource is moving away the absorption spectra look a little different… helium Before
- 24. 28/05/13 The absorption lineshave all been “shifted” towards the longer wavelength end (red end)… After Before This is called red shift. The faster the light source moves the further its light will be “shifted” A similar effect happens with sound – this is called “The Doppler Effect” Hear Doppler Effect
- 25. 28/05/13 Light from differentstars and from the edge of the universe also shows this “red- shift”. This suggests that everything in the universe is moving away from a single point. This is the BIG BANG theory
- 26. 28/05/13 Red shift summaryRedshift summary Light from other galaxies has a longer _________ than expected. This shows that these galaxies are moving ____ from us very quickly. This effect is seen to a greater extent in galaxies that are _______ away from us. This indicates that the further away the galaxy is, the ______ it is moving. This evidence seems to suggest that everything in the universe is moving away from a single point, and that this process started around 15 _____ years ago. This is the ____ ________ Theory. Words to use – faster, away, big bang, billion, wavelength, further
- 27. 28/05/13 The Life Cycleof a StarThe Life Cycle of a Star
- 28. 28/05/13 Stage 1: NebulaeStage1: Nebulae A nebulae is a collection of dust, gas and rock. Some examples of nebulae…
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- 33. 28/05/13 Gravity will slowlypull these particles together… As they move inwards their gravitational potential energy is converted into heat and a PROTOSTAR is formed Stage 2: ProtostarStage 2: Protostar
- 34. 28/05/13 Stage 3: MainSequenceStage 3: Main Sequence Our sun is an example of a main sequence star – it’s in the middle of a 10 billion year life span In a main sequence star the forces of attraction pulling the particles inwards are _________ by forces acting outwards due to the huge __________ inside the star. Stars are basically ________ reactors that use _______ as a fuel. During its main sequence a star will release energy by converting hydrogen and helium (light elements) into _________ elements. Words – heavier, balanced, hydrogen, nuclear, temperatures
- 35. 28/05/13 Eventually the hydrogenand helium will run out. When this happens the star will become colder and redder and start to swell… If the star is relatively small (like our sun) the star will become a RED GIANT If the star is big (at least 4 times the size of our sun) it will become a RED SUPERGIANT Stage 4: Red GiantStage 4: Red Giant
- 36. 28/05/13 What happens atthis point depends on the size of the star… 1) For SMALL stars the red giant will collapse under its own gravity and form a very dense white dwarf: Stage 5: The DeathStage 5: The Death White dwarf Black dwarfRed giant
- 37. 28/05/132) If thestar was a RED SUPERGIANT it will shrink and then EXPLODE, releasing massive amounts of energy, dust and gas. AfterBefore This explosion is called a SUPERNOVA
- 38. 28/05/13 The dust andgas on the outside of the supernova are thrown away by the explosion and the remaining core turns into a NEUTRON STAR. If the star is big enough it could become a BLACK HOLE.
- 39. 28/05/13 The dust andgas thrown out by a supernova can be used to form a new star… Stage 6: Second generation starsStage 6: Second generation stars Our sun is believed to be a “______ ______ star” – this is because it contains some __________ elements along with hydrogen and ________. These heavier elements would have been the products of a previous star that have been thrown out by a ________. These heavier elements are also found on planets, indicating that they might have been made from remains of previous _______ as well. Words – helium, heavier, second generation, stars, supernova
Editor's Notes
- #30 (No need to know these names)
- #31 (No need to know these names)
- #32 (No need to know these names)
- #33 (No need to know these names)
- #34 The force of gravity makes the dust particles come spiralling in together. As they do so their gravitational potential energy is converted into heat energy and the temperature rises…
- #35 Eventually the temperature rises enough for the hydrogen gas to undergo nuclear fusion. A massive amount of heat and light are given out and the star is stable for around 10,000 million years.
- #36 Eventually the hydrogen begins to run out and the star swells into a red giant. (At this point our sun will suck in Earth and the planets around it)
- #37 For small stars the star will shrink into a WHITE DWARF and then it cools and fades to a BLACK DWARF (like a dying fire)
- #38 When a big star runs out of fuel it would collapse and blow off its outer layer in an enormous explosion called a SUPERNOVA (click to show picture)
- #39 The dust and gas on the outside of the supernova are thrown away by the explosion and the remaining core turns into a NEUTRON STAR. If the star is big enough it will become a BLACK HOLE. (The picture shows a black hole after forming in the middle of other stars)
- #40 The dust and gas thrown off by the supernova will form SECOND GENERATION stars (like our sun) and a new solar system