John Calvin was a 16th century French theologian and reformer whose teachings had significant influence on the development of Protestantism. He produced the Institutes of the Christian Religion, which laid out his theological and doctrinal beliefs and became foundational to Reformed theology. Calvin also wrote commentaries on most books of the Bible and established Geneva, Switzerland as a center of the Protestant Reformation through his preaching, teaching and establishment of a disciplined Christian community. His teachings on predestination, the sovereignty of God, separation of church and state, and other doctrines shaped Western civilization and many Protestant denominations.
John Calvin - A Heart Aflame and a Mind RenewedPeter Hammond
This document provides an overview of the life and teachings of John Calvin, a key figure of the Protestant Reformation. It discusses how Calvin built upon the foundations laid by Luther and Zwingli, and focused on the sovereignty of God. It outlines Calvin's influential writings, including his Institutes of the Christian Religion, and his role in establishing Geneva as a center for Protestant theology and training ministers. The summary also notes Calvin's emphasis on biblical exegesis, predestination, and creating a disciplined Christian community, as well as the significant impact and legacy of Calvinism on Europe, North America, and principles of freedom and democracy.
Calvinism (Introduction to John Calvin's Reformed Theology)Tom Richey
http://www.tomrichey.net
While Martin Luther started the Reformation, John Calvin had as great an impact on European History a generation later when he published his Institutes of the Christian Religion. John Calvin was the first reformer to construct a systematic theology around Reformation principles. Calvin's theology is built around the concept of the sovereignty of God and completely negates any role for free will or human agency in the process of salvation. According to Calvinist doctrine, God predestined an Elect to be saved before the beginning of time.
When Calvinists took over a church, they whitewashed the interior and got rid of all paintings and statues. They also dressed in simple clothing, rejecting fashionable ornamentation. Although Calvin lived and taught in Switzerland, Calvinist communities sprang up throughout Europe, where they were known as Huguenots (France), Presbyterians (Scotland), Puritans and Separatists (England).
John Calvin studied theology in France and experienced a Protestant conversion after the death of his father in 1531. He started learning about Protestant reformers like Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples and wrote his influential book Institutes of the Christian Religion. Calvin established a Protestant church in Geneva, Switzerland with a new order of church governance and founded a university to educate young Protestants and spread the faith throughout Europe.
This document summarizes a theology class that discusses the nature of Jesus Christ. It states that Christianity is a belief in Jesus, who was both fully human and fully divine. As a human, Jesus could identify with people and suffer, but as God, he could save them. The document then provides evidence for Jesus' resurrection, including the empty tomb, reported appearances, the disciples' changed lives even unto death, the rise of the Christian church, and the conversion of Paul. It concludes that through Jesus, God became human while remaining divine, and that the Holy Spirit was involved in this occurrence.
John Calvin was a prominent 16th century theologian and reformer. He was born in 1509 in France and studied law but later turned to theology. Calvin faced persecution for his beliefs and had to flee France, eventually settling in Geneva where he ministered and wrote extensively. Though both loved and hated for his strong views, Calvin sought to base his theology squarely on Scripture. He worked tirelessly until his death in 1564, leaving a significant legacy through his writings and establishing the Reformed tradition.
This document provides an overview of the Bible, discussing its origins, composition, canonization, and authority. It notes that the Old Testament was compiled around 400 BC and the New Testament was widely accepted as scripture by the early church, though officially canonized in 397 AD. Various passages from the Bible are presented to argue for its divine inspiration, infallibility, and use for teaching. The Dead Sea Scrolls are mentioned as an important archaeological discovery that supported the reliability of the biblical text.
John Calvin - A Heart Aflame and a Mind RenewedPeter Hammond
This document provides an overview of the life and teachings of John Calvin, a key figure of the Protestant Reformation. It discusses how Calvin built upon the foundations laid by Luther and Zwingli, and focused on the sovereignty of God. It outlines Calvin's influential writings, including his Institutes of the Christian Religion, and his role in establishing Geneva as a center for Protestant theology and training ministers. The summary also notes Calvin's emphasis on biblical exegesis, predestination, and creating a disciplined Christian community, as well as the significant impact and legacy of Calvinism on Europe, North America, and principles of freedom and democracy.
Calvinism (Introduction to John Calvin's Reformed Theology)Tom Richey
http://www.tomrichey.net
While Martin Luther started the Reformation, John Calvin had as great an impact on European History a generation later when he published his Institutes of the Christian Religion. John Calvin was the first reformer to construct a systematic theology around Reformation principles. Calvin's theology is built around the concept of the sovereignty of God and completely negates any role for free will or human agency in the process of salvation. According to Calvinist doctrine, God predestined an Elect to be saved before the beginning of time.
When Calvinists took over a church, they whitewashed the interior and got rid of all paintings and statues. They also dressed in simple clothing, rejecting fashionable ornamentation. Although Calvin lived and taught in Switzerland, Calvinist communities sprang up throughout Europe, where they were known as Huguenots (France), Presbyterians (Scotland), Puritans and Separatists (England).
John Calvin studied theology in France and experienced a Protestant conversion after the death of his father in 1531. He started learning about Protestant reformers like Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples and wrote his influential book Institutes of the Christian Religion. Calvin established a Protestant church in Geneva, Switzerland with a new order of church governance and founded a university to educate young Protestants and spread the faith throughout Europe.
This document summarizes a theology class that discusses the nature of Jesus Christ. It states that Christianity is a belief in Jesus, who was both fully human and fully divine. As a human, Jesus could identify with people and suffer, but as God, he could save them. The document then provides evidence for Jesus' resurrection, including the empty tomb, reported appearances, the disciples' changed lives even unto death, the rise of the Christian church, and the conversion of Paul. It concludes that through Jesus, God became human while remaining divine, and that the Holy Spirit was involved in this occurrence.
John Calvin was a prominent 16th century theologian and reformer. He was born in 1509 in France and studied law but later turned to theology. Calvin faced persecution for his beliefs and had to flee France, eventually settling in Geneva where he ministered and wrote extensively. Though both loved and hated for his strong views, Calvin sought to base his theology squarely on Scripture. He worked tirelessly until his death in 1564, leaving a significant legacy through his writings and establishing the Reformed tradition.
This document provides an overview of the Bible, discussing its origins, composition, canonization, and authority. It notes that the Old Testament was compiled around 400 BC and the New Testament was widely accepted as scripture by the early church, though officially canonized in 397 AD. Various passages from the Bible are presented to argue for its divine inspiration, infallibility, and use for teaching. The Dead Sea Scrolls are mentioned as an important archaeological discovery that supported the reliability of the biblical text.
The document discusses the lives and accomplishments of several important Christian missionaries to India:
- John Wycliffe translated the Bible into English in the late 14th century.
- Amy Carmichael dedicated her life to rescuing young girls from forced prostitution in Hindu temples in southern India in the early 20th century.
- Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich Plütschau were the first Protestant missionaries to India, arriving in 1706 and establishing a printing press and translating the New Testament into Tamil.
- Anthony Norris Groves is described as the "father of faith missions" for launching the first Protestant mission to Arabic-speaking Muslims and settling in Baghd
The document discusses the history of biblical manuscripts, translations, and the formation of the biblical canon. It provides details on:
- Old and New Testament manuscripts and the earliest fragments found. The oldest complete Bible text is a Greek translation from 350 CE.
- The development of the Christian biblical canon over several centuries, with diversity in early traditions. The New Testament canon was not fixed until the 4th century.
- Different types of Bible translations including literal, dynamic, and paraphrase translations. No single translation is perfect as interpretation is required.
- Ellen White's use and acceptance of revised Bible versions from the 1880s onward, showing she recognized the value of multiple translations. Accuracy depends on the
This document provides an overview of a short course on homiletics, or the art of preaching. It begins by asking the reader to consider what makes a preacher great or bad. It then defines homiletics and provides a working vocabulary. The document goes on to summarize a study that examined deviations from biblical teaching in 8 local churches, finding they did not center on Christ and did not follow best pedagogical practices. It concludes by recommending churches focus their teaching on Christ and incorporate modern teaching methods. The course will cover preaching the gospel, Christ, and the word from an overflow and will teach message preparation and delivery as well as God's design for preaching.
Power Point Presentations for a class by Glenn Giles of Denver, Colorado on Apologetics, Biblical Criticism and Inspiration. Class was taught in San Diego Dec 11-12 2009.
John Calvin was a major figure of Protestantism. He was born in France in 1509 and wrote the influential book Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536. Calvin believed in predestination, the idea that God determines what happens in history and whether individuals are saved or not. Calvinism holds that humans are incapable of choosing salvation due to their sinful nature, and that God alone decides who will be saved. Calvin's ideas emphasized divine sovereignty and predestination over free will. He died in Geneva in 1564.
This document provides a biography and overview of the theological contributions of John Calvin. It discusses Calvin's background and education in France, his conversion to Protestantism, and his work establishing reformed churches and institutions in Geneva. The summary highlights Calvin's doctrines of God's sovereignty, justification by faith, predestination, the church and sacraments. It also notes Calvin's emphasis on church discipline and the role of the civil magistrate in enforcing morality.
EVANGELISM 101: Lesson 1 - Biblical Foundations of EvangelismFrancis Hernandez
For “everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved.” How then will they call on him in whom they have not believed? And how are they to believe in him of whom they have never heard? And how are they to hear without someone preaching? And how are they to preach unless they are sent? As it is written, “How beautiful are the feet of those who preach the good news!” (Romans 10:13-15)
"It (Evangelism) comes from the same Greek word for gospel (euangelion) and means, literally, “gospeling.” When we evangelize we are “gospeling” — we are spreading the Gospel of Jesus Christ." - https://www.ligonier.org/learn/devotionals/what-evangelism/
Every Christian is called to do the divine task of evangelism. Evangelism is a task not just for the select churches, or for the evangelists or pastors. This is Lesson 1 of EVANGELISM 101 Series. Given last April 23, 2021 at HOPE Christian Fellowship in Guinobatan, Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines by Ptr. Francis S. Hernandez.
Watch the Tagalog Version of this Lesson: Soon!
Download the PowerPoint Document for this lesson: https://1drv.ms/p/s!AtkA--J-cWQ_g60AgxIUCEAbFVVSRg?e=2sRaPB
PowerPoint Document also available in SlideShare:
Download Free End Times Lessons, Tagalog Sermons and other Resources for Filipino Preachers/Churches: https://endtimesbibleprophecy.cf/
End Times Bible Prophecy Blog: https://endtimesbibleprophecy908059317.wordpress.com/
The Author's Blog: https://ifacedownworship.wordpress.com/
Email the Author: ifacedownworship@gmail.com
1666 and the Occultic Roots of the New World DisorderPeter Hammond
This document summarizes the occult roots and teachings of Sabbatai Zevi, a 17th century Jewish rabbi who declared himself the messiah. Some key points:
1) Zevi taught that salvation comes through sin and redemption is achieved through deception and breaking religious laws. He encouraged sexual immorality and breaking dietary laws.
2) Zevi's teachings, known as Sabbateanism, spread rapidly among Jews but he was rejected by many rabbis. When threatened with death by the Sultan, he converted to Islam.
3) Sabbatean followers believed conversion was part of Zevi's messianic mission and continued secret Sabbatean practices after
The document summarizes key information about the four Gospels of the New Testament. It provides details on the author, approximate date written, intended audience, symbolic image, and theological focus of each Gospel. Mark is the earliest and shortest Gospel written for persecuted Christians around AD 60 portraying Jesus as the Suffering Servant. Matthew, written around AD 80 for Jews, focuses on Jesus as the Teacher of the Torah. Luke, written around AD 85 for disciples in Ephesus, emphasizes Jesus as the Savior for all people. John, the latest Gospel written around AD 90 for Greek audiences, presents Jesus as truly God and truly man.
The document discusses the sacrament of Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church. It describes illness as an opportunity for spiritual growth and search for God. It outlines how Christ healed and comforted the sick, and how he gave his disciples the power to heal the sick. It details the rites, effects, and biblical foundations of the sacrament, including anointing with oil, prayer, forgiveness of sins, strengthening of faith, and unity with Christ's suffering.
It has been said that "when John Wesley was carried to his grave, he left behind him a good library of books, a well-worn clergyman's gown" and the Methodist Church. The quotation attributed to John Wesley in this presentation has no historical source linking it to John Wesley. It is something that he could have said. The purpose of the quotation is to illustrate the sixfold methodological mantra that John Wesley or perhaps an anonymous contemporary penned for the edification of a future generation.
The document contains questions and answers about the Lord's Supper. It discusses that the Lord's Supper is not the same as the Passover and was instituted by Jesus to remember his death. It outlines qualifications for partaking, including being a believer, examining oneself, and discerning Christ's body. Baptism for remission of sins is necessary first. The elements are symbolic and do not literally become Christ's flesh and blood. The supper should be eaten together as a church community and led by church elders or leaders.
Church history began around 30 AD in Palestine following the resurrection of Jesus Christ. By the third century, Christianity had become the dominant religion of the northern Mediterranean world. Over time, the church grew and faced periods of both persecution and acceptance from political powers. Important events and figures helped shape Christian theology through the early church, medieval period, Reformation, and modern era. Church history is an important lens for understanding the development of Christianity over nearly two millennia.
The document provides an overview and introduction to The Theology Program. It discusses the program's mission to renew minds and change lives through the study of Christian theology. Key aspects of the program include its intensity in studies, emphasis on irenic (peaceable) theology, comprehensive coverage of topics, and approach of doing theology in a community. The document also defines different types of theologians and categories of theology that will be covered.
“It is in a crisis that character is revealed. When the earnest voice proclaimed at midnight, ‘Behold, the bridegroom cometh; go ye out to meet him,’ and the sleeping virgins were roused from their slumbers, it was seen who had made preparation for the event. Both parties were taken unawares; but one was prepared for the emergency, and the other was found without preparation. So now, a sudden and unlooked-for calamity, something that brings the soul face to face with death, will show whether there is any real faith in the promises of God. It will show whether the soul is sustained by grace. The great final test comes at the close of human probation, when it will be too late for the soul’s need to be supplied.”
Christ’s Object Lessons, p. 412, EGW
The Gospel of John is unique among the gospels in its portrayal of Jesus as the divine Word of God. It contains many stories and details not found in the other gospels. Though traditionally attributed to the apostle John, questions remain about its actual authorship, as its theology appears more developed and it may incorporate several early sources. The structure and language of its poetic prologue establish Jesus' identity differently than the other gospels. The body of the gospel is divided into the revelation of Jesus' identity through his signs and teachings, his ministry to his disciples, and his suffering and glory.
The document discusses the history of Christian missions from the 1st to the 21st century. It covers major periods and events, including:
1) The early spread of Christianity from the 1st to 5th centuries through the Roman Empire.
2) The conversion of barbarian tribes from the 5th to 8th centuries and the evangelization of the Vikings from the 8th to 12th centuries.
3) The mixed success of efforts to convert Muslims from the 12th to 16th centuries, known as the "Winning the Saracens" period.
4) The age of European colonialism and expansion of missionary movements worldwide from the 16th century onward, called the period of
The document summarizes the key stages in the development of the New Testament:
1) Jesus of Nazareth, his life, teachings, death and resurrection.
2) The early Christian communities who proclaimed Christ and celebrated the Eucharist.
3) The writing down of the oral traditions which became the New Testament texts between 70-100AD, including the Gospels, Acts, letters of Paul, and Revelation.
The Wesley brothers, John and Charles, were central figures of the 18th century Evangelical Revival in Britain. They grew up during the Industrial Revolution, a time of rapid social and economic change. Both brothers experienced spiritual crises and conversions that led them to preach the doctrine of justification by faith alone, sparking widespread evangelism across Britain and literally transforming society.
The Huguenots were French Protestants who traced their origins to the Waldensians, a 12th century Bible study movement. The Waldensians faced persecution from the Catholic Church but survived by fleeing to the Alps. When the Reformation spread to France, William Farel became a prominent leader and convinced John Calvin to help reform the city of Geneva. Calvin spent over 25 years disciplining and discipling Geneva, turning it into a model Christian community and intellectual hub that influenced the spread of Protestantism across Europe.
John Calvin was a French theologian born in 1509 who experienced a conversion to Protestantism in 1533. He fled to Geneva during religious wars and served as a pastor to French refugees, continuing his studies and writing. His most famous work, Institutes of the Christian Religion, addressed issues of church governance and morality. Calvin incorporated the reformed church into Geneva's city government, attracting Protestant refugees. His theology emphasized literal scripture interpretation and the doctrines of predestination and the elect.
The document discusses the lives and accomplishments of several important Christian missionaries to India:
- John Wycliffe translated the Bible into English in the late 14th century.
- Amy Carmichael dedicated her life to rescuing young girls from forced prostitution in Hindu temples in southern India in the early 20th century.
- Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich Plütschau were the first Protestant missionaries to India, arriving in 1706 and establishing a printing press and translating the New Testament into Tamil.
- Anthony Norris Groves is described as the "father of faith missions" for launching the first Protestant mission to Arabic-speaking Muslims and settling in Baghd
The document discusses the history of biblical manuscripts, translations, and the formation of the biblical canon. It provides details on:
- Old and New Testament manuscripts and the earliest fragments found. The oldest complete Bible text is a Greek translation from 350 CE.
- The development of the Christian biblical canon over several centuries, with diversity in early traditions. The New Testament canon was not fixed until the 4th century.
- Different types of Bible translations including literal, dynamic, and paraphrase translations. No single translation is perfect as interpretation is required.
- Ellen White's use and acceptance of revised Bible versions from the 1880s onward, showing she recognized the value of multiple translations. Accuracy depends on the
This document provides an overview of a short course on homiletics, or the art of preaching. It begins by asking the reader to consider what makes a preacher great or bad. It then defines homiletics and provides a working vocabulary. The document goes on to summarize a study that examined deviations from biblical teaching in 8 local churches, finding they did not center on Christ and did not follow best pedagogical practices. It concludes by recommending churches focus their teaching on Christ and incorporate modern teaching methods. The course will cover preaching the gospel, Christ, and the word from an overflow and will teach message preparation and delivery as well as God's design for preaching.
Power Point Presentations for a class by Glenn Giles of Denver, Colorado on Apologetics, Biblical Criticism and Inspiration. Class was taught in San Diego Dec 11-12 2009.
John Calvin was a major figure of Protestantism. He was born in France in 1509 and wrote the influential book Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536. Calvin believed in predestination, the idea that God determines what happens in history and whether individuals are saved or not. Calvinism holds that humans are incapable of choosing salvation due to their sinful nature, and that God alone decides who will be saved. Calvin's ideas emphasized divine sovereignty and predestination over free will. He died in Geneva in 1564.
This document provides a biography and overview of the theological contributions of John Calvin. It discusses Calvin's background and education in France, his conversion to Protestantism, and his work establishing reformed churches and institutions in Geneva. The summary highlights Calvin's doctrines of God's sovereignty, justification by faith, predestination, the church and sacraments. It also notes Calvin's emphasis on church discipline and the role of the civil magistrate in enforcing morality.
EVANGELISM 101: Lesson 1 - Biblical Foundations of EvangelismFrancis Hernandez
For “everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved.” How then will they call on him in whom they have not believed? And how are they to believe in him of whom they have never heard? And how are they to hear without someone preaching? And how are they to preach unless they are sent? As it is written, “How beautiful are the feet of those who preach the good news!” (Romans 10:13-15)
"It (Evangelism) comes from the same Greek word for gospel (euangelion) and means, literally, “gospeling.” When we evangelize we are “gospeling” — we are spreading the Gospel of Jesus Christ." - https://www.ligonier.org/learn/devotionals/what-evangelism/
Every Christian is called to do the divine task of evangelism. Evangelism is a task not just for the select churches, or for the evangelists or pastors. This is Lesson 1 of EVANGELISM 101 Series. Given last April 23, 2021 at HOPE Christian Fellowship in Guinobatan, Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines by Ptr. Francis S. Hernandez.
Watch the Tagalog Version of this Lesson: Soon!
Download the PowerPoint Document for this lesson: https://1drv.ms/p/s!AtkA--J-cWQ_g60AgxIUCEAbFVVSRg?e=2sRaPB
PowerPoint Document also available in SlideShare:
Download Free End Times Lessons, Tagalog Sermons and other Resources for Filipino Preachers/Churches: https://endtimesbibleprophecy.cf/
End Times Bible Prophecy Blog: https://endtimesbibleprophecy908059317.wordpress.com/
The Author's Blog: https://ifacedownworship.wordpress.com/
Email the Author: ifacedownworship@gmail.com
1666 and the Occultic Roots of the New World DisorderPeter Hammond
This document summarizes the occult roots and teachings of Sabbatai Zevi, a 17th century Jewish rabbi who declared himself the messiah. Some key points:
1) Zevi taught that salvation comes through sin and redemption is achieved through deception and breaking religious laws. He encouraged sexual immorality and breaking dietary laws.
2) Zevi's teachings, known as Sabbateanism, spread rapidly among Jews but he was rejected by many rabbis. When threatened with death by the Sultan, he converted to Islam.
3) Sabbatean followers believed conversion was part of Zevi's messianic mission and continued secret Sabbatean practices after
The document summarizes key information about the four Gospels of the New Testament. It provides details on the author, approximate date written, intended audience, symbolic image, and theological focus of each Gospel. Mark is the earliest and shortest Gospel written for persecuted Christians around AD 60 portraying Jesus as the Suffering Servant. Matthew, written around AD 80 for Jews, focuses on Jesus as the Teacher of the Torah. Luke, written around AD 85 for disciples in Ephesus, emphasizes Jesus as the Savior for all people. John, the latest Gospel written around AD 90 for Greek audiences, presents Jesus as truly God and truly man.
The document discusses the sacrament of Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church. It describes illness as an opportunity for spiritual growth and search for God. It outlines how Christ healed and comforted the sick, and how he gave his disciples the power to heal the sick. It details the rites, effects, and biblical foundations of the sacrament, including anointing with oil, prayer, forgiveness of sins, strengthening of faith, and unity with Christ's suffering.
It has been said that "when John Wesley was carried to his grave, he left behind him a good library of books, a well-worn clergyman's gown" and the Methodist Church. The quotation attributed to John Wesley in this presentation has no historical source linking it to John Wesley. It is something that he could have said. The purpose of the quotation is to illustrate the sixfold methodological mantra that John Wesley or perhaps an anonymous contemporary penned for the edification of a future generation.
The document contains questions and answers about the Lord's Supper. It discusses that the Lord's Supper is not the same as the Passover and was instituted by Jesus to remember his death. It outlines qualifications for partaking, including being a believer, examining oneself, and discerning Christ's body. Baptism for remission of sins is necessary first. The elements are symbolic and do not literally become Christ's flesh and blood. The supper should be eaten together as a church community and led by church elders or leaders.
Church history began around 30 AD in Palestine following the resurrection of Jesus Christ. By the third century, Christianity had become the dominant religion of the northern Mediterranean world. Over time, the church grew and faced periods of both persecution and acceptance from political powers. Important events and figures helped shape Christian theology through the early church, medieval period, Reformation, and modern era. Church history is an important lens for understanding the development of Christianity over nearly two millennia.
The document provides an overview and introduction to The Theology Program. It discusses the program's mission to renew minds and change lives through the study of Christian theology. Key aspects of the program include its intensity in studies, emphasis on irenic (peaceable) theology, comprehensive coverage of topics, and approach of doing theology in a community. The document also defines different types of theologians and categories of theology that will be covered.
“It is in a crisis that character is revealed. When the earnest voice proclaimed at midnight, ‘Behold, the bridegroom cometh; go ye out to meet him,’ and the sleeping virgins were roused from their slumbers, it was seen who had made preparation for the event. Both parties were taken unawares; but one was prepared for the emergency, and the other was found without preparation. So now, a sudden and unlooked-for calamity, something that brings the soul face to face with death, will show whether there is any real faith in the promises of God. It will show whether the soul is sustained by grace. The great final test comes at the close of human probation, when it will be too late for the soul’s need to be supplied.”
Christ’s Object Lessons, p. 412, EGW
The Gospel of John is unique among the gospels in its portrayal of Jesus as the divine Word of God. It contains many stories and details not found in the other gospels. Though traditionally attributed to the apostle John, questions remain about its actual authorship, as its theology appears more developed and it may incorporate several early sources. The structure and language of its poetic prologue establish Jesus' identity differently than the other gospels. The body of the gospel is divided into the revelation of Jesus' identity through his signs and teachings, his ministry to his disciples, and his suffering and glory.
The document discusses the history of Christian missions from the 1st to the 21st century. It covers major periods and events, including:
1) The early spread of Christianity from the 1st to 5th centuries through the Roman Empire.
2) The conversion of barbarian tribes from the 5th to 8th centuries and the evangelization of the Vikings from the 8th to 12th centuries.
3) The mixed success of efforts to convert Muslims from the 12th to 16th centuries, known as the "Winning the Saracens" period.
4) The age of European colonialism and expansion of missionary movements worldwide from the 16th century onward, called the period of
The document summarizes the key stages in the development of the New Testament:
1) Jesus of Nazareth, his life, teachings, death and resurrection.
2) The early Christian communities who proclaimed Christ and celebrated the Eucharist.
3) The writing down of the oral traditions which became the New Testament texts between 70-100AD, including the Gospels, Acts, letters of Paul, and Revelation.
The Wesley brothers, John and Charles, were central figures of the 18th century Evangelical Revival in Britain. They grew up during the Industrial Revolution, a time of rapid social and economic change. Both brothers experienced spiritual crises and conversions that led them to preach the doctrine of justification by faith alone, sparking widespread evangelism across Britain and literally transforming society.
The Huguenots were French Protestants who traced their origins to the Waldensians, a 12th century Bible study movement. The Waldensians faced persecution from the Catholic Church but survived by fleeing to the Alps. When the Reformation spread to France, William Farel became a prominent leader and convinced John Calvin to help reform the city of Geneva. Calvin spent over 25 years disciplining and discipling Geneva, turning it into a model Christian community and intellectual hub that influenced the spread of Protestantism across Europe.
John Calvin was a French theologian born in 1509 who experienced a conversion to Protestantism in 1533. He fled to Geneva during religious wars and served as a pastor to French refugees, continuing his studies and writing. His most famous work, Institutes of the Christian Religion, addressed issues of church governance and morality. Calvin incorporated the reformed church into Geneva's city government, attracting Protestant refugees. His theology emphasized literal scripture interpretation and the doctrines of predestination and the elect.
John Calvin, a French theologian and lawyer, was a key figure in the Protestant Reformation outside of Germany. He experienced a conversion in the early 1530s and dedicated himself to reforming the Catholic Church. Calvin established a theocracy in Geneva where the Calvinist church closely governed citizens' personal and social lives. Calvin emphasized God's sovereignty and humanity's dependence on divine grace for salvation. Though people could never know with certainty their fate of salvation or damnation, Calvinism offered believers a sense of righteousness. Calvin's teachings on predestination and strict obedience to God's laws shaped Western culture and sparked revolutionary movements against perceived violations of divine authority.
The Protestant Reformation began in the 1500s as a response to perceived abuses in the Catholic Church. Martin Luther challenged Catholic doctrine by teaching that salvation came through faith alone, not good deeds, and that the Bible was the sole religious authority rather than the Church. His ideas gained widespread support and formed the basis of Lutheranism. John Calvin also broke from the Catholic Church and established a theocracy in Geneva based on predestination. Calvinism then spread across Europe, though Calvinists faced opposition in some areas.
Calvinism was a theological system developed by John Calvin that emphasized predestination, the authority of God, and the depravity of man. It was very popular despite appearing cold because it appealed to those who wanted strict religious rules and signs of election to assure their salvation. Calvinism shared some beliefs with Lutheranism, such as the primacy of Scripture and justification by faith, but differed in its views of irresistible grace, certainty of salvation only for the elect, and establishing a theocratic polity in Geneva.
The 4,000 Year HinduCalvinism Delusion The History of Calvinism Part I - Sess...Jeremy Richard
Calvinism. Reformed Theology. Hard Determinism. This is the major cancer in Protestant Christianity that many a Theologian have tried to combat but with very little success. Reformed Churches are exploding. Reformed Pastors are infiltrating churches and taking them over, satisfied if half the congregation leaves after their Calvinism is brought into the light since that still leaves them with the business organization and in charge. Calvinist board members are secretly recruiting these seminary-trained Pastors behind the backs of other board members and by the time the people of the church find out, it is too late.
Why is Augustine a hero to both the Roman Catholic Church and the Reformers? There was a huge, dangling thread on the sweater that the Church was wearing. That thread was pulled during the research which caused three more threads to be exposed and each time a thread was pulled more threads would show themselves until the entire sweater began to unravel to reveal the nightmare underneath. The answers that were found during this dig through history and the biblical texts will absolutely shock you as 1,600 year old truths will be revealed from under the Gnostic grime.
Christians tend to think that Calvinism only affects Calvinists and as long as they believe their nonsense over there then it doesn't affect them. But this mistaken view couldn't be more in error. HinduCalvinism affects almost everything you think you know about the bible and there is almost no subject in the biblical text that is untouched or unaffected.
Steel yourself for the millennia long adventure through history presented in these pages. They will change your life.
Buy it now on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0BMT22STS
Top reviews from the United States
Kristina
5.0 out of 5 stars Excellent, Thought-Provoking and Important Book!
Reviewed in the United States on October 24, 2022
Buy it, read it. Then read it again. This book is not only a must-read for anyone coming out of Calvinism, but is also important for any Christian who is in a church.
For me, even just this first section of the book was amazing! If Calvinist doctrines have harmed the faith of yourself or someone you love, understanding its errors is the first step toward healing and renewed growth. As a parent, understanding the subversive infiltration of Calvinist teachings into Christian thought is the best way to inoculate your children against falling prey to its heresies.
But there is so much more to this book than just providing the reader with a solid defense against Calvinism. This book will turn everything you thought you knew upside down, from your perception of yourself to your conception of the Creator.
This is an excellent, important book, and I highly recommend it.
History of missions lesson 7 - catholic & orthodox 12-16th centuryBob Patton, M.D., D.D.
This history of missions continues our other lessons through the late middle ages into the time of the Protestant reformation. We also include some brief slide materials from the Orthodox church.
The document provides background information on the Protestant Reformation that occurred in Europe between the 15th and 17th centuries. It discusses key figures like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII and how they advocated for reforms within the Catholic Church or broke away to form new denominations like Lutheranism and the Church of England. It also examines the responses of the Catholic Church through movements like the Counter-Reformation and councils like the Council of Trent.
The Reformation began in the 1500s led by reformers such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King Henry VIII who challenged the authority and teachings of the Catholic Church. Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing the Church in 1517 which sparked the Protestant Reformation. The printing press helped spread Protestant ideas. The Counter Reformation was launched by the Catholic Church including through the Jesuits and the Council of Trent to combat heresy and reform the Church. This led to a divided Europe and era of religious wars between Protestant and Catholic states.
The document provides background on Calvinism and discusses its resurgence among young Christians. It begins with Calvin's life and teachings, focusing on the five points of Calvinism known as TULIP. It then discusses how Calvinism appeals to some with its view of human nature as totally depraved and unable to earn salvation. While some see Calvinism as dangerous, others see it as a needed corrective to the doctrine-free approach of some modern megachurches. The document examines both sides of debates around Calvinist doctrines.
Different Roads To Heaven My Paper On Luther, Calvin And Catholic Ideas Be...Joseph Florencio
The document discusses how different Christian denominations developed different interpretations of salvation based on the teachings of Martin Luther, John Calvin, and the Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. Luther developed the notion of justification by faith alone through his interpretation of Romans, while Calvin believed in predestination based on his reading of Revelation. This challenged the Catholic Church's doctrine that salvation is earned through good works and membership in the Church. These differing views on salvation fractured Christian unity and led to the emergence of thousands of denominations worldwide.
Galileo challenged the Church's view that the Earth was the center of the universe by claiming that the sun was central. This led to Galileo being charged with heresy and placed under house arrest. During the Renaissance, attitudes toward science changed as people began to question established beliefs and use observation and evidence to draw conclusions. Martin Luther criticized the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences, sparking the Protestant Reformation and a split from the Catholic Church. The printing press allowed knowledge and new ideas to spread more widely.
This document profiles 10 reformers who changed the world:
1) King Alfred the Great of Wessex defended England from Viking invaders and established a stable legal system based on biblical principles.
2) John Wycliffe translated the Bible to English and inspired reformers like Jan Hus.
3) Jan Hus was a professor who confronted corruption in the Catholic Church and was burned at the stake for his beliefs.
4) Martin Luther's 95 Theses launched the Protestant Reformation and he courageously defended his beliefs at the Diet of Worms.
5) Ulrich Zwingli reformed Zurich and Switzerland through biblical preaching.
Learn about the protestant reformation in the 16th and 17th century. The downfall of the Roman Catholic church, Martin Luther and the effects are covered.
Not mine. My Professor made this.
The Waldesians Firm and Faithful Alpine Fighters for the FaithPeter Hammond
Peter Waldo was a wealthy merchant in Lyons, France who gave away all his possessions after a friend's death led him to seriously consider his soul. He had priests translate the Gospels into French and was convicted by what he read. Waldo and his followers, called the Waldensians, sought to live in voluntary poverty and preach the Gospel, which brought persecution from the Catholic Church. Despite centuries of persecution, the Waldensians survived and helped inspire reformers like Jan Hus, spreading the Gospel across Europe through traveling preachers.
The document summarizes key events and figures in the Protestant Reformation from the 14th to 16th centuries. It discusses early reformers like John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, and Erasmus who questioned the authority of the Catholic Church. The printing press allowed books to reach a wider audience, aiding the spread of new ideas. Martin Luther's 95 Theses criticized the sale of indulgences by the Catholic Church and sparked the Reformation. Other reformers like Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin, and John Knox established new Christian denominations. The document also outlines how King Henry VIII established the Church of England independent of papal authority.
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther, a German monk and theology professor, nailed his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg, Germany. The 95 Theses criticized the corruption of the Catholic Church, including the selling of indulgences. Luther's criticisms spread quickly through Europe due to the newly invented printing press. Another important reformer was John Calvin, who challenged church authority from Switzerland and established a theocracy in Geneva based on beliefs like predestination. The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation with the Council of Trent.
What historical developments influenced modern ideas of individualkw16205
John Calvin was a 16th century French theologian who helped develop the system of theology known as Calvinism. Calvinism emphasizes the total depravity of humanity, unconditional election by God, limited atonement of Christ's death, irresistible grace, and the perseverance of the saints. The Renaissance and Protestant Reformation influenced modern ideas of individual rights by promoting intellectual advances that challenged established religious authorities and shifting views on the relationship between individuals and institutions.
John Oakes did a class on church history in Panama City, Panama June 8, 2013. The power point is mostly in Spanish, with some English and the outline is in English.
Similar to John Calvin A Heart Aflame & A Mind Renewed (20)
Girolamo Savonarola - The Reformer of FlorencePeter Hammond
Savonarola was born in 1452 in Ferrara, Italy to a noble family. He studied philosophy, logic, and medicine before becoming a monk in 1475 and joining the Dominicans. He was sent to Florence where he began fearlessly preaching against the corruption and immorality he saw in the Catholic Church and Florentine society. Savonarola gained a large following and confronted the ruling Medici family. When the Medici's power waned, Savonarola became ruler of Florence for three years and instituted moral reforms. However, he made enemies, including Pope Alexander VI, who had Savonarola excommunicated, imprisoned, and tortured. Remaining steadfast in his beliefs,
Jan Hus was a 15th century Bohemian priest who preached reformist views that challenged the Catholic Church's corruption and abuse of power. Inspired by John Wycliffe's teachings, Hus denounced the sale of indulgences and sins of clergy. He was excommunicated, summoned to a church council, and despite an imperial guarantee of safe passage, was imprisoned and burned at the stake for heresy. Hus' martyrdom helped spread reformist resistance against Rome's authority and led to military conflicts between Hussite followers and the Holy Roman Empire.
Anne of Bohemia was the eldest daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor and a friend of the Protestant Reformation. She loved studying the Bible and protected John Wycliffe from persecution. Anne encouraged Bohemian students to study under Wycliffe and helped spread Reformation teachings throughout Europe. Her marriage to King Richard II of England was said to be happy. However, Anne tragically died of plague at age 27, deeply mourning by the people of England. Her influence helped spread Reformation ideas to Bohemia and beyond.
Countering Halloween Witchcraft with Biblical ReformationPeter Hammond
This document discusses Halloween and argues that it has origins in pagan rituals rather than Christianity. It describes Halloween traditions like costumes, jack-o-lanterns, and trick-or-treating as having roots in Celtic harvest festivals and Druid practices involving human and animal sacrifices to appease spirits. The document recommends that Christians celebrate Reformation Day instead of Halloween and warns that Halloween promotes occult beliefs and can introduce people to witchcraft. It provides many Bible verses condemning pagan practices and encouraging Christians to stand against evil.
William Wilberforce and the Campaign to End SlaveryPeter Hammond
This document provides background on William Wilberforce and his lifelong crusade to abolish the slave trade in Britain. It details how Wilberforce was inspired by his Christian faith to take on this cause, despite facing overwhelming opposition. After years of persistent effort, public awareness campaigns, and legal battles, Wilberforce succeeded in getting Parliament to pass acts abolishing the slave trade in 1807 and emancipating all slaves in the British Empire by 1833, just before his death. The document emphasizes Wilberforce's moral leadership and the role of his evangelical Christian faith in fueling his determination to achieve these landmark reforms.
Queen Elizabeth I and the Spanish ArmadaPeter Hammond
Queen Elizabeth I was England's greatest queen who successfully established Protestantism and led England during a golden age. Under her 45-year reign, England defeated the Spanish Armada, establishing itself as a naval power. Shakespeare and other artists flourished during her Protestant rule, which contrasted with the Catholic persecutions under her half-sister Queen Mary I. The Spanish Armada posed an immense threat in 1588 as it sought to invade England, but the Royal Navy led by Hawkins and Drake used superior cannons to defeat the larger Spanish fleet in a decisive victory.
A Christian Perspective on the War in UkrainePeter Hammond
This document provides a Christian perspective on the war in Ukraine from Dr. Peter Hammond. It makes several key points in 3 or fewer sentences:
The war pits millions of Christians against each other and has caused much suffering. Ukraine has a history of oppression under communism, particularly Stalin's regime which caused millions of deaths. Attempts to expand NATO and draw Ukraine away from Russia's sphere of influence helped precipitate the conflict despite warnings from Russia.
Hudson Taylor was a British Protestant Christian missionary to China in the 19th century. He founded the China Inland Mission, now known as OMF International, which became a large missionary organization that focused on evangelizing interior regions of China. Some key aspects:
- Taylor was called to be a missionary to China from a young age and prepared extensively through language study, theology study, and living frugally.
- He adopted Chinese dress and customs to better connect with Chinese people and viewed this as important for an indigenous church. This was controversial among other missionaries.
- Taylor started the China Inland Mission in 1865 with the goal of sending missionaries deep into China without salaries and relying on faith for provisions.
This document discusses the challenge of finding suitable missionary volunteers. It notes that while opportunities for missionary work are vast, there are not enough volunteers to fill positions on the mission field. It attributes this shortage to modern secular culture that discourages long-term commitment and sacrifice. The document then outlines the qualities needed for effective missionary work, including diligent Bible study, strong Christian character, integrity, a positive attitude, and a willingness to endure hardship and criticism. It provides examples from missionary pioneers who exhibited these qualities and were willing to sacrifice all for the cause of missions.
The document discusses how the 19th century was the greatest century of Christian missions and expansion. It summarizes that in 1801, Christianity was concentrated in Europe and North America, with Asia and Africa largely unevangelized. However, by 1900 Christianity had spread to become a worldwide religion. It attributes this to the pioneering missionaries of the 19th century who overcame immense hardships and obstacles to spread the gospel despite limited resources. The document urges Christians to learn from these missionaries' effective strategies and sacrifices if the 21st century is to see similar growth.
This document provides 17 reasons for why the evangelization of non-Christians (the heathen) is important. It argues that all people are lost and in need of salvation due to humanity's sinful nature. It cites biblical passages stating that Jesus is the only way to salvation and that he commands followers to spread the gospel message to all nations. The document emphasizes that God loves all people and that the whole world belongs to him. It concludes by stating that the Lord is worthy of all praise, worship, and honor.
Samuel Zwemer and the Mission to MuslimsPeter Hammond
Samuel Zwemer (1867-1951) was a Dutch-American missionary who dedicated his life to bringing Christianity to Muslims. He grew up in a missionary family and felt called from a young age to take the gospel to followers of Islam. After facing rejection from missionary boards, he co-founded the American-Arabian Mission. Throughout his career, he traveled extensively in the Middle East, wrote prolifically advocating for missions to Muslims, and trained future missionaries. Though he saw few Muslim converts himself, Zwemer laid important groundwork for later missionary efforts and helped mobilize Christians worldwide to reach Muslims with the gospel.
William Tyndale & The Battle for The BiblePeter Hammond
1) William Tyndale was burned at the stake in 1536 for translating the Bible into English from the original Greek and Hebrew.
2) Two other Protestant bishops, Hugh Latimer and Nicolas Ridley, were burned at the stake in 1555 at Balliol College, Oxford for their Protestant faith, along with Archbishop Thomas Cranmer four months later.
3) Their martyrdom served to inspire further calls for Bible translation into English and the Protestant Reformation in England, though over 450 years later their sacrifices are often forgotten.
George Whitefield - Calvinist, Evangelist and RevivalistPeter Hammond
George Whitefield (1714-1770) was an influential English Anglican priest and leader in the 18th century Protestant evangelical movement known as the Great Awakening. He was renowned as an eloquent preacher who drew immense crowds across Britain and America through his passionate open-air sermons. Whitefield helped spark revivals of Christianity in both countries and established orphanages and schools. Though he had theological differences with John Wesley, the two were ultimately reconciled and helped spread evangelical Christianity. Whitefield preached an extraordinary number of sermons in his lifetime and traveled extensively despite poor health, establishing himself as one of the most important religious figures of his era.
The document discusses the importance and power of prayer in the church and for Christians. It notes that prayer meetings used to be a central part of church life but have declined in many Western churches today. When the author was first converted, their local church had vibrant weekly prayer meetings, men's meetings, and outreach events, but these were suspended due to conflicts with television viewing. The document advocates that prayer, studying the Bible, and evangelism should be core priorities and activities for all Christians and churches. It provides many examples from the Bible of the emphasis on prayer and how prayer strengthened the early church.
Oliver Cromwell the Protector and the English Civil WarPeter Hammond
Oliver Cromwell was a dedicated Puritan and military leader who played a pivotal role in the English Civil War and overthrow of the monarchy. As a member of Parliament, he helped dismantle the King's oppressive powers and supported religious freedom. Cromwell went on to select and train a highly disciplined New Model Army that proved victorious against Royalist forces. However, he opposed Presbyterian attempts to impose religious uniformity, believing in liberty of conscience. This led to further conflict and ultimately the trial and execution of King Charles I in 1649, with Cromwell establishing himself as Lord Protector afterwards.
The document provides an overview of the Book of Acts, describing it as an account of the origin and expansion of the early Christian church. It summarizes that Acts shows Christianity conquering pagan cultures through the power of the Holy Spirit, acting as a missionary manual. Key events and figures in the spread of Christianity are highlighted, obstacles to communicating the gospel cross-culturally are examined, and the church's strategies for successful missionary work are outlined.
Charles Spurgeon The Puritan Prince of PreachersPeter Hammond
Charles Spurgeon was the greatest preacher of the 19th century. Born in 1834 in England, he was called to preach at a young age and went on to establish the largest church in London, the Metropolitan Tabernacle, which seated over 5,000 people. He faced intense opposition but was a prolific author and preacher, with his sermons being published weekly and translated into over 20 languages, selling over 100 million copies total. He preached to an estimated 10 million people in his lifetime and was a leading voice against ritualism and liberal theology of his time.
Florence Nightingale - The Lady With The LampPeter Hammond
Florence Nightingale transformed nursing into a respectable profession and greatly improved standards of hospital care. She established rigorous training programs for nurses and emphasized cleanliness, sanitation, and observation of patients. During the Crimean War, Nightingale reduced the death rate of soldiers in hospitals from 42% to 2% through her reforms. Her lifelong work established nursing practices still used today and saved countless lives through her pioneering of public health initiatives and advocacy for improved healthcare systems.
Patrick was captured from his home in Britain by Irish raiders at age 16 and enslaved in Ireland for 6 years. During this time, he turned to Christianity for comfort. After escaping, he had a vision calling him to return to Ireland as a missionary. Patrick spent over 30 years evangelizing Ireland, converting many to Christianity, establishing churches, and ordaining clergy. He endured opposition from druids but saw much success, with over 120,000 converts. Patrick's missionary work helped spread Christianity throughout Ireland and beyond.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
4. THE LEGACY OF
REFORMER
JOHN CALVIN
John Calvin, became the
most influential man of
his age and his teachings
have proven to be some of
the most influential in the
shaping of Great Britain ,
South Africa and the
United States of America.
5. Some of the greatest philosophers, writers,
Reformers and Christian leaders in history have
described themselves as Calvinists.
32. The Reformation teachings of John Calvin were foundational in the
development of Europe, South Africa and North America. Calvin’s concept
of the separation of church and civil government – where each stand
independent of each other yet recognising each others Divine authority,
– transformed Western Civilisation.
34. Establishing the rights and
liberties of citizens and the
Christian Work ethic – in
which secular society is
seen as sacred (whereby
the arts, crafts, sciences
and industries are all
developed for the glory of
God) led to the industrial
and scientific revolutions
developing the most
productive and prosperous
societies in history.
35. FAITH and FREEDOM
Calvin taught that no man – whether pope or king –
has any claim to absolute power. Calvin encouraged
the development of representative governments and
stressed the right to resist the tyranny of unbelievers.
Calvinist resistance to totalitarianism and absolutism
(the arbitrary abuse of power by leaders) was a key
factor in the development of modern limited and
constitutional governments.
36. The Church has the obligation, under Almighty God, to
guide the secular authorities on spiritual and ethical matters.
As a result, Calvinism rapidly assumed international
dimensions.
38. SCOTLAND
In Scotland, Calvin’s disciple, John Knox, taught that
Protestants had the right and duty to resist, by force if
necessary, any leader who tried to prevent their
worship and mission.
39. ENGLAND
The Puritans in England
established the
supremacy of
Parliament
and constitutionally
limited the power of the
throne.
40. AMERICA
In North America, England’s 13 colonies
established the United States of America on
Calvin’s principles of representative government
and the rule of Law, Lex Rex.
41. Lex Rex
Instead of the prevailing
Rex Lex
(the king is the law), the
Reformers championed
Lex Rex
(the Law is king!)
No one is above God’s
Law.
Jesus Christ is the
King of kings and the
Lord of lords. Everyone
is under God’s Law.
42. Liberty and Justice
Professor Alvin Schmidt, in
Under the Influence – How
Christianity Transformed
Civilisation, concludes:
“In whatever nations
Christianity has had a
prominent presence, there
have been marked
improvements in liberty and
justice as opposed to
societies that have been,
and continue to be,
dominated by
non-Christian religions.”
43. FOLLOWING LUTHER and ZWINGLI
John Calvin was a second-generation Reformer.
He carefully and consciously built upon the solid foundations
laid by Dr. Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli.
44. Calvin looked to Luther as his father in the Faith, with great respect.
Luther was very aware of the up-and-coming distinguished scholar
and author, John Calvin and praised his Institutes.
45.
46. However, while their foundations were the same, Luther’s central focus
was justification by faith, whereas Calvin’s focus was primarily the
sovereignty of God. These Reformers shared an overwhelming sense
of the majesty of God. Luther focused on the miracle of forgiveness,
while Calvin went on to give the assurance of the impregnability of
God’s purpose. If Luther’s central Biblical text was:
“the just shall live by faith,” Calvin’s was:
“Thy will be done on earth as it is in Heaven.”
47. SKILLED IN LOGIC AND LAW
• John Calvin was born at Noyon, Picardy, on 10 July 1509.
(He was 25 years younger than Martin Luther). Calvin
entered the University of Paris at age 14, studied Law,
and graduated at age 19 with a Master of Arts degree.
48. • He was described as having a brilliant writing style and a
remarkable skill in logical argument. In later years, it was
said that while people may not have liked what Calvin said,
they could not have misunderstood what he meant!
49. From LAW to OUTLAW
• While Calvin was
engaged in further studies
at Orleans University he
experienced what he
described as a “sudden
conversion” from papal
prejudice to Protestant
conviction. With this
spiritual quickening,
Calvin launched into
preaching, teaching and
counseling amongst his
peers.
50. This in turn
drew the
attention of the
state and soon
Calvin was on
the run as an
outlaw, living
under aliases
and having to
move
frequently to
avoid arrest.
51. THE
•In Basel, Calvin produced
the first edition of his
Institutes. The Institutes of
the Christian Religion has
been described as
“the clearest, most
logical and most
readable exposition
of Protestant
doctrines that the
Reformation age
produced.”
INSTITUTES
52. The full title of this 1536 edition
of the Institutes reads:
“Basic Instruction in the
Christian Religion comprising
almost the whole sum of
Godliness and all that it is
needful to know of the doctrine
of salvation. A newly published
work very well worth reading by
all who aspire to Godliness.
The preface is to the most
Christian King of France,
offering to him this book as a
Confession of Faith by the
author, Jean Calvin of Noyon.”
53. This first edition was 516 pages long – divided into 6
chapters on The Ten Commandments, The Apostle’s
Creed, The Lord’s Prayer, The Sacraments (true
and false) and Christian Liberty.
54. The Institutes was an
immediate success and
catapulted Calvin into
international prominence.
To the French Protestants
no one had spoken so
effectively on their behalf,
and so with the
publication of the
Institutes, Calvin assumed
a position of leadership in
the Protestant cause, in the
French-speaking world.
55. AN ACCIDENTAL DETOUR
And so it was as a respected young author that Calvin arrived in Geneva
a mere 5 months later. Calvin never intended to spend more than one
night in Geneva. He was heading for Strassburg, and compelled to take a
deviation to avoid a local war.
56. The Protestants in Geneva recognised him and William Farel
(the redheaded Evangelist and Reformer who had won
Geneva over to the Protestant Cause after a marathon debate
with the papists just 2 months previously)
rushed over to persuade Calvin to stay.
57. But Calvin had other
plans, as he later
observed:
“Being by nature a
bit antisocial and
shy, I always
loved retirement
and peace…”
Calvin planned a
life of seclusion,
study and
“literary ease.”
59. Farel would have none of this. He threatened Calvin with a curse:
60. “You are following only your own wishes, and I tell you, in
the Name of God Almighty, that if you do not help us in this
work of the Lord, the Lord will punish you for seeking your
own interests rather than His.”
61. Convicted by Farel’s serious
threat of imprecations, gripped
by the fear of God and ashamed
by his selfish plans to avoid
controversy and conflict, Calvin
agreed to stay.
62. THE REFORMER
OF GENEVA
For the next 28 years,
apart from 3 years of
banishment, Calvin
devoted himself to
evangelising,
discipling, teaching
and nurturing the
churches in Geneva.
64. During those two and
a half decades in
Geneva, Calvin
lectured to Theological
students, preached an
average of 5 sermons a
week, in addition to
writing commentaries
on almost every book
in the Bible, as well as
various other
Theological books.
His correspondence
alone fills 11 volumes.
65. PRODUCTIVITY DESPITE ILL HEALTH
• Calvin was never physically strong and by the age of 30 he
had broken his health. He could not sleep more than 4
hours a night, and even when ill, he kept four secretaries
busy with his French and Latin dictation.
66. He ate little,
only one meal
a day,
suffered from
intense migraine
headaches,
was frequently ill
with fever,
gallstones,
chronic asthma
and tuberculosis
67. yet he maintained a steady discipline of study, preaching, producing a
river of Theological treatises, a massive amount of correspondence
and sustained constant counseling, labour in the courts and received a
stream of visitors. How Calvin managed to remain so productive,
while suffering from such chronic bad health, is one of the mysteries
of history.
68. DISCIPLING A CITY
Calvin’s goal in Geneva was a well-taught,
faithful church, dedicated to honouring God
by orthodox praise and obedient holiness.
69. He prepared a Confession of Faith to be accepted by everyone who
wished to be a citizen, planned an educational programme for all, and
insisted on effective church discipline, including excommunication for
those whose lives did not conform to Biblical standards.
70.
71. His was the most
strenuous
programme of moral
discipline in the
Protestant world.
And quite a lot more
than the City Fathers
of Geneva had
bargained for.
72.
73. In April 1538, the City Council expelled Calvin
and Farel.
74. EXILE and RETURN
• For the next 3 years Calvin pastored a church of French refugees in
the German city of Strassburg. These were the happiest years in
Calvin’s life. He married a widow, Idelette, was honoured by the City
of Strassburg as a respected teacher of Theology and was made the
City’s representative to important religious conferences in Germany.
However, the city of Geneva urged His return.
75. In September 1541,
with great
reluctance,
he once again took
up the burden of
discipling Geneva.
Calvin succeeded in
turning Geneva into
a model example
of a disciplined
Christian
community,
a refuge for
persecuted
Protestants from
all over Europe,
and a centre for
ministerial training.
76. Calvin considered Divine election to eternal life the deepest source of confidence,
humility and moral power. While Calvin taught that one could not know with a
certainty who were God’s elect, he believed that three tests could be adequate for
effective church discipline. A true Christian, John Calvin taught, could be recognised
by his or her public profession of Faith, active participation in church life,
including participation in the two sacraments of Baptism and the Lord’s Supper,
and by an upright moral life.
PREDESTINATION AND PERSEVERENCE OF THE SAINTS
77. LAW AND GRACE
Calvin taught that though
Christians were no longer
condemned by the Law of
God, the true Christian
finds in the Law God’s
pattern for moral behaviour.
Man is not justified by
works, but no man who is
justified is without works.
No one can be a true
Christian without aspiring
to holiness in his or her life.
Calvin set justification by
faith in a God centered,
sanctification orientated
Covenantal frame.
78. LIFE CHANGING and
LIBERATING
This rigorous pursuit of
moral righteousness, both
personally and in society,
was one of the primary
features of Calvinism.
It made character a
fundamental test of
genuine Christianity and
explains Calvinism’s
dynamic, social activism.
God calls His elect for
His purposes. To Calvin,
the consequence of Faith
is strenuous effort to build
God’s Kingdom on earth.
80. Under John Calvin's
ministry, Geneva
became the intellectual
centre and hub of the
Reformation, a place
of religious freedom
and refuge for
Protestants fleeing
persecution,
81. a sending base
for evangelists,
pastors and
missionaries
who established
literally
thousands
of Reformed
churches
throughout
Europe and
further afield.
82. Yet, historians have noted that:
“No good man has ever
had a worse press;
no Christian
Theologian is
so often scorned;
so regularly attacked.”
83. Throughout his life Calvin
faced major opposition, often
from fellow Protestants and
other theologians: “whose
objections to Calvin were
incessant and, usually,
unpleasant.”
Even today, there are those
who maintain that John
Calvin was a vicious tyrant
who oppressed the people
under an unbearable
dictatorship, and that he had
people executed for
disagreeing with him.
84. Yet, the facts are that
Calvin never ruled Geneva.
The city was not a
totalitarian society, but a
republic with elections and
dissent. Calvin held no
civil office, he could
neither arrest nor punish
any citizen, nor could he
appoint or dismiss any
official. (To argue that his
eloquence and logic
constituted tyranny, is to
invent a new standard.)
85. History records that refugees from all over Europe
flooded to Geneva to find the freedom there that they
were not able to enjoy in their home countries.
86. Under Calvin, Geneva
developed into
Europe's greatest
concentration of
printers and
publishing firms. It
became the epicentre
of the movement for
freedom world wide.
Yet Calvin continues
to be slandered by
ignorant and
prejudiced people.
87. As John Calvin, declared:
“No greater
injury can be
inflicted upon
men than to
ruin their
reputation.”
88. EVALUATING CALVIN
John Calvin stands out as
one of the finest Bible
scholars, one of greatest
Systematic Theologians
and one of the most
profound religious
thinkers in history.
John Calvin was Bible centred
in his teaching,
God centred in his living and
Christ centred in his Faith.
89. He integrated the confessional
principles of the Reformation –
Scripture alone is our
authority, salvation is
by the grace of God
alone, received by faith
alone. Christ alone is
the head of the Church,
everything should be
done for the Glory of
God alone – with supreme
clarity and conviction.
90. BIBLE BASED
The Institutes shows that Calvin was a
Biblical Theologian.
Nothing was in the Institutes for which
Scripture was not shown to support.
As Calvin made clear in his Preface to
the second edition,
the Institutes is meant to be
a general preparation for Bible study.
91. Calvin was a systematic
Theologian who
interpreted Scripture
with Scripture.
As a second-generation
Reformer he laboured
consciously to confirm
and conserve what those
who preceded him,
Luther, Zwingli,
Melancthon, Bucer and
others, had established.
He spoke as a
mainstream spokesman
for the true universal
Church.
92. A MONUMENTAL MASTERPIECE
• The final edition of the Institutes, published in 1559, contained 80 chapters
and more than 1000 pages.
•The Institutes stands
as the finest textbook
of Theology, apology
for the Protestant
Faith, manifesto for
the Reformation,
handbook for
Catechism, weapon
against heresy, and
guide to Christian
discipleship.
94. THE FIRST BIBLE COMMENTARIES
• In addition to writing
the Institutes, John
Calvin produced first
rate Bible
commentaries.
• He wrote
commentaries on
every book in the
Bible, except for
Revelation.
• A theme that binds
all of Calvin’s works
together is
to know God and
to make Him
known.
95. To KNOW GOD
Calvin dealt with what can be known about God (Theology)
and how to know God personally (devotion).
96. Calvin’s
motto was
Prompte et
sincere in
opere Dei
(promptly
and
sincerely in
the service
of God).
His emblem
is of a heart
aflame in the
hand of God.
97. This is what Calvin wished to
be, and this, in fact, was what
he was: a heart
aflame for God
who sought to be
faithful in the
service of God,
renewing his mind
according to the
Word of God.
98. It is not enough to know about God, but essential that we
know Him personally, whole-heartedly,
with a heart aflame for God.
99. Not for Calvin
the dry-as-dust,
cold-hearted,
external
and empty religion,
which epitomises
so many of those who
claim to follow him.
Calvin’s faith
was intense,
Passionate
and wholehearted
100. To the question:
What does it mean to
know God?
Calvin answered:
To know God is to
acknowledge Him as He
has revealed Himself in
Scripture and through
Christ – worshiping
Him and giving Him
thanks, humbling
ourselves before Him as
foolish and depraved
sinners, learning from
His Word,
101. loving God
for His love in adopting
and redeeming us,
trusting in God’s promises
of pardon,
glorifying what God
has accomplished
through Christ,
living in obedience
to God’s Law and seeking
to honour God in all our
human relationships
and in all connections
with God’s creatures.
102. To the question:
From where comes our
knowledge?
Calvin answers:
From the Holy Spirit,
speaking in and
through the written
Word of God
by uniting us to the
Risen Christ
for abundant life.
103. John Calvin wrote in his
Institutes, that: “Of human
writings, however artfully
polished, there is none capable
of affecting us at all
comparably” with Scripture,
which “so deeply will it
effect you, so penetrate
your heart, so fix itself in
your marrow, that,
compared with its deep
impression, such vigour as
orators and philosophers
have will nearly vanish.”
104. Calvin taught that:
“True piety consists…
in a sincere feeling
which loves God as
Father as much as it
fears and reverences
Him as Lord,
embraces
His righteousness
and dreads offending
Him worst than death.”
105. Calvin taught that:
“The challenge and power of the
Gospel may be allowed to
cleanse, regenerate and direct
not only the human heart but
every aspect of social life on
earth – family affairs, education,
economics and politics.
Christ sought not only
an altar in the human heart
for His priestly ministry,
but a throne
at the centre
of all human life
for His Kingdom ministry.”
106. Calvin taught that
“Both church and state
are divinely ordained and
created and that both are
directly under Jesus
Christ as both Lord of the
Church and King of
kings. Although both
institutions have different
spheres of operation,
both are still
under God’s Law.”
107. “
”
John Calvin
If ministers of the Word should
ever turn away from that Word to
follow the fancies and inventions of
their own heads, then they are no
longer to be received as pastors;
they are, rather, pernicious wolves
who are to be chased away!
108. Calvin viewed music as a gift of God and encouraged
congregational Psalm singing, even putting to music a
number of the Psalms himself. Calvin was an Evangelist
who worked diligently to bring the lost to repentance
and faith in Christ.
A REASON TO SING AND A
MESSAGE TO GIVE
109. A stream of Reformation books poured out and
thousands of pastors, Evangelists and Missionaries
were trained in Geneva's Academy
111. Just in the lifetime of John Calvin, over 2,000 Reformed churches were
established in France alone.
112.
113.
114. In his Institutes, Calvin wrote of “the magnificence” of Christ’s
reign prophesied in Daniel 2:32-35; Isaiah 11:4; Psalm 2:9 and
Psalm 72 where Christ will rule the earth. “Our doctrine must
tower unvanquished above the glory and above all the might of
the world, for it is not of us, but of the Living God and His
Christ” Who will “rule from sea to sea and from the river even
to the ends of the earth.”
116. The prince of preachers, Charles Spurgeon declared: “It is no
novelty, then, that I am preaching; no new doctrine. I love to
proclaim the strong old doctrines, that are called by the
nickname Calvinism, but which are surely and verily the
revealed truth of God as it is in Christ Jesus. By this truth I
make a pilgrimage into the past and as I go, I see father after
117. father, confessor after confessor, martyr after martyr,
standing up to shake hands with me… taking these things to
be the standard of my Faith, I see the land of the ancients
peopled with my brethren; I behold multitudes confess the
same as I do, and acknowledge that this is the religion of
God’s own Church.”
118. Spurgeon wrote:
“The longer I
live, the clearer
does it appear
that John Calvin’s
system is the
nearest to
perfection.”
119. Charles Spurgeon wrote of
Calvin:
“No age
before him
ever produced
his equal, and
no age after
him has seen
his rival.”
120. HAVE YOU READ CALVIN?
If you have never read
Calvin’s Institutes or benefited
from his commentaries,
perhaps this would be a good
time to invest the time in
studying these treasures.
121. A CALL TO SUFFER AND SERVE –
CHANGING CULTURES FOR CHRIST
Calvin’s concept of the Christian life as a militant pilgrimage
leading safely home by a predestined path of service and
suffering – as we fulfill our cultural calling – has produced
some of the most humble, hard-working heroes of the Faith.
122. Has your mind
been renewed by the
Word of God?
Is your heart aflame
with devotion
to Christ?
And are you applying
the Lordship
of Christ
to all areas of life,
promptly and
sincerely in the
service of God?
123.
124.
125. Dr Peter Hammond
Reformation Society
P.O. Box 74
Newlands, 7725
Cape Town, South Africa
Tel: (021) 689 4480
Fax: (021) 685 5884
Email: info@ReformationSA.org
Website: www.ReformationSA.org
141. 1: The Church’s one foundation, is
Jesus Christ, her Lord,
she is His new creation, by water
and the Word,
from Heaven He came and sought
her, to be His Holy bride,
with His own Blood He bought her,
and for her life He died.
142. 2: Elect from every nation, yet one o’er all
the earth,
her charter of salvation, one Lord, one
Faith, one birth,
one Holy Name she blesses, partakes
one Holy food,
and to one hope she presses, with
ev’ry grace endued.
143. 3: Though with a scornful wonder, men
see her sore oppressed,
By schisms rent assunder, by heresies
distressed,
yet saints their watch are keeping,
their cry goes up: “ How long?”
and soon the night of weeping shall be
the morn of song.
144. 4: The Church shall never perish! Her
dear Lord to defend,
To guide, sustain and cherish, is with
her to the end,
though there be those that hate her,
and false sons in her pale,
against both foe or traitor she ever shall
prevail.
145. 5: ‘Mid toil and tribulation, and tumult of
her war,
she waits the consummation, of peace
forevermore,
till with the vision glorious, her longing
eyes are blest,
and the great Church victorious, shall
be the Church at rest.
146. 6: Yet she on earth hath union, with God
the Three in One,
and mystic sweet communion, with
those whose rest is won,
O happy ones and holy! Lord, give us
grace that we,
like them, the meek and lowly, on high
may dwell with Thee.