The document summarizes the history of drug policy in the Netherlands from the 17th century onwards. It discusses how the Dutch gained control over the opium trade and established an opium monopoly in the late 19th century. In the 1960s-1970s, drug use increased and the Dutch initially responded with repression but shifted to a public health approach. The policy led to the toleration of cannabis coffee shops in the 1970s and 1980s. International pressure in the 1990s led the Dutch to tighten regulations on coffee shops. The document outlines the Dutch approach as pragmatic and focused on public health over criminalization.
Holland, also known as the Netherlands, is located in western Europe. Some key facts about Holland include its capital and largest city Amsterdam, government seat in The Hague, and that Rotterdam has Europe's largest port. The Dutch people are known for their directness and tolerance of different opinions. A quarter of the Netherlands lies below sea level and the country has a maritime climate with mild summers and cool winters.
The document discusses the Dutch model of tolerance for soft drugs like marijuana through "coffee shops" and examines whether a similar model could work in the United States. Key points made include: 1) The Netherlands policy separates soft and hard drug markets and focuses on public health over criminalization, resulting in fewer prosecutions and social harms; 2) Decriminalization does not necessarily lead to increased drug use; 3) The U.S. "war on drugs" is not effective and disproportionately criminalizes nonviolent drug offenders, while legalization could generate tax revenue and reduce enforcement costs; 4) Other countries are also questioning prohibition-focused drug policies due to rising violence and other unintended consequences.
The document provides an overview of a class on drug and substance abuse policies in the US. It begins with asking students to turn off phones and outlines the agenda which includes discussing what is known about substance abuse, the history of federal drug policies, and a homework assignment to prepare for a deliberation on policies. The main content reviews the brief history of federal policies around tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and heroin and discusses the current state of each drug's use and policies. It concludes by asking students to consider how state vs federal conflicts have impacted substance abuse and how current policies match the danger of each drug.
CHAPTER 8 HISTORY OF DRUG USE AND DRUG LEGISLATIONBritish naval as.docxmccormicknadine86
CHAPTER 8 HISTORY OF DRUG USE AND DRUG LEGISLATION
British naval assault on a Chinese port during the first Opium War (1839–1842)After reading this chapter, you will:
· ▸ Know the popular prejudices against racial and ethnic groups that determined drug policy
· ▸ Know the history of Prohibition
· ▸ Understand why policy toward opiates that did not change until 1914
· ▸ Know why cocaine never proved as popular as opiates until the 1960s
· ▸ Recognize how marijuana emerged as a symbol of nonconformity and eventually a political issue
· ▸ Know the history of the use of amphetamines
· ▸ Know the history of the use of barbiturates and tranquilizers
· ▸ Know the history of the use of hallucinogen
· ▸ Understand why drugs became a major political issue from the 1960s through the 1980s
· ▸ Appreciate why drugs as a political issue became dormantThe Drug War as Eugenics
Erik Roskes (2012), a forensic psychiatrist, refers to the “War on Drugs” as eugenics: the practice of ridding the human species of unfit biological stock, largely through sterilization. This was a popular practice in the United States well into the twentieth century. In North Carolina, for example, between 1929 and 1974 more than 7,600 persons were sterilized. Dr. Roskes refers to the drug war as eugenics without surgery: the mass incarceration for drug-related offenses of persons who disproportionately come from segments of society that suffer various, often multiple, deprivations: social deprivation, educational deprivation, nutritional deprivation, cultural deprivation, cognitive deprivation.
“ “There was little interest [at the end of the 19th century] in suppressing a business that was so profitable for opium merchants, shippers, bankers, insurance agencies and governments. Many national economies were as dependent on opium as the addicts themselves. Indeed, what Karl Marx described as ‘the free trade in poison' was such an important source of revenue for Great Powers that they fought for control of opium markets.”
—Antonio Maria Costa (2009, 3)
The history of drug use and attempts at its control provides insight into the complexity of more contemporary control, enforcement, and social issues on this subject. As with many attempts at historical analyses, we are handicapped by the lack of adequate data on a number of items, particularly the extent of drug use at earlier periods in our history and of alcohol use during Prohibition. Providing an empirically based analysis of changing policies with respect to drugs is difficult without the ability to measure the effect of these changes, and, in fact, we cannot provide such measurements.
Policy decisions, as we shall see in this chapter, have frequently been based on perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes with little empirical foundation. They have often reflected popular prejudices against a variety of racial and ethnic groups.1 Indeed, race, religion, and ethnicity have been closely identified with the reaction to drugs in the Unite ...
The document provides a historical overview of drug use from ancient times to present day. It discusses how various cultures have used drugs for religious, recreational, and medical purposes. Key drugs discussed include alcohol, opium, cannabis, cocaine, and peyote. It then outlines the progression of drug laws in the United States from the 19th century to present day, including the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914, alcohol prohibition in the 1920s, and the Controlled Substances Act of 1970.
Rwanda's laws prohibiting "genocide ideology" and "divisionism" were enacted after the 1994 genocide to restrict speech promoting hatred or violence. However, the laws are vaguely worded and have been used to criminalize criticism of the government and suppress dissent. Up to 800,000 people were killed in the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. While prohibiting hate speech is legitimate, Rwanda's laws violate freedom of expression and have been applied in ways that undermine the country's justice system and damage efforts to promote reconciliation. The government has announced a review of these laws and Amnesty International hopes this will result in legal reforms protecting free expression.
public health private concern, publich health in the Netherlands European Jou...Marco Strik
This document outlines the development of public health in the Netherlands in the early 20th century. It begins with the establishment of a State Inspectorate in 1865 to monitor population health and recommend health measures to local authorities. However, local authorities remained responsible for implementation and were reluctant to interfere. In parallel, private organizations like cross societies increasingly took on public health roles where government action was lacking. Through the early 20th century, both governmental and private initiatives in public health developed, with debates around their roles. A 1933 bill proposing a national public health system was rejected, implicitly supporting the existing interwoven system of private and public organizations that remains characteristic of Dutch healthcare.
Holland, also known as the Netherlands, is located in western Europe. Some key facts about Holland include its capital and largest city Amsterdam, government seat in The Hague, and that Rotterdam has Europe's largest port. The Dutch people are known for their directness and tolerance of different opinions. A quarter of the Netherlands lies below sea level and the country has a maritime climate with mild summers and cool winters.
The document discusses the Dutch model of tolerance for soft drugs like marijuana through "coffee shops" and examines whether a similar model could work in the United States. Key points made include: 1) The Netherlands policy separates soft and hard drug markets and focuses on public health over criminalization, resulting in fewer prosecutions and social harms; 2) Decriminalization does not necessarily lead to increased drug use; 3) The U.S. "war on drugs" is not effective and disproportionately criminalizes nonviolent drug offenders, while legalization could generate tax revenue and reduce enforcement costs; 4) Other countries are also questioning prohibition-focused drug policies due to rising violence and other unintended consequences.
The document provides an overview of a class on drug and substance abuse policies in the US. It begins with asking students to turn off phones and outlines the agenda which includes discussing what is known about substance abuse, the history of federal drug policies, and a homework assignment to prepare for a deliberation on policies. The main content reviews the brief history of federal policies around tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and heroin and discusses the current state of each drug's use and policies. It concludes by asking students to consider how state vs federal conflicts have impacted substance abuse and how current policies match the danger of each drug.
CHAPTER 8 HISTORY OF DRUG USE AND DRUG LEGISLATIONBritish naval as.docxmccormicknadine86
CHAPTER 8 HISTORY OF DRUG USE AND DRUG LEGISLATION
British naval assault on a Chinese port during the first Opium War (1839–1842)After reading this chapter, you will:
· ▸ Know the popular prejudices against racial and ethnic groups that determined drug policy
· ▸ Know the history of Prohibition
· ▸ Understand why policy toward opiates that did not change until 1914
· ▸ Know why cocaine never proved as popular as opiates until the 1960s
· ▸ Recognize how marijuana emerged as a symbol of nonconformity and eventually a political issue
· ▸ Know the history of the use of amphetamines
· ▸ Know the history of the use of barbiturates and tranquilizers
· ▸ Know the history of the use of hallucinogen
· ▸ Understand why drugs became a major political issue from the 1960s through the 1980s
· ▸ Appreciate why drugs as a political issue became dormantThe Drug War as Eugenics
Erik Roskes (2012), a forensic psychiatrist, refers to the “War on Drugs” as eugenics: the practice of ridding the human species of unfit biological stock, largely through sterilization. This was a popular practice in the United States well into the twentieth century. In North Carolina, for example, between 1929 and 1974 more than 7,600 persons were sterilized. Dr. Roskes refers to the drug war as eugenics without surgery: the mass incarceration for drug-related offenses of persons who disproportionately come from segments of society that suffer various, often multiple, deprivations: social deprivation, educational deprivation, nutritional deprivation, cultural deprivation, cognitive deprivation.
“ “There was little interest [at the end of the 19th century] in suppressing a business that was so profitable for opium merchants, shippers, bankers, insurance agencies and governments. Many national economies were as dependent on opium as the addicts themselves. Indeed, what Karl Marx described as ‘the free trade in poison' was such an important source of revenue for Great Powers that they fought for control of opium markets.”
—Antonio Maria Costa (2009, 3)
The history of drug use and attempts at its control provides insight into the complexity of more contemporary control, enforcement, and social issues on this subject. As with many attempts at historical analyses, we are handicapped by the lack of adequate data on a number of items, particularly the extent of drug use at earlier periods in our history and of alcohol use during Prohibition. Providing an empirically based analysis of changing policies with respect to drugs is difficult without the ability to measure the effect of these changes, and, in fact, we cannot provide such measurements.
Policy decisions, as we shall see in this chapter, have frequently been based on perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes with little empirical foundation. They have often reflected popular prejudices against a variety of racial and ethnic groups.1 Indeed, race, religion, and ethnicity have been closely identified with the reaction to drugs in the Unite ...
The document provides a historical overview of drug use from ancient times to present day. It discusses how various cultures have used drugs for religious, recreational, and medical purposes. Key drugs discussed include alcohol, opium, cannabis, cocaine, and peyote. It then outlines the progression of drug laws in the United States from the 19th century to present day, including the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914, alcohol prohibition in the 1920s, and the Controlled Substances Act of 1970.
Rwanda's laws prohibiting "genocide ideology" and "divisionism" were enacted after the 1994 genocide to restrict speech promoting hatred or violence. However, the laws are vaguely worded and have been used to criminalize criticism of the government and suppress dissent. Up to 800,000 people were killed in the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. While prohibiting hate speech is legitimate, Rwanda's laws violate freedom of expression and have been applied in ways that undermine the country's justice system and damage efforts to promote reconciliation. The government has announced a review of these laws and Amnesty International hopes this will result in legal reforms protecting free expression.
public health private concern, publich health in the Netherlands European Jou...Marco Strik
This document outlines the development of public health in the Netherlands in the early 20th century. It begins with the establishment of a State Inspectorate in 1865 to monitor population health and recommend health measures to local authorities. However, local authorities remained responsible for implementation and were reluctant to interfere. In parallel, private organizations like cross societies increasingly took on public health roles where government action was lacking. Through the early 20th century, both governmental and private initiatives in public health developed, with debates around their roles. A 1933 bill proposing a national public health system was rejected, implicitly supporting the existing interwoven system of private and public organizations that remains characteristic of Dutch healthcare.
Sample essay on ethics. Ethical Dilemma Essay | Essay on Ethical Dilemma for Students and .... Business Ethics Essay for Masters.. Free Essay On Ethics - The Importance Of Business Ethics In Today's .... ethics essay | Integrity | Stereotypes. Ethics essay. Work ethics essay. Amazing Ethical Argument Essay Samples ~ Thatsnotus. The Value of Strong Workplace Ethics • SpriggHR. IEDC Code of Ethics | Essay examples, Essay questions, Essay. 008 Ethics Essay Examples Ofs Philosop Small Business Example Research .... Why Study Professional Ethics Essay - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Code of Ethics Essay | Engineer | Employment. Ethics Essay Writing Help: Free list of Topics and Examples. Ethics Essay - I. INTRODUCTION Sir Thomas Bingham has stated that “a .... 006 Essay Example Ethics Examples Policy Template Employee Code Of .... Essay On Ethics — Approaching the Ethics Essay. Ethics In The Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... 017 Business Ethics Essay Researh Paper Outline Sample ~ Thatsnotus. ethics essay | 32563 - IT Professional and Society - UTS | Thinkswap. Work ethic - essays | Motivation | Self-Improvement. human services essay ethical standards. How Work Ethic Influences Modern-Day Life Essay Example | Topics and .... Business Ethics Essay | Utilitarianism | Philosophical Theories. Business paper: Ethics essay. Ethics essay | MGMT1002 - Principles of Management - MQ | Thinkswap. Good work ethics essay - quickthesis.web.fc2.com Essay On Work Ethics
This document is a thesis submitted by Mark James Culloty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master's degree in Criminology. The thesis examines drug prohibition and argues that it has become counterproductive and perpetuates the very problems it aims to solve. Chapter 1 provides a brief history of drug prohibition and discusses how both supply-side and demand-side interventions have failed and aggravated drug crime. It argues prohibition can no longer be justified due to the harm it causes. Chapter 2 outlines the methodology and results of the author's original research on stigma related to substance use. Chapter 3 places prohibition in the wider context of neoliberalism and argues it serves to increase social control over marginalized populations.
The document discusses the history and development of human rights from ancient times to modern conventions. It then summarizes Aleksandra Kowalik's career in law focusing on criminal and immigration cases in Poland and the UK. Kowalik expresses concerns about recent setbacks to human rights and tolerance in Poland. She believes businesses' top priority regarding human rights should be education.
The document provides information on the history of tobacco, types of tobacco, tobacco cultivation and processing, components and pharmacology of tobacco, impact of tobacco on health, economy, society and environment, and tobacco control measures. It traces the global and Indian history of tobacco from its origins in South America 6000 BC among native populations, to its spread worldwide following European contact in the 15th century. Key events discussed include the establishment of tobacco cultivation in various regions from the 1500s-1900s and early health studies in the 1700s-1900s linking tobacco to cancer and other diseases. The document also outlines the main botanical and commercial types of tobacco, as well as methods of tobacco cultivation, processing, and components/pharmacology
Homosexuality has been both accepted and repressed throughout history. In modern times, many countries have legalized same-sex marriage and adoption. France legalized same-sex marriage in 2013 after months of debate. During World War 2, Nazi Germany killed thousands of homosexuals. Today, same-sex marriage is legal in over 25 countries, but 76 countries still oppose it, with 10 having death penalties for homosexuality. Younger generations are becoming more accepting of LGBTQ rights.
Smoking History and Legislation was a group project for HP 4300 Smoking Cessation / Drug and Alcohol Treatment. We covered a brief history of tobacco use, labeling and critical legislation, The Master Settlement of 1998 and some key reports of the Surgeon General.
explore the influences of culture, economics, politics and family on problem development. Basic concepts of social, political, economic, and cultural systems and their impact on drug-taking activity.
The history of licit and illicit drug use.
Jpgrund technology & drugs, breda, 06-02-2015Jean-Paul Grund
This document outlines how rapid technological changes may disrupt drug policy and services. It discusses three key points:
1) Innovations in drug chemistry and internet markets have led to new psychoactive substances (NPS) that are untested and their effects unknown. This poses new risks like overdose.
2) The internet has become a driver of drug trade through darknet markets, cryptocurrencies and anonymous networks. This has atomized drug scenes and made new drug trends harder to predict.
3) Technologies like molecular 3D printing may allow homemade production of drugs and medications, further challenging existing drug policy frameworks. This technological disruption could lead to either new harms or opportunities for more empowered, peer-driven
Grund J-P. C. (2015). redução de danos princípios e estratégias (harm reducti...Jean-Paul Grund
Harm reduction is based on pragmatic principles rather than moralistic ones. It recognizes that drug use is a complex issue with social and cultural factors, and aims to minimize harms rather than prevent all drug use. Case studies show that peer-driven strategies like needle exchange programs, outreach, and overdose prevention can be highly effective when they involve and empower drug users themselves. Harm reduction accepts humans' tendency to engage in risky behaviors and seeks to guide drug use towards lower risks, acknowledging abstinence may not be feasible for all.
Serendipity & the road to theory (update 07/2014)Jean-Paul Grund
Serendipity plays an important role in qualitative research. The document discusses how serendipity involves both chance and preparedness or insight. It involves three types: temporal serendipity of being in the right place at the right time, serendipity relations that develop from chance encounters, and analytical serendipity of making connections between data and theory. For serendipity to lead to valuable discoveries, researchers must be prepared to recognize opportunities when they occur and incorporate serendipitous findings into their work.
Diffusion of Drug Trends, NPS, the Internet and Consequences for EpidemiologyJean-Paul Grund
Since the rise of the internet, traditional models of how new drug trends diffuse are less reliable. The internet has increased access to drug information and enabled online markets where buyers and sellers can meet. As a result, new drug trends have emerged and spread much faster, making geographic diffusion patterns harder to distinguish. The combination of e-commerce and new psychoactive substances allows drugs to be purchased 24/7 from anywhere, making new trends less predictable and uniform and presenting challenges for public health and policy.
Randomized Controlled Trials in Evaluating Socially Complex Interventions: A ...Jean-Paul Grund
Randomized Controlled Trials in Evaluating Socially Complex Interventions: A Square Peg in a Round Hole?
This lecture will discuss a number of challenges and problems in Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), in particular in evaluating interventions aimed at (i) altering complex human behaviour, (ii) in marginalized and stigmatized populations; and, (iii) by socially complex interventions. Using examples from the literature and his own research, Dr. Grund will provide a transdisciplinary perspective on the utility of the RCT model in evaluating interventions aimed at, for example, people who use drugs or homeless people, two very complex “Real World” problems in the Czech Republic and elsewhere.
He argues that the arena of services for PUD, the homeless and other marginalised populations is rife with poorly understood contingencies. Consequently, the complexity of the research environment becomes a function of I, ii and iii above, but with enigmatic mathematical operators. Strategies for addressing this complexity through accompanying process evaluation and qualitative research will be discussed.
This document discusses the concept of serendipity in qualitative research. It defines serendipity as making valuable discoveries by accident or chance while seeking something else. The document outlines different types of serendipity that can occur in qualitative research, including temporal serendipity involving being in the right place at the right time, serendipity relations from unexpected connections with research participants, and analytical serendipity in making unexpected connections between data and theory. It argues that for serendipity to occur, researchers must be prepared to recognize chance events and insights and incorporate them into their work. Serendipity involves both planned and unplanned elements and is a core part of the qualitative research process.
This document discusses building a pyramid model for designing HIV prevention and treatment systems for drug users in Eastern Europe. It proposes a pyramid model with multiple levels and types of care services ranging from high to low threshold based on ease of access. The model aims to provide easy access and transfer between services to reach 70-80% of injecting drug users. Priorities should be set based on public health considerations like reducing HIV/AIDS and costs, with low threshold services providing the best coverage for available resources. The pyramid model metaphor emphasizes building services gradually and sustainably from the base up.
Jpgrund et al peer methods review-icdrh2010-v2Jean-Paul Grund
This document summarizes peer-driven interventions in harm reduction. It discusses various peer models used to target vulnerable populations, including peer education, counseling, and leader models. It focuses on describing the peer-driven intervention model in more detail. This model employs a community-based and small group supportive care approach. Studies show the peer-driven intervention model can recruit more diverse samples and have larger, longer-lasting effects on knowledge and behaviors compared to traditional outreach models, at a lower cost. The document concludes by discussing new areas for peer interventions and an upcoming randomized controlled trial of a peer-driven intervention with homeless populations in the Netherlands.
Peer-driven interventions and empowerment of vulnerable populations can effectively promote public health. The presenter discusses their experience developing and applying peer-driven intervention and respondent-driven sampling approaches. These approaches recognize that peers are best able to influence each other and promote health behaviors. Studies have shown that peer-driven interventions significantly outperform traditional outreach in educating communities and reducing risk behaviors, while being much lower cost. Ongoing work applies these approaches to prevent initiation of drug injection and promote overdose prevention.
This document discusses safer drug use strategies among drug user communities. It describes how drug use occurs within social networks and is influenced by both individual choices and group norms. The risk of HIV and other harms is shaped by factors at the micro (individual), meso (community) and macro (national policy) levels. Effective prevention requires understanding how drug use is embedded in social and cultural contexts rather than seen as isolated behaviors. Harm reduction strategies are most successful when they engage with and support existing risk environments and social networks of drug users.
Jpgrund bridging the streets and the institutionsJean-Paul Grund
This document summarizes the key findings and conclusions from ethnographic research on HIV prevention among people who use drugs. It discusses how early qualitative research was important for understanding the link between injection drug use and HIV transmission. Specifically, it revealed high-risk practices like syringe sharing and frontloading/backloading that were driving HIV transmission. This research also informed the development of effective interventions like needle exchange programs and showed that involving people who use drugs is critical. While traditional outreach models had limitations, people who use drugs actively helped outreach workers and responded positively to interventions. The research demonstrated that qualitative methods were essential for gaining insights into risk behaviors and that people who use drugs are capable partners in prevention efforts.
Dushanbe, 10 02 - hiv prevention & harm reductionJean-Paul Grund
This document discusses key components of effective HIV/AIDS policy, focusing on pragmatic health interventions targeting the drugs-HIV nexus. It summarizes research showing that needle exchange programs, methadone maintenance programs, and harm reduction approaches can significantly reduce risky drug use behaviors and HIV transmission. Specifically, these interventions are associated with decreased rates of syringe sharing, injection drug use, HIV prevalence and incidence, hepatitis cases, criminal behavior, and overdose deaths. The conclusion advocates for an evidence-based, multi-sectoral approach that prioritizes direct funding for interventions where epidemics exist, with a philosophy of pragmatic harm reduction over purism.
Initiation into injecting drug use in ukraineJean-Paul Grund
The document summarizes the results of a respondent driven sampling study on initiation into injecting drug use among young IDUs and their non-IDU peers in Ukraine. The study found that most participants' first injection involved a home-produced opiate taken in a group of friends at the apartment of a friend. The injection was usually administered by a close friend or, for women, a sexual partner, and obtained from a close friend for free. Initiation was generally unplanned. The study proposed peer-based interventions targeting both IDUs and non-IDUs to establish norms discouraging initiation and promoting safer drug use.
Grund sifaneck-cross-cultural dimensions of self-regulation-towards a multi-d...Jean-Paul Grund
This document discusses cross-cultural dimensions of self-regulation in drug use. It argues that drug use is a normal human behavior that varies across societies and time. Intoxicant use fulfills important social functions, yet concepts like addiction are often presented without cultural context. Studies of drug use should observe natural settings rather than just clinical samples. Rituals around drug preparation and sharing can serve instrumental and symbolic functions in regulating use across cultures. Self-regulation depends on multiple factors beyond just limiting intake, and a user's ability to control use varies based on their situation.
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Sample essay on ethics. Ethical Dilemma Essay | Essay on Ethical Dilemma for Students and .... Business Ethics Essay for Masters.. Free Essay On Ethics - The Importance Of Business Ethics In Today's .... ethics essay | Integrity | Stereotypes. Ethics essay. Work ethics essay. Amazing Ethical Argument Essay Samples ~ Thatsnotus. The Value of Strong Workplace Ethics • SpriggHR. IEDC Code of Ethics | Essay examples, Essay questions, Essay. 008 Ethics Essay Examples Ofs Philosop Small Business Example Research .... Why Study Professional Ethics Essay - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Code of Ethics Essay | Engineer | Employment. Ethics Essay Writing Help: Free list of Topics and Examples. Ethics Essay - I. INTRODUCTION Sir Thomas Bingham has stated that “a .... 006 Essay Example Ethics Examples Policy Template Employee Code Of .... Essay On Ethics — Approaching the Ethics Essay. Ethics In The Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... 017 Business Ethics Essay Researh Paper Outline Sample ~ Thatsnotus. ethics essay | 32563 - IT Professional and Society - UTS | Thinkswap. Work ethic - essays | Motivation | Self-Improvement. human services essay ethical standards. How Work Ethic Influences Modern-Day Life Essay Example | Topics and .... Business Ethics Essay | Utilitarianism | Philosophical Theories. Business paper: Ethics essay. Ethics essay | MGMT1002 - Principles of Management - MQ | Thinkswap. Good work ethics essay - quickthesis.web.fc2.com Essay On Work Ethics
This document is a thesis submitted by Mark James Culloty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master's degree in Criminology. The thesis examines drug prohibition and argues that it has become counterproductive and perpetuates the very problems it aims to solve. Chapter 1 provides a brief history of drug prohibition and discusses how both supply-side and demand-side interventions have failed and aggravated drug crime. It argues prohibition can no longer be justified due to the harm it causes. Chapter 2 outlines the methodology and results of the author's original research on stigma related to substance use. Chapter 3 places prohibition in the wider context of neoliberalism and argues it serves to increase social control over marginalized populations.
The document discusses the history and development of human rights from ancient times to modern conventions. It then summarizes Aleksandra Kowalik's career in law focusing on criminal and immigration cases in Poland and the UK. Kowalik expresses concerns about recent setbacks to human rights and tolerance in Poland. She believes businesses' top priority regarding human rights should be education.
The document provides information on the history of tobacco, types of tobacco, tobacco cultivation and processing, components and pharmacology of tobacco, impact of tobacco on health, economy, society and environment, and tobacco control measures. It traces the global and Indian history of tobacco from its origins in South America 6000 BC among native populations, to its spread worldwide following European contact in the 15th century. Key events discussed include the establishment of tobacco cultivation in various regions from the 1500s-1900s and early health studies in the 1700s-1900s linking tobacco to cancer and other diseases. The document also outlines the main botanical and commercial types of tobacco, as well as methods of tobacco cultivation, processing, and components/pharmacology
Homosexuality has been both accepted and repressed throughout history. In modern times, many countries have legalized same-sex marriage and adoption. France legalized same-sex marriage in 2013 after months of debate. During World War 2, Nazi Germany killed thousands of homosexuals. Today, same-sex marriage is legal in over 25 countries, but 76 countries still oppose it, with 10 having death penalties for homosexuality. Younger generations are becoming more accepting of LGBTQ rights.
Smoking History and Legislation was a group project for HP 4300 Smoking Cessation / Drug and Alcohol Treatment. We covered a brief history of tobacco use, labeling and critical legislation, The Master Settlement of 1998 and some key reports of the Surgeon General.
explore the influences of culture, economics, politics and family on problem development. Basic concepts of social, political, economic, and cultural systems and their impact on drug-taking activity.
The history of licit and illicit drug use.
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Jpgrund technology & drugs, breda, 06-02-2015Jean-Paul Grund
This document outlines how rapid technological changes may disrupt drug policy and services. It discusses three key points:
1) Innovations in drug chemistry and internet markets have led to new psychoactive substances (NPS) that are untested and their effects unknown. This poses new risks like overdose.
2) The internet has become a driver of drug trade through darknet markets, cryptocurrencies and anonymous networks. This has atomized drug scenes and made new drug trends harder to predict.
3) Technologies like molecular 3D printing may allow homemade production of drugs and medications, further challenging existing drug policy frameworks. This technological disruption could lead to either new harms or opportunities for more empowered, peer-driven
Grund J-P. C. (2015). redução de danos princípios e estratégias (harm reducti...Jean-Paul Grund
Harm reduction is based on pragmatic principles rather than moralistic ones. It recognizes that drug use is a complex issue with social and cultural factors, and aims to minimize harms rather than prevent all drug use. Case studies show that peer-driven strategies like needle exchange programs, outreach, and overdose prevention can be highly effective when they involve and empower drug users themselves. Harm reduction accepts humans' tendency to engage in risky behaviors and seeks to guide drug use towards lower risks, acknowledging abstinence may not be feasible for all.
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Serendipity plays an important role in qualitative research. The document discusses how serendipity involves both chance and preparedness or insight. It involves three types: temporal serendipity of being in the right place at the right time, serendipity relations that develop from chance encounters, and analytical serendipity of making connections between data and theory. For serendipity to lead to valuable discoveries, researchers must be prepared to recognize opportunities when they occur and incorporate serendipitous findings into their work.
Diffusion of Drug Trends, NPS, the Internet and Consequences for EpidemiologyJean-Paul Grund
Since the rise of the internet, traditional models of how new drug trends diffuse are less reliable. The internet has increased access to drug information and enabled online markets where buyers and sellers can meet. As a result, new drug trends have emerged and spread much faster, making geographic diffusion patterns harder to distinguish. The combination of e-commerce and new psychoactive substances allows drugs to be purchased 24/7 from anywhere, making new trends less predictable and uniform and presenting challenges for public health and policy.
Randomized Controlled Trials in Evaluating Socially Complex Interventions: A ...Jean-Paul Grund
Randomized Controlled Trials in Evaluating Socially Complex Interventions: A Square Peg in a Round Hole?
This lecture will discuss a number of challenges and problems in Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), in particular in evaluating interventions aimed at (i) altering complex human behaviour, (ii) in marginalized and stigmatized populations; and, (iii) by socially complex interventions. Using examples from the literature and his own research, Dr. Grund will provide a transdisciplinary perspective on the utility of the RCT model in evaluating interventions aimed at, for example, people who use drugs or homeless people, two very complex “Real World” problems in the Czech Republic and elsewhere.
He argues that the arena of services for PUD, the homeless and other marginalised populations is rife with poorly understood contingencies. Consequently, the complexity of the research environment becomes a function of I, ii and iii above, but with enigmatic mathematical operators. Strategies for addressing this complexity through accompanying process evaluation and qualitative research will be discussed.
This document discusses the concept of serendipity in qualitative research. It defines serendipity as making valuable discoveries by accident or chance while seeking something else. The document outlines different types of serendipity that can occur in qualitative research, including temporal serendipity involving being in the right place at the right time, serendipity relations from unexpected connections with research participants, and analytical serendipity in making unexpected connections between data and theory. It argues that for serendipity to occur, researchers must be prepared to recognize chance events and insights and incorporate them into their work. Serendipity involves both planned and unplanned elements and is a core part of the qualitative research process.
This document discusses building a pyramid model for designing HIV prevention and treatment systems for drug users in Eastern Europe. It proposes a pyramid model with multiple levels and types of care services ranging from high to low threshold based on ease of access. The model aims to provide easy access and transfer between services to reach 70-80% of injecting drug users. Priorities should be set based on public health considerations like reducing HIV/AIDS and costs, with low threshold services providing the best coverage for available resources. The pyramid model metaphor emphasizes building services gradually and sustainably from the base up.
Jpgrund et al peer methods review-icdrh2010-v2Jean-Paul Grund
This document summarizes peer-driven interventions in harm reduction. It discusses various peer models used to target vulnerable populations, including peer education, counseling, and leader models. It focuses on describing the peer-driven intervention model in more detail. This model employs a community-based and small group supportive care approach. Studies show the peer-driven intervention model can recruit more diverse samples and have larger, longer-lasting effects on knowledge and behaviors compared to traditional outreach models, at a lower cost. The document concludes by discussing new areas for peer interventions and an upcoming randomized controlled trial of a peer-driven intervention with homeless populations in the Netherlands.
Peer-driven interventions and empowerment of vulnerable populations can effectively promote public health. The presenter discusses their experience developing and applying peer-driven intervention and respondent-driven sampling approaches. These approaches recognize that peers are best able to influence each other and promote health behaviors. Studies have shown that peer-driven interventions significantly outperform traditional outreach in educating communities and reducing risk behaviors, while being much lower cost. Ongoing work applies these approaches to prevent initiation of drug injection and promote overdose prevention.
This document discusses safer drug use strategies among drug user communities. It describes how drug use occurs within social networks and is influenced by both individual choices and group norms. The risk of HIV and other harms is shaped by factors at the micro (individual), meso (community) and macro (national policy) levels. Effective prevention requires understanding how drug use is embedded in social and cultural contexts rather than seen as isolated behaviors. Harm reduction strategies are most successful when they engage with and support existing risk environments and social networks of drug users.
Jpgrund bridging the streets and the institutionsJean-Paul Grund
This document summarizes the key findings and conclusions from ethnographic research on HIV prevention among people who use drugs. It discusses how early qualitative research was important for understanding the link between injection drug use and HIV transmission. Specifically, it revealed high-risk practices like syringe sharing and frontloading/backloading that were driving HIV transmission. This research also informed the development of effective interventions like needle exchange programs and showed that involving people who use drugs is critical. While traditional outreach models had limitations, people who use drugs actively helped outreach workers and responded positively to interventions. The research demonstrated that qualitative methods were essential for gaining insights into risk behaviors and that people who use drugs are capable partners in prevention efforts.
Dushanbe, 10 02 - hiv prevention & harm reductionJean-Paul Grund
This document discusses key components of effective HIV/AIDS policy, focusing on pragmatic health interventions targeting the drugs-HIV nexus. It summarizes research showing that needle exchange programs, methadone maintenance programs, and harm reduction approaches can significantly reduce risky drug use behaviors and HIV transmission. Specifically, these interventions are associated with decreased rates of syringe sharing, injection drug use, HIV prevalence and incidence, hepatitis cases, criminal behavior, and overdose deaths. The conclusion advocates for an evidence-based, multi-sectoral approach that prioritizes direct funding for interventions where epidemics exist, with a philosophy of pragmatic harm reduction over purism.
Initiation into injecting drug use in ukraineJean-Paul Grund
The document summarizes the results of a respondent driven sampling study on initiation into injecting drug use among young IDUs and their non-IDU peers in Ukraine. The study found that most participants' first injection involved a home-produced opiate taken in a group of friends at the apartment of a friend. The injection was usually administered by a close friend or, for women, a sexual partner, and obtained from a close friend for free. Initiation was generally unplanned. The study proposed peer-based interventions targeting both IDUs and non-IDUs to establish norms discouraging initiation and promoting safer drug use.
Grund sifaneck-cross-cultural dimensions of self-regulation-towards a multi-d...Jean-Paul Grund
This document discusses cross-cultural dimensions of self-regulation in drug use. It argues that drug use is a normal human behavior that varies across societies and time. Intoxicant use fulfills important social functions, yet concepts like addiction are often presented without cultural context. Studies of drug use should observe natural settings rather than just clinical samples. Rituals around drug preparation and sharing can serve instrumental and symbolic functions in regulating use across cultures. Self-regulation depends on multiple factors beyond just limiting intake, and a user's ability to control use varies based on their situation.
This document summarizes research on drug use and HIV risks among Roma communities in Central and Eastern Europe. Key findings include: 1) Illicit drug use was rare in Roma communities prior to the 1990s but increased rapidly post-1990; 2) Estimates suggest 10-30% of Roma youth have problems with drug use, though data is limited; 3) Common drugs include heroin, cannabis, solvents and alcohol. The research aimed to inform HIV prevention and treatment for Roma drug users.
This document reports on a study of drug use patterns and HIV risk behaviors among participants in syringe exchange programs in five Russian cities. The study found:
1) Participants reported reductions in high-risk injection behaviors like receptive syringe sharing and public injecting during participation in the syringe exchange programs.
2) However, other risky practices like group injecting and syringe-mediated drug sharing remained common.
3) The majority of participants reported a history of homemade opioid injection and many continued preparing and injecting drugs in group settings.
This document provides background on the speaker Jean-Paul Grund and his experience studying drug use through ethnographic research. It outlines his timeline of research from the 1960s studying cannabis, psychedelics, opium and speed through the 2000s doing research in the Netherlands. It discusses the emergence of heroin and cocaine use in the Netherlands and how the social context and drug markets influenced risk behaviors over time, such as the shift from needle sharing to drug sharing practices. It also outlines Grund's research on drug use and HIV risks in Russia and Central and Eastern Europe, including the traditions of group drug preparation and injection in those regions.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. 1602: Foundation of the VOC, or United Dutch East-Indies Company
17th century: the Dutch gained firm control over the opium trade in Asia.
[click] 1890s: Leakages, illegal opium trade and international concerns about rising opium
use, ‘Opium Regie’ (directive) in the Dutch Indies (present day Indonesia).
This monopoly regulated the production and trade of opium, reinforcing Dutch control.
[click] opium monopoly revenues contributed greatly to wealth Amsterdam and Leiden and
ended with the Japanese invasion of the Dutch Indies in 1941.
[click] End of the 19th century: renowned mercantilism led the Dutch to cultivate coca on the
island of Java.
1900: the “Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek” (Dutch Cocaine Factory) established in
Amsterdam.
Ten years later, the Netherlands led the world’s cocaine market. Officially, cocaine was
manufactured solely for medicinal purposes, but Dutch cocaine also ended up in retail
recreational and, in particular, military markets.
2
4. 1960s: use of psychoactive substances increased rapidly cannabis, LSD and
amphetamines.
Dutch law enforcement authorities initially responded forcefully, aiming to repress
not only drug trafficking but also drug use itself. Drug arrests grew rapidly from 74 in
1966 to 544 in 1969.
There were heated debates on how to approach the emerging use of drugsand
repressive approaches were widely criticized by public and some politicians.
Enforcement and successful prosecution proved difficult and time consuming no
noticeable reduction in the availability or use of drugs.
1969, the Public Prosecutor’s office published an enforcement guideline, shifting the
focus of policing and prosecution away from cannabis use and towards the trafficking
of cannabis and to substances such as LSD, amphetamine and opium.
An important turning point in drug law enforcement came with the Holland Pop
Festival in June 1970 in Rotterdam – the Dutch answer to the 1969 Woodstock
festival.
4
6. [click] As noted, lot’s of discussion around how to approach drug use. Researchers got
increasingly interested in the topic. In 1967 social psychologist Herman Cohen
published an… slide
6
7. Hulsman report proposed abolishing criminal sanctions on all drug use in the long run
and to treat drug problems using a public health approach.
It further recommended that the intensity of law enforcement be determined by the
danger a substance presented to the individual and society.
Cannabis was deemed a relatively mild drug.
It was the setting, or social context, that determined the amount of risk associated
with its use, and the marginalization resulting from criminal prosecution might cause
cannabis users to switch to ‘harder, more dangerous’ drugs like heroin
more influential on government policy and provided the justification for the
amendments to the Opium Act four years later. The 1972 Baan report focused mainly
on cannabis and, for the first time, made a distinction between substances with an
“unacceptable risk” and “other substances”. The committee re-emphasized that the
risks particular substances pose to the individual and society ought to determine the
severity of penalization (Baan Committee, 1972; Hulsman Committee, 1969).
Decriminalization of cannabis was proposed as the eventual goal, while penalties for
hard drug trafficking and use were recommended to be increased. According to the
Baan Committee, the negative effects of arrest and criminal prosecution of cannabis
users outweighed the possible benefits of punishment, not only to the individual user
but also to public order.
7
8. I highlighted the term setting in the previous slide.
[click]
Traditionally, we see different scientific disciplines
around different aspects of drug use and addiction:
explain drug, set & setting + [click] traditional
disciplines.
Important need for theory and models that
capture the dynamically interlocking influences that
affect both the phenomenon of drug use itself and its
outcomes – e.g. interaction between drug and brain
chemistry; relations between substance use patterns,
GPS ČR 2008 8
9. social norms, economic conditions or drug control
regimes
[click] There are, of course, various examples of cross-
disciplinary collaboration, such as social work and
psychopharmacology.
Typical of the early Dutch drug policy is that it reflects
the thinking that these different aspects of the use of
drugs are intertwined.
8
11. In 1976, the Opium Act was revised. With this revision, the
Dutch government brought all substances classified in the
United Nations’ 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
under the new Opium Act, but introduced two lists of
substances:
“substances with an unacceptable risk to the health of the user”
“cannabis products”
Charges for the possession of 30 grams of cannabis or less
would either be dismissed or be charged as a petty offence or
misdemeanor (comparable with a traffic ticket) which would not
result in a criminal record
11
14. The Netherlands is nowadays viewed as one of the most liberal societies
on the planet, neutral to a broad spectrum of attitudes and behaviors,
that are condemned elsewhere (Bikk, 2007). Many publications on Dutch
drug policy point to the country’s ancient system of dikes, suggesting
that the peoples that inhabited the Low Countries in the 11th century
already had more incentives to collaborate with than to fight each other.
These publications further point to the country’s ‘Golden Age’ (the 17th
century) as the source of the traditional Dutch tolerance, pragmatism,
realism and an aversion to polarized positions, when Protestants and
Catholics peacefully coexisted and Huguenots, Jews and other minorities
persecuted elsewhere found a comparably welcoming refuge in the Low
Countries (Koopmans, 2011).
Religious intolerance and persecution were viewed as barriers to free
economic exchange. As long as the newcomers practiced their religion in
private, they were left in peace.
The notion of tolerance is indeed deeply rooted in the culture of the
Netherlands, informing an open and welcoming worldview. Furthermore,
14
15. the country’s geography encouraged pragmatism and collaboration,
including overcoming ‘us and them’ suspicions against neighboring
villagers early on, as the first dikes were built in the 11th century.
14
16. expediency principle
Shortly after the revision of the Opium Act, in 1977, the guidelines were
altered to give the ‘local triangle’ (consisting of the mayor of a
municipality, the public prosecutor and the chief of police) the power to
decide whether or not to prosecute small-scale sales of cannabis (De
Kort, 1995), reflecting what in the Dutch legal system is known as the
expediency principle, which is part of the Dutch legal system since 1870s.
A public prosecutor in the Netherlands may lawfully decide to forgo
criminal prosecution under the expediency principle when it is deemed
not opportune, or not in the public interest, and may instruct the police
to act accordingly.
Within the context of drug policy, then, law enforcement yields to public
health, but also to public order. The expediency principle paved the way
for the coffee shops.
Another important aspect of Dutch policy is that the Dutch value
individual freedom and open debate, in particular on controversial
ethical issues. Influential 18th century statesman Jan Rudolf Thorbecke
wrote that "transparency is the great, general school of political
15
18. In the early 1970s cannabis was sold semi-openly in youth
centers and music venues. The staff of these venues and its
NGO boards tolerated so-called “house dealers”, whom they
knew and trusted, renting a table in a corner of these – often
government subsidized – youth centers and music venues,
where they sold hashish and marijuana. By 1977, the public
prosecutor’s office had decided to make prosecuting house
dealers a low priority, the number of house dealers in these
venues skyrocketed
16
19. “Coffee shops just originated. I don’t recall this ever being a
topic at the Department. They just emerged.” (Engelsman,
interview)
While politics focused on the sales of cannabis in pop podia and
youth centers, the first commercial cannabis outlets were
already emerging. One of the first, in 1972, was a “tea house” in
Amsterdam called Mellow Yellow, where instead of selling from
behind a counter, the dealer posed as a customer in front of the
bar. The outfit kept a low profile, did not advertise and opened
only after 6 p.m. (Schoof, 2008).
`Tea’ is also a reference to the 1940s slang for marijuana.
17
20. Coffee shops expanded and became visible only in the early
1980s. Compared to youth centers or apartment dealers, coffee
shops had longer, fixed opening hours and a broader, more
consistent supply of cannabis. Furthermore, budget cuts during
the economic crisis of the early 1980s spurred the closure of
many youth centers, which pushed cannabis users to the
nascent coffee shops.
The Dutch government would not forcefully respond with
regulations for coffee shops until the early 1990s. This reactive
and restrained stance allowed for pragmatism in dealing with
the emerging coffee shops, which were (and are) – literally – in
conflict with Dutch law. It is clear that the appearance of coffee
shops was not anticipated by the 1976 Opium Act revisions.
When the coffee shops emerged it was decided through case
law that the tolerance criteria developed for house dealers
would be applied to these new establishments
18
21. Only in 1991 the government introduced guidelines and criteria for the coffee shops
19
22. In the 1970s the focus of Dutch drug policy turned to heroin after it flooded the
streets of Amsterdam, Rotterdam and then various provincial capitals. Until then,
drug policy discussions focused on decriminalization of all drugs (e.g. the Hulsman
committee) or cannabis and the status and health of its users (the Baan committee).
The practical imperative of policy soon became to keep young people, cannabis users
in particular, away from heroin. Thus, the policy objective became (to reinforce) the
separation between cannabis scenes and the evolving street heroin scenes
Halfway the 1970s, heroin was the first drug to be experienced as a social problem in
Dutch society and became the object of the first moral drug panic in the Netherlands.
At the end of the decade, several Dutch cities housed large open air drug scenes at
and around specific bars, street corners, bridges or shopping malls. Freek Polak,
consultant psychiatrist at the Amsterdam Municipal Drug Service between 1990 and
2003, noted: “In Amsterdam, there were repeated raids of users and small dealers on
the Zeedijk. The mindset of the police back then was ‘we have to chase them and
lock them up’” (Polak, interview). Despite these efforts, street scenes continued to
grow and mobilized the wrath of residents of affected neighborhoods. In response, by
around 1980, the (local) police started to repress and disperse the large street heroin
markets. The heroin scenes then moved to working-class neighborhoods that were
scheduled for urban renewal (Grund & Blanken, 1993; Van Brussel, 1995). This had
several unintended consequences – both negative and positive.
20
23. At the end of the 1970s, several Dutch cities housed large open air drug scenes at and
around specific bars, street corners, bridges or shopping malls. Street scenes
continued to grow and mobilized the wrath of residents of affected neighborhoods. In
response, by around 1980, the (local) police started to repress and disperse the large
street heroin markets. The heroin scenes then moved to working-class
neighborhoods that were scheduled for urban renewal.
The majority of heroin dealers had left the streets and set up shop inside, “renting” a
room in the apartments of hard drug users (who were mostly compensated with a
daily ration of cocaine and heroin) or moving into abandoned housing. Heroin no
longer had to be purchased from an unknown street dealer, but could now be had
and consumed in the protected and discrete environment of “house addresses”
around the corner.
By 1982 powder cocaine also slowly started making its way into the heroin scene and
soon both heroin and cocaine could be bought at the same “house address”
locations, which also provided the chemicals and utensils necessary to produce crack
cocaine (although this term never caught on in the Netherlands).
Interwoven Epidemics of Heroin and Cocaine Use fromthen on…
21
26. Back to the coffee shops…
1995: Continuity and Change government doc……
Continuity and Change ushered in a tightening of regulations for
coffee shops, including a minimum admission age of 18 years
nationally. The maximum transaction amount was decreased
from 30 to 5 grams per person per day, and a limit was put on
the trading stock kept in the shop. While the upper limit was left
to the local authorities, a stock of 500 grams or less would not
trigger enforcement by national authorities
In 1995 it was also announced that coffee shops would become
“dry” facilities – i.e. alcohol-free - but this rule was
implemented only in 2000 (Bieleman et al., 2008).
Municipalities in addition obtained the power to add further
local directives, such as a minimum distance to schools (e.g. a
250 or 350 meter minimum), or bylaws stipulating business
24
28. Drug tourism and international relations
Many of the new restrictions were passed under pressure from
neighboring countries, the UN International Narcotics Control
Board (Van der Stel, 1999; Boekhout van Solinge, 2010) and
some segments of the media (Wiedemann, 1994; see Fig. x).
The Schengen Agreement, a treaty signed in 1985, effectively
abolished border controls between many European countries. In
subsequent years, cannabis tourism to the Netherlands
increased substantially in the border regions with Germany and
Belgium, and so did the complaints about nuisance from local
residents. Changes, such as the reduction in the maximum
allowable amount for daily individual possession and purchase
in coffee shops (from 30 to 5 grams), were in direct response to
the increasing nuisance and aimed to discourage foreign drug
shoppers.
25
30. • Law enforcement increasingly started focusing on cannabis
cultivation
– anonymous tip-lines; cooperating with housing associations,
insurance companies, electricity companies and banks
• Cannabis cultivation quickly lost its attraction to small-time home
growers
– pushed cannabis growing into economically less fortunate
neighborhoods growing cannabis as income support for
unemployed people, increasingly managed by criminal organizations
– Government’s stricter approach triggered the scale-up and
criminalization of the cannabis supply side
– Drug policy in the 1970s and 1980s was mainly dominated by public health issues,
such as heroin injection and HIV.
– But, as drug related health problems became more manageable, other issues, such
as nuisance and crime, competed for political attention.
– Furthermore, the Dutch law enforcement sector saw itself increasingly exposed to
zero-tolerance attitudes of European countries with much more punitive approaches
27
39. long history of pragmatic approaches to potentially
contentious subjects like abortion, sex work, voluntary
euthanasia or use of psychoactive substances. Tolerance
and collaboration, despite differences in views or
lifestyle, were crucial to the early prosperity of the
Netherlands
finding middle ground between opposing views and
building political majorities around this complex social
issue. There was no parliamentary majority for
decriminalizing all drugs in 1976 , and the Dutch
government did not want to risk diplomatic or economic
problems with neighboring countries and the
international community
35