This document examines patterns of group-specific reasons for school choice in the Netherlands and their implications for segregation. Data from over 10,000 parents is analyzed. The results show that parental reasons for school choice relate to religion, social background, and ethnicity, as well as the school's denomination, social environment, and ethnic composition. General quality of education is a leading reason for choice, but group-specific reasons also exist. Muslim migrant parents in particular show a strong preference for Islamic education, suggesting a risk of self-segregation among this group.
Geert Driessen (2019) Encyclopedia Parental involvement, parental participati...Driessen Research
Parental involvement is seen as an important strategy for the advancement of the quality of education. The ultimate objective of this is to expand the academic and social capacities of students, especially those of disadvantaged backgrounds determined by ethnic minority origin and low socio-economic status. In this contribution, various forms of both parental and school-initiated involvement will be described. In addition, results of studies into the effectiveness of parental involvement will be presented.
Driessen, G. (2019). Parental involvement, parental participation, parent-school-community partnerships. Encyclopedia, 26 August 2019. Retrieved from: https://encyclopedia.pub/279
Driessen, G. (2020). Parental involvement. Encyclopedia, 10 November 2020. Retrieved from: https://encyclopedia.pub/279
Type Of Schools On Loneliness, Guilt, Shame State And Trait Angerijcite
The study aims to determine the factors loneliness, guilt, shame, State
and Trait anger involved in school types of schools. Stratified random
sampling technique was used for the selection of the sample. From the
total population of 750, 38 school students were selected from three
different schools in Chennai city. Personal data sheet developed by the
investigator, Loneliness scale was constructed by Russell D (1996), Guilt
and Shame Taya R.Cohen (2011), The State-Trait Anger expression
inventory-2 Psychological Assessment Resources (1999) were used to
collect data. Results were statistically analyzed through ‘f’ test,
correlation coefficient. In this present research it has been concluded
school environment has an influence its factors such as Family factor,
Loneliness, Guilt Shame, state and trait anger.
Geert Driessen (2019) Encyclopedia Parental involvement, parental participati...Driessen Research
Parental involvement is seen as an important strategy for the advancement of the quality of education. The ultimate objective of this is to expand the academic and social capacities of students, especially those of disadvantaged backgrounds determined by ethnic minority origin and low socio-economic status. In this contribution, various forms of both parental and school-initiated involvement will be described. In addition, results of studies into the effectiveness of parental involvement will be presented.
Driessen, G. (2019). Parental involvement, parental participation, parent-school-community partnerships. Encyclopedia, 26 August 2019. Retrieved from: https://encyclopedia.pub/279
Driessen, G. (2020). Parental involvement. Encyclopedia, 10 November 2020. Retrieved from: https://encyclopedia.pub/279
Type Of Schools On Loneliness, Guilt, Shame State And Trait Angerijcite
The study aims to determine the factors loneliness, guilt, shame, State
and Trait anger involved in school types of schools. Stratified random
sampling technique was used for the selection of the sample. From the
total population of 750, 38 school students were selected from three
different schools in Chennai city. Personal data sheet developed by the
investigator, Loneliness scale was constructed by Russell D (1996), Guilt
and Shame Taya R.Cohen (2011), The State-Trait Anger expression
inventory-2 Psychological Assessment Resources (1999) were used to
collect data. Results were statistically analyzed through ‘f’ test,
correlation coefficient. In this present research it has been concluded
school environment has an influence its factors such as Family factor,
Loneliness, Guilt Shame, state and trait anger.
Frederik Smit & Geert Driessen (2005). Ethnic minority parents’ and teachers’...Frederik Smit
Frederik Smit & Geert Driessen (2005). Ethnic minority parents’ and teachers’ orientation on collaboration between home and school: strategies and contexts

Resumen
Tras los atentados islamistas del 11-S y del asesinato del director de cine holandés Theo van Gogh, hay una tendencia creciente entre los políticos y profesores holandeses a preocuparse por la responsabilidad de los padres acerca del modo en que sus hijos se comportan en una socie- dad multicultural. En Holanda, la educación moral y el fomento de la cohesión social son prio- ritarios en la agenda política. En los últimos años, las tensiones sociales entre grupos étnicos han cambiado el clima social en este país con una tradición previa abierta y tolerante. Dos estudios en Educación Primaria y Secundaria, se llevaron a cabo sobre las expectativas de los padres y las relaciones de los profesores ante las circunstancias interculturales. Ambos estudios se reali- zaron en la ciudad de Rótterdam donde existe una gran diversidad étnica. Las conclusiones más importantes fueron que los padres de las minorías étnicas quieren tener mucha más implicación en la educación de sus hijos y que entre los profesores hay demasiadas diferencias en cuanto a conocimientos y conciencia de la interculturalidad. Para resolver estos problemas debería inter- venirse específicamente en la mejora de los déficits comunicativos en las escuelas.
Geert Driessen (2020) The evidence for the effectiveness of family and cente...Driessen Research
Early Childhood Education (ECE) provides compensatory educational programs both in preschools and the early grades of primary school, and for parents at home. The aim of this policy is to prevent young children from disadvantaged backgrounds starting formal schooling with significant educational delays. In many countries ECE programs are in existence for several decades now. The search in this article is for the scientific evidence-base of this policy. While the focus is on the Netherlands, the findings probably also are valid for many other countries.
A report by The Coalition on Diversity Education regarding education needs in Peel Region, Ontario, Canada. This looks at diversity and equity needs, and what changes are required by education systems to meet those needs for current time periods and beyond.
Geert Driessen (2017) EPASR The validity of educational disadvantage indicatorsDriessen Research
Many countries have implemented policies to prevent or combat educational disadvantage associated with socioeconomic factors in the students’ home environment. Under such policies, educational institutions generally receive extra support from the central or local government. The support is normally based on indicators available in the home environment of the children, mostly family-structural characteristics. In the Netherlands, the core of educational disadvantage policy is the so-called weighted student funding scheme, which awards schools with disadvantaged students additional financial resources. When this scheme was developed in 1984, three indicators of disadvantage were selected, namely: parental education, occupation, and ethnicity. Analyses conducted at the time established a predictive validity estimate of 0.50, amounting to 25 percent of explained variance. Nowadays, some thirty years later, the funding scheme is based on only one indicator, namely parental education. Analyses performed on data collected in 2014 show a validity estimate of 0.20, thus accounting for no more than four percent of variance. This dramatic decrease of the indicator’s predictive validity shows that the empirical basis of the Dutch weighted student funding scheme has become highly problematic. It is suggested that instead of employing family characteristics as educational disadvantage indicators, the actual performance of students based on test achievement and teacher observations may offer a more valid alternative.
Driessen, G. (2017). The validity of educational disadvantage policy indicators. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 12(2), 93-108.
ISSN 1949-4289
DOI 10.5281/zenodo.6803502
Geert Driessen (2021) Parental involvement: Types and effectsDriessen Research
The achievement gap of disadvantaged students has always been large, and is still widening. Even more now, during the Covid-19 pandemic. Parental involvement is seen as an important strategy for closing this gap. The ultimate objective is to expand the academic and social capacities of students, especially those of disadvantaged backgrounds determined by ethnic minority/immigrant origin and low socioeconomic status. This article focuses on possible roles of parents in education and aims at answering two questions: (1) What types of parental involvement can be discerned? and (2) What are the effects of parental activities on their children’s attainment? To answer both questions, a review of the literature was conducted, and a synthesis of the results from twelve meta-analyses was performed. The review pointed to a considerable diversity in parental involvement typologies, classifications, roles, forms, and activities. Nevertheless, they can be ordered along the lines of just a few perspectives, namely locus (at home/at school), style (formal/informal), action (active/passive), and actor (parent/student/school). From the synthesis of the meta-analyses it can be concluded that the average effect of involvement on attainment is small. In addition to many positive effects there are also substantial numbers of null and even negative effects. The type of involvement with the strongest effect appeared to be parents having high aspirations and expectations for their child. No differences in effects of involvement on attainment according to ethnic/immigrant and social background could be established. Prudence is called for, however, as there are many limitations to studying parental involvement in a reliable and valid way.
The Influence of Parental Level of Income in Pre-School Preference in Nyamira...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study investigates the parental level of income in pre-school preference for their young children in Nyamira division, Nyamira county-Kenya. The objective of this study was to determine the sources that parents use to earn income to support their children in preschools. The target population was 79 head teachers, 227 pre-school teachers and 4200 parents whose children are in pre-school from both public and private schools from 3 zones in Nyamira Division. The sample size was 10% of the target population and random and purposive sampling techniques was used to sample the population, Mugenda and Mugenda (2006). The study adopted descriptive research design and was informed by the Bromfenbrenner’s ecological theory of human development. The data collection instruments were questionnaires and interview schedules. Simple random techniques and purpose techniques were used to select primary school head teacher, pre-school teachers and parents. Using simple random sampling techniques, 10% of the parents were selected. Purposive sampling was used to select the 10% of for primary school head teachers and pre-school head. The data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics was used to describe and summarize data in form of frequencies distribution tables and means. The inferential statistics was used to make inference sand draw conclusions.The statistical package for social sciences (SSPS) version 22 was used to analyze data. Those from the interview schedules were analyzed using thematic analysis approach. The study found that parents with high income levels preferred private and expensive preschools due to quality of education offered in those preschools. On the other hand parents with low income prefer either cheap or public preschools for their children. The key recommendation was that the government should support parents with grants and small loans so that they can be able to support their preschool children in better and quality preschools.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982). Dr. Kritsonis has served as an elementary school teacher, elementary and middle school principal, superintendent of schools, director of student teaching and field experiences, professor, author, consultant, and journal editor. Dr. Kritsonis has considerable experience in chairing PhD dissertations and master thesis and has supervised practicums for teacher candidates, curriculum supervisors, central office personnel, principals, and superintendents. He also has experience in teaching in doctoral and masters programs in elementary and secondary education as well as educational leadership and supervision. He has earned the rank as professor at three universities in two states, including successful post-tenure reviews.
Geert Driessen (2021) Encyclopedia Parental involvement: The COVID-19 panacea?Driessen Research
The achievement gap of disadvantaged students has always been large, and is still widening. Even more now, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Parental involvement is seen as an important strategy for closing this gap. The question is whether this optimism is warranted. A review of the literature pointed to a considerable diversity in parental involvement typologies, classifications, roles, forms, and activities. A synthesis of the results from twelve meta-analyses showed that the average effect of involvement on attainment is small. The type of involvement with the strongest effect appeared to be parents having high aspirations and expectations for their child. Prudence is called for, however, as there are many limitations to studying parental involvement in a reliable and valid way.
Driessen, G. (2021). Parental involvement in education: The COVID-19 panacea? Encyclopedia, 22 October 2021. Retrieved from: https://encyclopedia.pub/16375
It is widely known that education for all ought to be equal to all, regardless of race, ethnicity, gender and hierarchy. Although equality in education is the primary purpose of our government, however, there are some instances that inequality in education exists due to some factors. This research identifies the factors that lead to inequality in education. Based on our findings factors such as individual characteristics attitudes and beliefs, psychological traits, parental socio economic status , individual educational success attainment, field of study , population groups men and women and ethnic groups , educational inequality gender pay gap, horizontal, occupational and segregation contributes to the overall dilemma. Moreover, our findings also show that micro and social contributes to the gaps of inequality of education, thus, social interactions and social structures affects the micro conditions and outcome. This implied that educational inequality is caused by different factors and constructs that undermined the policy of an educational system and this lead to inequality of education. Lucelle B. Collamat | Maureen S. Salagada | Emerson A. Sentos | Clarissa S. Tabar | Regina P. Galigao "Inequality in Education: A Literature Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33639.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/33639/inequality-in-education-a-literature-review/lucelle-b-collamat
Grade retention is a strategy for the remediation of learning or developmental delays. Students who cannot keep up with their peers or do not meet a predefined level repeat the same grade once again and by doing so have an extra year to get at the level that is needed to successfully manage the next grade. There are considerable doubts as regards the usefulness and effectiveness of retaining grades. Studies conclude that in the short term retaining grades may have a positive effect on academic achievement, but that this gain disappears in the longer term.
Driessen, G. (2020). Grade retention. Encyclopedia, 10 November 2020. Retrieved from: https://encyclopedia.pub/272
Academic Performance of the Grade VIII Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program 4P...YogeshIJTSRD
This study aimed to assess the academic performance of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program 4Ps beneficiaries of the Grade VIII Students in Dipolog City Division South District. To find out the significant relationship between the factors affecting the academic performance and the academic performance and final grade in the previous grade level of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program 4Ps beneficiaries. Employing documentary, descriptive correlation method of research, frequency count, percentage, weighted mean, ANOVA and Pearson r from 181 students of Grade VIII in Dipolog City South District Dipolog City. On the other hand, results revealed that students academic performance was satisfactory in terms of the final grade in the previous grade level. A conclusive statement drawn based on the results of the research found no significant relationship between all factors affecting academic performance and the academic performance of 4Ps beneficiaries. Sarah Mae C. Aranas | Marilyn G. Barbaso | Genevieve Q. Bermudez | Joan Abigail N. Pelpinosas | Edelene A. Tecson "Academic Performance of the Grade VIII Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) Beneficiaries in Dipolog City Division South District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40078.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/40078/academic-performance-of-the-grade-viii-pantawid-pamilyang-pilipino-program-4ps-beneficiaries-in-dipolog-city-division-south-district/sarah-mae-c-aranas
Geert Driessen (2021) Encyclopedia A COVID-19 education recovery programDriessen Research
As a consequence of the Covid-19 pandemic, many students have developed substantial educational delays, both cognitively and social-emotionally. To counter such negative effects of the school closures, several policies and support strategies on attainment and social-emotional well-being have been proposed and implemented. In the Netherlands, the focus is on using evidence-based interventions to boost educational achievement. The question is how evidenced-based are the interventions really?
Driessen, G. (2021). A COVID-19 education recovery program. Encyclopedia, 23 June 2021. Retrieved from: https://encyclopedia.pub/12234
Geert Driessen (2012) Presessional testing and learningDriessen Research
Pre-sessional testing and learning
Een onderzoekspilot gericht op het verbeteren
van de taalvaardigheid Engels
van startende Avans Hogeschool-studenten
Frederik Smit & Geert Driessen (2005). Ethnic minority parents’ and teachers’...Frederik Smit
Frederik Smit & Geert Driessen (2005). Ethnic minority parents’ and teachers’ orientation on collaboration between home and school: strategies and contexts

Resumen
Tras los atentados islamistas del 11-S y del asesinato del director de cine holandés Theo van Gogh, hay una tendencia creciente entre los políticos y profesores holandeses a preocuparse por la responsabilidad de los padres acerca del modo en que sus hijos se comportan en una socie- dad multicultural. En Holanda, la educación moral y el fomento de la cohesión social son prio- ritarios en la agenda política. En los últimos años, las tensiones sociales entre grupos étnicos han cambiado el clima social en este país con una tradición previa abierta y tolerante. Dos estudios en Educación Primaria y Secundaria, se llevaron a cabo sobre las expectativas de los padres y las relaciones de los profesores ante las circunstancias interculturales. Ambos estudios se reali- zaron en la ciudad de Rótterdam donde existe una gran diversidad étnica. Las conclusiones más importantes fueron que los padres de las minorías étnicas quieren tener mucha más implicación en la educación de sus hijos y que entre los profesores hay demasiadas diferencias en cuanto a conocimientos y conciencia de la interculturalidad. Para resolver estos problemas debería inter- venirse específicamente en la mejora de los déficits comunicativos en las escuelas.
Geert Driessen (2020) The evidence for the effectiveness of family and cente...Driessen Research
Early Childhood Education (ECE) provides compensatory educational programs both in preschools and the early grades of primary school, and for parents at home. The aim of this policy is to prevent young children from disadvantaged backgrounds starting formal schooling with significant educational delays. In many countries ECE programs are in existence for several decades now. The search in this article is for the scientific evidence-base of this policy. While the focus is on the Netherlands, the findings probably also are valid for many other countries.
A report by The Coalition on Diversity Education regarding education needs in Peel Region, Ontario, Canada. This looks at diversity and equity needs, and what changes are required by education systems to meet those needs for current time periods and beyond.
Geert Driessen (2017) EPASR The validity of educational disadvantage indicatorsDriessen Research
Many countries have implemented policies to prevent or combat educational disadvantage associated with socioeconomic factors in the students’ home environment. Under such policies, educational institutions generally receive extra support from the central or local government. The support is normally based on indicators available in the home environment of the children, mostly family-structural characteristics. In the Netherlands, the core of educational disadvantage policy is the so-called weighted student funding scheme, which awards schools with disadvantaged students additional financial resources. When this scheme was developed in 1984, three indicators of disadvantage were selected, namely: parental education, occupation, and ethnicity. Analyses conducted at the time established a predictive validity estimate of 0.50, amounting to 25 percent of explained variance. Nowadays, some thirty years later, the funding scheme is based on only one indicator, namely parental education. Analyses performed on data collected in 2014 show a validity estimate of 0.20, thus accounting for no more than four percent of variance. This dramatic decrease of the indicator’s predictive validity shows that the empirical basis of the Dutch weighted student funding scheme has become highly problematic. It is suggested that instead of employing family characteristics as educational disadvantage indicators, the actual performance of students based on test achievement and teacher observations may offer a more valid alternative.
Driessen, G. (2017). The validity of educational disadvantage policy indicators. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 12(2), 93-108.
ISSN 1949-4289
DOI 10.5281/zenodo.6803502
Geert Driessen (2021) Parental involvement: Types and effectsDriessen Research
The achievement gap of disadvantaged students has always been large, and is still widening. Even more now, during the Covid-19 pandemic. Parental involvement is seen as an important strategy for closing this gap. The ultimate objective is to expand the academic and social capacities of students, especially those of disadvantaged backgrounds determined by ethnic minority/immigrant origin and low socioeconomic status. This article focuses on possible roles of parents in education and aims at answering two questions: (1) What types of parental involvement can be discerned? and (2) What are the effects of parental activities on their children’s attainment? To answer both questions, a review of the literature was conducted, and a synthesis of the results from twelve meta-analyses was performed. The review pointed to a considerable diversity in parental involvement typologies, classifications, roles, forms, and activities. Nevertheless, they can be ordered along the lines of just a few perspectives, namely locus (at home/at school), style (formal/informal), action (active/passive), and actor (parent/student/school). From the synthesis of the meta-analyses it can be concluded that the average effect of involvement on attainment is small. In addition to many positive effects there are also substantial numbers of null and even negative effects. The type of involvement with the strongest effect appeared to be parents having high aspirations and expectations for their child. No differences in effects of involvement on attainment according to ethnic/immigrant and social background could be established. Prudence is called for, however, as there are many limitations to studying parental involvement in a reliable and valid way.
The Influence of Parental Level of Income in Pre-School Preference in Nyamira...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study investigates the parental level of income in pre-school preference for their young children in Nyamira division, Nyamira county-Kenya. The objective of this study was to determine the sources that parents use to earn income to support their children in preschools. The target population was 79 head teachers, 227 pre-school teachers and 4200 parents whose children are in pre-school from both public and private schools from 3 zones in Nyamira Division. The sample size was 10% of the target population and random and purposive sampling techniques was used to sample the population, Mugenda and Mugenda (2006). The study adopted descriptive research design and was informed by the Bromfenbrenner’s ecological theory of human development. The data collection instruments were questionnaires and interview schedules. Simple random techniques and purpose techniques were used to select primary school head teacher, pre-school teachers and parents. Using simple random sampling techniques, 10% of the parents were selected. Purposive sampling was used to select the 10% of for primary school head teachers and pre-school head. The data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics was used to describe and summarize data in form of frequencies distribution tables and means. The inferential statistics was used to make inference sand draw conclusions.The statistical package for social sciences (SSPS) version 22 was used to analyze data. Those from the interview schedules were analyzed using thematic analysis approach. The study found that parents with high income levels preferred private and expensive preschools due to quality of education offered in those preschools. On the other hand parents with low income prefer either cheap or public preschools for their children. The key recommendation was that the government should support parents with grants and small loans so that they can be able to support their preschool children in better and quality preschools.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982). Dr. Kritsonis has served as an elementary school teacher, elementary and middle school principal, superintendent of schools, director of student teaching and field experiences, professor, author, consultant, and journal editor. Dr. Kritsonis has considerable experience in chairing PhD dissertations and master thesis and has supervised practicums for teacher candidates, curriculum supervisors, central office personnel, principals, and superintendents. He also has experience in teaching in doctoral and masters programs in elementary and secondary education as well as educational leadership and supervision. He has earned the rank as professor at three universities in two states, including successful post-tenure reviews.
Geert Driessen (2021) Encyclopedia Parental involvement: The COVID-19 panacea?Driessen Research
The achievement gap of disadvantaged students has always been large, and is still widening. Even more now, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Parental involvement is seen as an important strategy for closing this gap. The question is whether this optimism is warranted. A review of the literature pointed to a considerable diversity in parental involvement typologies, classifications, roles, forms, and activities. A synthesis of the results from twelve meta-analyses showed that the average effect of involvement on attainment is small. The type of involvement with the strongest effect appeared to be parents having high aspirations and expectations for their child. Prudence is called for, however, as there are many limitations to studying parental involvement in a reliable and valid way.
Driessen, G. (2021). Parental involvement in education: The COVID-19 panacea? Encyclopedia, 22 October 2021. Retrieved from: https://encyclopedia.pub/16375
It is widely known that education for all ought to be equal to all, regardless of race, ethnicity, gender and hierarchy. Although equality in education is the primary purpose of our government, however, there are some instances that inequality in education exists due to some factors. This research identifies the factors that lead to inequality in education. Based on our findings factors such as individual characteristics attitudes and beliefs, psychological traits, parental socio economic status , individual educational success attainment, field of study , population groups men and women and ethnic groups , educational inequality gender pay gap, horizontal, occupational and segregation contributes to the overall dilemma. Moreover, our findings also show that micro and social contributes to the gaps of inequality of education, thus, social interactions and social structures affects the micro conditions and outcome. This implied that educational inequality is caused by different factors and constructs that undermined the policy of an educational system and this lead to inequality of education. Lucelle B. Collamat | Maureen S. Salagada | Emerson A. Sentos | Clarissa S. Tabar | Regina P. Galigao "Inequality in Education: A Literature Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33639.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/33639/inequality-in-education-a-literature-review/lucelle-b-collamat
Grade retention is a strategy for the remediation of learning or developmental delays. Students who cannot keep up with their peers or do not meet a predefined level repeat the same grade once again and by doing so have an extra year to get at the level that is needed to successfully manage the next grade. There are considerable doubts as regards the usefulness and effectiveness of retaining grades. Studies conclude that in the short term retaining grades may have a positive effect on academic achievement, but that this gain disappears in the longer term.
Driessen, G. (2020). Grade retention. Encyclopedia, 10 November 2020. Retrieved from: https://encyclopedia.pub/272
Academic Performance of the Grade VIII Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program 4P...YogeshIJTSRD
This study aimed to assess the academic performance of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program 4Ps beneficiaries of the Grade VIII Students in Dipolog City Division South District. To find out the significant relationship between the factors affecting the academic performance and the academic performance and final grade in the previous grade level of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program 4Ps beneficiaries. Employing documentary, descriptive correlation method of research, frequency count, percentage, weighted mean, ANOVA and Pearson r from 181 students of Grade VIII in Dipolog City South District Dipolog City. On the other hand, results revealed that students academic performance was satisfactory in terms of the final grade in the previous grade level. A conclusive statement drawn based on the results of the research found no significant relationship between all factors affecting academic performance and the academic performance of 4Ps beneficiaries. Sarah Mae C. Aranas | Marilyn G. Barbaso | Genevieve Q. Bermudez | Joan Abigail N. Pelpinosas | Edelene A. Tecson "Academic Performance of the Grade VIII Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) Beneficiaries in Dipolog City Division South District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40078.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/40078/academic-performance-of-the-grade-viii-pantawid-pamilyang-pilipino-program-4ps-beneficiaries-in-dipolog-city-division-south-district/sarah-mae-c-aranas
Geert Driessen (2021) Encyclopedia A COVID-19 education recovery programDriessen Research
As a consequence of the Covid-19 pandemic, many students have developed substantial educational delays, both cognitively and social-emotionally. To counter such negative effects of the school closures, several policies and support strategies on attainment and social-emotional well-being have been proposed and implemented. In the Netherlands, the focus is on using evidence-based interventions to boost educational achievement. The question is how evidenced-based are the interventions really?
Driessen, G. (2021). A COVID-19 education recovery program. Encyclopedia, 23 June 2021. Retrieved from: https://encyclopedia.pub/12234
Geert Driessen (2012) Presessional testing and learningDriessen Research
Pre-sessional testing and learning
Een onderzoekspilot gericht op het verbeteren
van de taalvaardigheid Engels
van startende Avans Hogeschool-studenten
Geert Driessen, Paul Jungbluth & Jo Louvenberg (1987) Onderwijs in Eigen Taal...Driessen Research
Driessen, G., Jungbluth, P., & Louvenberg, J. (1988). Onderwijs in Eigen Taal en Cultuur. Doelopvattingen, leerkrachten, leermiddelen en omvang. ‘s-Gravenhage: SVO.
<isbn>
Marjolein van den Nieuwenhof, Frans van der Slik & Geert Driessen (2004) ed K...Driessen Research
Nieuwenhof, M. van den, Slik, F. van der, & Driessen, G. (2004). Dialect en taalvaardigheid Nederlands: Recent onderzoek. In S. Kroon & T. Vallen (eds.), Dialect en school in Limburg (pp. 55-74). Deel 5 in de reeks Studies in Meertaligheid/Studies in Multilingualism. Amsterdam: Aksant Academic Publishers.
ISBN 90-5260-147-X
Geert Driessen, Orhan Agirdag & Michael Merry (2016) ER The gross and net eff...Driessen Research
Notwithstanding dramatically low levels of professed religiosity in Western
Europe, the religious school sector continues to thrive. One explanation for this
paradox is that nowadays parents choose religious schools primarily for their
higher academic reputation. Empirical evidence for this presumed denominational
advantage is mixed. We examine and compare several studies purporting
to show a denominational school effect, and then turn our attention to the Dutch
case. Owing to its longstanding and highly varied denominational school sector,
the Netherlands arguably provides a unique context in which to examine whether
there are school sector effects. In this study multilevel analyses were performed.
Data include 19 cognitive and non-cognitive outcome measures in 2011 administered
to 27,457 pupils in grades 2, 5 and 8 of 386 primary schools. Results show
that after controlling for input differences at pupil and school level no substantial
output differences between religious schools and public schools remain. However,
Islamic schools appear to be one important exception which turn out to
have a great value-added potential. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Geert Driessen, Frederik Smit & Peter Sleegers (2005). Parental Involvement ...Frederik Smit
Parental involvement is seen as an important strategy for the advancement of the quality of education. The ultimate objective of this is to expand the social and cognitive capacities of pupils. In addition, special attention is paid to the children of low-educated and ethnic minority parents. Various forms of both parental and school-initiated involvement are examined. On the one hand, the connections between a number of characteristics of parents and schools such as the social and ethnic background of the parents and the composition of the school population will be examined. On the other hand, the connections between a number of outcome measures such as the language and mathematics skills of the pupils will be examined. Data will be drawn from the large-scale Dutch PRIMA (primary education) cohort study, which contains information on more than 500 schools and 12,000 pupils in the last year of primary school and their parents. An important finding is that predominantly schools with numerous minority pupils appear to provide a considerable amount of extra effort with respect to parental involvement, but that a direct effect of such involvement cannot be demonstrated.
Frederik Smit, & Geert Driessen (2007). Parents and schools as partners in a ...Frederik Smit
In recent years Dutch society has had to deal with an influx of large and highly divergent migrant groups. Dutch education faces the task of accommodating these differences. Parental involve- ment and participation are increasingly seen as important elements in the interplay of upbring- ing and informal and formal education. In this respect it appears that immigrant parents’ involvement and participation lag behind that of Dutch parents. This article deals with recent trends in the relationship between schools and parents, its significance for children’s develop- ment and how it links up with aspects like norms and values, religious education and identity development. The article presents the results of an extensive empirical study conducted in Rot- terdam, a city which for some time now has been confronted with the aforementioned demo- graphic phenomena on a massive scale and tries to allow for it in its educational policy. The study focuses particularly on differences and similarities in ideas about the parents-school relationship among ten ethnic groups.
FACTS SCHOOL INTEGRATIONThe Benefits of SocioeconomicallyMargaritoWhitt221
FACTS SCHOOL INTEGRATION
The Benefits of Socioeconomically and Racially Integrated Schools and
Classrooms
APRIL 29, 2019
https://tcf.org/topics/education/school-integration/
https://tcf.org/
Research shows that racial and socioeconomic diversity in the classroom can provide students with a range of cognitive and
social benefits. And school policies around the country are beginning to catch up. Today, over 4 million students in America are
enrolled in school districts or charter schools with socioeconomic integration policies—a number that has more than doubled
since 2007.
Here’s why the growing momentum in favor of diversity in schools is good news for all students:
Academic and Cognitive Benefits
On average, students in socioeconomically and racially diverse schools—regardless of a student’s own economic status—have
stronger academic outcomes than students in schools with concentrated poverty.
Students in integrated schools have higher average test scores. On the 2011 National Assessment of Educational
Progress (NAEP) given to fourth graders in math, for example, low-income students attending more affluent schools scored
roughly two years of learning ahead of low-income students in high-poverty schools. Controlling carefully for students’
family background, another study found that students in mixed-income schools showed 30 percent more growth in test
scores over their four years in high school than peers with similar socioeconomic backgrounds in schools with concentrated
poverty.
Students in integrated schools are more likely to enroll in college. When comparing students with similar
socioeconomic backgrounds, those students at more affluent schools are 68 percent more likely to enroll at a four-year
college than their peers at high-poverty schools.
Students in integrated schools are less likely to drop out. Dropout rates are significantly higher for students in
segregated, high-poverty schools than for students in integrated schools. During the height of desegregation in the 1970s
and 1980s, dropout rates decreased for minority students, with the greatest decline in dropout rates occurring in districts
that had undergone the largest reductions in school segregation.
Integrated schools help to reduce racial achievement gaps. In fact, the racial achievement gap in K–12 education closed
more rapidly during the peak years of school desegregation in the 1970s and 1980s than it has overall in the decades that
followed—when many desegregation policies were dismantled. More recently, black and Latino students had smaller
achievement gaps with white students on the 2007 and 2009 NAEP when they were less likely to be stuck in high-poverty
school environments. The gap in SAT scores between black and white students continues to be larger in segregated
districts, and one study showed that change from complete segregation to complete integration in a district could reduce as
much as one quarter of the current SAT scor ...
Eddie Denessen, Geert Driessen & Joep Bakker (2011) JEDR School and classroom...Driessen Research
In many Western countries the pressure exerted on immigrants to integrate has
become intense in recent years. Efforts to preserve their ethnic identity through
multicultural recognition has now been replaced by the requirements of active
civic participation and assimilation. Of course integration is considered important
not only for the immigrant parents but also for their children. The central question
in this article is whether there is a relationship between the degree of integration
of the immigrant parents and the generation of their children on the one hand and
the level of language and numeracy achievement of the children on the other. To
answer this question we use data collected in 2008 from the Dutch COOL5–18
cohort study. The information comes from more than 9000 immigrant and 16,000
indigenous children and their parents. The results show that as immigrant parents
are better integrated and their children are of later generations, the language and
numeracy skills of the children improve, though there remain large differences in
achievement between different ethnic groups.
Parental involvement and educational achievement, Geert Driessen, Frederik Sm...Frederik Smit
Parental involvement is seen as an important strategy for the advancement of the quality of
education. The ultimate objective of this is to expand the social and cognitive capacities of pupils. In addition, special attention is paid to the children of low-educated and ethnic minority parents. Various forms of both parental and school-initiated involvement are examined. On the one hand, the connections between a number of characteristics of parents and schools such as the social and ethnic background of the parents and the composition of the school population will be examined. On the other hand, the connections between a number of outcome measures such as the language and mathematics skills of the pupils will be examined. Data will be drawn from the large-scale Dutch PRIMA (primary education) cohort study, which contains information on more than 500 schools and 12,000 pupils in the last year of primary school and their parents. An important finding is that predominantly schools with numerous minority pupils appear to provide a considerable amount of extra effort with respect to parental involvement, but that a direct effect of such involvement cannot be demonstrated.
British Educational Research Journal
Vol. 31, No. 4, August 2005, pp. 509–532
Hetty Dekkers, Roel Bosker & Geert Driessen (2000) ERE Complex Inequalities o...Driessen Research
Complex Inequalities of Educational Opportunities
A Large-Scale Longitudinal Study on the Relation
Between Gender, Social Class, Ethnicity and School Success
Frederik Smit, Geert Driessen, Peter Sleegers & ChristineTeelken (2008)ECDC ...Driessen Research
This paper focuses on the pedagogical responsibilities of parents and schools, as well as the care
provided by socializing agencies and local communities. A review of the literature has been carried
out on the tasks of schools and parents and the relations between education, parenting and care in
a changing society in eight countries: the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, England, France,
Sweden and the United States. In addition, an email survey among international experts in Europe
and the United States through the European Research Network about Parents in Education and the
International Network of Scholars was conducted. This paper presents the results of both studies.
Frederik Smit, Geert Driessen & Bert Felling (2009). The functioning of the P...Frederik Smit
In 2006, a beginning was made with the establishment of a national platform for ethnic minority parents and of local platforms for ethnic minority parents in thirty big cities in the Netherlands. The project is funded by the Ministry of Education, with the support of the national Dutch parents’ associations. The goal is to stimulate parental involvement and participation. To reach the ‘invisible’ minority parents, the project employs the ‘community-approach’ paradigm. In addition, various innovative approaches are introduced to stimulate minority parents and their networks to participate in schools and to implement a culture aiming at change. The platforms develop debates about the policy of community-empowered schools in which the schools’ pedagogical task is supported by other activities in the community.
Running Head HOMESCHOOLS MORE BENEFICIAL 1HOMESCHOOLS MORE B.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: HOMESCHOOLS MORE BENEFICIAL 1
HOMESCHOOLS MORE BENEFICIAL 9
Are Homeschools more beneficial than Public Schools?
2/14/2017
Prospectus
Summary
Should kids be homeschooled, or are they fine in public schools? Not many parents ask themselves this question. However, the number of students who are being homeschooled has been growing significantly within the last several years. The main idea of this paper is why parents, in general, believe public schools are good. Do parents believe public schools are better simply because they don't have the choice to homeschool their children?
Description
This paper will focus on the overall result of homeschooling and public schools. The reasons as to why some parents prefer home schools over public schools will also be explored. Individuals have not invested much of their time to look at the benefits accruing from schooling. People are sending their kids to public schools, but they do not agree completely with everything presented in those schools. The increasing number of parents who are thinking of homeschooling their own children instead of sending them to a public schools indicates a disagreement on the policies and methods of teaching in public schools. One of the controversies revolves around the amount of time and attention that the children need in order to succeed. Others involve the environment with which the student interacts with on a daily basis, which some argue that is more safe and controlled in homeschools.
Research Question
Does homeschooling tend to produce more successful children in the future?
Guiding Questions
Does the amount of attention given to students affect their overall success?
Does the studying and playing environment in school affect the children positively or negatively?
How can parents provide the best education for their children?
Annotated bibliographyBouwer, C., Schalkwyk, L, V. (2011). Homeschooling: Heeding the voices of learners. Education as Change, 15(2), 179-190.
In this paper, Bouwer unusually seeks the feedback from the students in homeschools. He performs this case study by conducting interviews with parents and their children to ask them about their views on their own homeschools. He also takes a closer look at the feedback from both the parents, as well as their children and compares them in order to find any dissimilarities. The article explores the conflicting feedback from the children, which will provide a strong counterargument for my essay. The article comes from a journal article which gives a high credibility to rely on.
Brain, D, R. (2011). 2.04 Million Homeschool students in the United States in 2010. Salem, OR: National Home Education Research Institute.
The report follows previous research concerning the number of students who are homeschooled. Brain utilizes previous research records, and data from federal agencies and states in order to estimate the current number of homeschooled students. The article ...
The Influence of Parental Involvement on the Learning outcomes of their Child...iosrjce
Parental involvement in their children's education has been proven by research to improve the
children's confidence, interest and performance at school. A qualitative case study to evaluate the influence of
parental involvement was conducted. The study sample was purposively sampled and consisted of 20 school
heads, 20 teachers and 20 pupils. The researcher was the main research instrument during data gathering. She
assumed the role of the interviewer and an observer. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis. The
findings showed that, parents who had children enrolled in rural and public urban schools were less committed
to their children's learning. Further, they were not worried much about their children’s school environment.
They consulted less with the teachers and did not supervise their children’s home work. Parents whose children
were in private schools had better communication and interaction with their children’s teachers. There were
various models that were used to improve parent-teacher relationship for the betterment of the children's
learning needs. The study recommended -devolvement of engagement strategies, improved communication
channels, supervised parental involvement in school activities andmonitoring and evaluation measures to assess
performance, progress, outcome and impact of engagement strategies.
Frederik Smit, Geert Driessen & Peter Sleegers (2001) ed Smit Relationships b...Driessen Research
Smit, F., Driessen, G. & Sleegers, P. (2001). Relationships between parents of ethnic minority children, schools and supporting institutions in the local community - some ideas for the future. Paper European Research Network About Parents in Education (ERNAPE), Rotterdam, the Netherlands, November 22-23, 2001. In F. Smit, K. van der Wolf & P. Sleegers (eds.), A bridge to the future. Collaboration between parents, schools and communities (pp. 255-258). Nijmegen: ITS.
ISBN 90-5554-177-X
Eddie Denessen, Geert Driessen, Frederik Smit & Peter Sleegers (2001) ed Smit...Driessen Research
Denessen, E., Driessen, G. Smit, F. & Sleegers, P. (2001). Culture differences in education: implications for parental involvement and educational policies. Paper European Research Network About Parents in Education (ERNAPE), Rotterdam, the Netherlands, November 22-23, 2001. In F. Smit, K. van der Wolf & P. Sleegers (eds.), A bridge to the future. Collaboration between parents, schools and communities (pp. 55-65). Nijmegen: ITS.
ISBN 90-5554-177-X
Geert Driessen (2024) OOP De generaliseerbaarheid van een VVE-modelprogramma....Driessen Research
SAMENVATTING
Voor- en Vroegschoolse Educatie (VVE) richt zich op het voorkomen van achterstanden die het gevolg zijn van sociaal-etnische gezinsomstandigheden. De claim is dat het daarin effectief kan zijn, mits het van hoge kwaliteit is. Ondanks de input van vele miljarden zijn de achterstanden de afgelopen decennia echter alleen maar gegroeid. De vraag die hier gesteld wordt is daarom of die claim wel terecht is. Daartoe wordt de externe validiteit van het meest geciteerde voorschoolse programma, het Perry Preschool Project, onder de loep genomen. Kunnen de resultaten daarvan echt in die mate worden gegeneraliseerd als wordt geclaimd?
Kernwoorden: Voor- en Vroegschoolse Educatie; VVE; onderwijsachterstanden; Perry Preschool; James Heckman; generalisatie; externe validiteit
SUMMARY
Preschool Education programs aim at preventing educational delays resulting from socioethnic disadvantage in the home environment of young children. Proponents claim that such programs can be effective, provided they are of high quality. Despite the investment of huge budgets, the educational gap between socioeconomically deprived families and their wealthier counterparts still is widening. The question therefore is whether the programs’ claim is justified. This article focuses on the external validity of the most cited preschool program, the High/Scope Perry Preschool Project. Is it really possible to generalize its findings to other programs, settings and conditions, and target groups, as is being claimed?
Keywords: Pre- and Early School Education; educational disadvantage; Perry Preschool; High/Scope; James Heckman; generalization; external validity
Pre-print van: Driessen, G. (2024). De generaliseerbaarheid van een VVE-modelprogramma. Heckmans dubieuze claims. Orthopedagogiek: Onderzoek en Praktijk, 63(1), 18-29. ISSN 2211-6273
https://orthopedagogiek.eu/
Geert Driessen (2024) Demasqué VVE-modelprogramma's.pdfDriessen Research
Het effect van vve blijft in Nederland moeilijk aantoonbaar. Vve-beleid wordt daarom vaak gestoeld op bewijs uit Amerikaans onderzoek. Geert Driessen fileert de belangrijkste – Perry Preschool en Abecedarian. Er blijft weinig van het bewijs over.
Geert Driessen (2024) Encyclopedia Abecedarian an impossible model preschool ...Driessen Research
The primary goal of pre- and early-school programs is to prevent young children from socioeconomically disadvantage backgrounds to start school already with educational delays. The programs offer compensatory stimulation activities which are supposed to be not available in the home situation; the focus is on language development. Proponents claim that such programs can be effective, provided they are of high quality. The belief in their success is very much based on the outcomes of a few so-called model programs from the 1960s and 1970s. One of these programs is the Carolina Abecedarian Project, a small single-site project started in 1972. Four cohorts of in total 111 children and their poor, Black parents participated in this experiment with a random allocated treatment and a control group. The children were followed from 6 weeks after birth to 6 years of age, that is, when they entered school. They were regularly tested and observed, and then after the program had ended again until they were 40 years of age. The focus here is on the internal and external validity of the Abecedarian Project. Are the effects as reported by the program’s staff reliable and valid? Is it possible to generalize the findings of this model program to other times, settings, conditions, and target groups?
Driessen, G. (2024). Abecedarian: An impossible model preschool program. Encyclopedia, 11 January 2024.
ISSN 2309-3366
Retrieved from https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/121338
Geert Driessen (2023) Encyclopedia The Perry HighScope Preschool Program A Cr...Driessen Research
Early Childhood Education programs aim at preventing educational delays associated with socio-ethnic disadvantage in the home environment of young children. Advocates claim that such programs can be effective, provided they are of high quality. Despite the investment of enormous budgets, the educational gap between socio-economically deprived families and their wealthier counterparts is still widening. The question therefore is justifiied whether these claims are justified. This article focuses on the internal and external validity of the most cited preschool program, the High/Scope Perry PreschoolProject, which was carried out between 1962 and 1967 in one school in Ypsilant, MI. Are the program's effects as reported by, e.g. Lawrence Schweinhart and James Heckman, reliable and valid? And is it really possible to generalize the findings of this so-called model program to other programs, target groups, settings and conditions, as is being claimed?
Geert Driessen (2023) The Perry High/Scope Preschool program. A critique
Retrieved from https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/history/show/109024
Kees de Bot, Geert Driessen & Paul Jungbluth (1988) MLEML An exploration of t...Driessen Research
Bot, K. de, Driessen, G., & Jungbluth, P. (1988). An exploration of the effects of the teaching of immigrant language and culture. Paper International Conference on Maintenance and Loss of Ethnic Minority Languages, Noordwijkerhout, the Netherlands, August 28-30, 1988.
Geert Driessen (1992) MLEML Developments in first and second language acquisi...Driessen Research
Driessen, G. (1992). Developments in first and second language acquisition of Turkish and Moroccan children in the Netherlands. Paper Second International Conference on Maintenance and Loss of Ethnic Minority Languages, Noordwijkerhout, the Netherlands, September 1-4, 1992.
Geert Driessen, Lia Mulder & Paul Jungbluth (1994) ILAPSI Ethnicity and socia...Driessen Research
Driessen, G., Mulder, L., & Jungbluth, P. (1994). Ethnicity and social class as rivaling determinants of educational opportunities. A closer look at family characteristics and parental behaviour. Paper International Conference on Immigration, language acquisition and patterns of social integration, Jerusalem, Israel, June 29-30, 1994.
Geert Driessen & Pim Valkenberg (2000) AERA Islamic schools in the western wo...Driessen Research
Driessen, G., & Valkenberg, P. (2000). Islamic schools: the case of the Netherlands. Paper AERA Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, USA, April 24-28, 2000.
Geert Driessen (2000) AEGEE Islamic schools in the western world Paper.pdfDriessen Research
Driessen, G. (2000). Islamic schools in the Western World: The case of the Netherlands. Invited paper AEGEE Conference on Intercultural Education, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, April 14-16, 2000.
Geert Driessen & Frederik Smit (2005) ERNAPE Integration participation and ed...Driessen Research
Driessen, G., & Smit, F. (2005). Integration, participation and education: effects of minority parents’ societal participation on their children’s cognitive and non-cognitive competencies. Paper 5th International Conference of the European Research Network About Parents in Education (ERNAPE), ‘Family-School-Community Partnerships: Interrelation between Family and Education Merging into Social Development’. Oviedo, Spain, September 14-16, 2005.
Frederik Smit & Geert Driessen (2005) CARE Parent and community involvement i...Driessen Research
Smit, F., & Driessen, G. (2005). Parent and community involvement in education from an international comparative perspective. Challenges for changing societies. Invited paper international conference Children At-Risk in Education, (CARE), ‘Children at Risk. Advancing their Educational Frontiers’. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, December 2-4, 2005.
Geert Driessen (2006) ERCOMER Integration participation and education Pres.pptDriessen Research
Driessen, G. (2006). Integration, participation and education: Effects of minority parents’ societal participation on their children’s cognitive and non-cognitive competencies. Invited paper ERCOMER seminars, European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations, Utrecht, the Netherlands, November 6, 2006.
Michael Merry & Geert Driessen (2010) WCCES Integration by other means Hindu ...Driessen Research
Merry, M., & Driessen, G. (2010). Integration by other means: Hindu schooling in the Netherlands. Paper XIV World Congress of Comparative Education Societies, ‘Bordering, re-bordering and new possibilities in education and society’, Istanbul, Turkey, June 14-18, 2010.
Geert Driessen & Michael Merry (2013) AERA Tackling socioeconomic and ethnic ...Driessen Research
Driessen, G., & Merry, M. (2013). Tackling socioeconomic and ethnic educational disadvantage to prevent lifelong poverty. Paper Annual Meeting AERA 2013, San Francisco, CA, USA, April 27 – May 1, 2013.
Frederik Smit & Geert Driessen (2013) ERNAPE Dealing with street culture in s...Driessen Research
Smit, F., & Driessen, G. (2013). Dealing with street culture in schools: Are families, schools and communities able to work together to improve the quality of the daily interactions and communication? Paper 9th International Conference of the European Research Network About Parents in Education (ERNAPE), ‘Learn from the past, review the present, prepare for a future with equity’. Lisbon, Portugal, September 4-6, 2013. In Nieuwsbrief Ouders, scholen en buurt, juli 2013. Retrieved from http://itsexpertisecentrum.wordpress.com/2013/07/02/dealing-with-street-culture-in-schools-are-families-schools-and-communities-able-to-work-together-to-improve-the-quality-of-the-daily-interactions-and-communication/
Frederik Smit & Geert Driessen (2013) ERNAPE Critical lessons from practices ...Driessen Research
Smit, F., & Driessen, G. (2013). Critical lessons from practices for improving the quality of communication between parents and schools. Paper 9th International Conference of the European Research Network About Parents in Education (ERNAPE), ‘Learn from the past, review the present, prepare for a future with equity’. Lisbon, Portugal, September 4-6, 2013. In Nieuwsbrief Ouders, scholen en buurt, juli 2013. Retrieved from http://itsexpertisecentrum.wordpress.com/2013/07/02/critical-lessons-from-practices-for-improving-the-quality-of-communication-between-parents-and-schools/
Geert Driessen & Michael Merry (2015) RA The gross and net effects Pres.pdfDriessen Research
Driessen, G., & Merry, M. (2015). The gross and net effects of the schools’ denomination on student performance. Paper Annual Meeting AERA 2015, Chicago, Ill., USA, April 16 – 20, 2015.
DOI 10.13140/RG.2.2.30454.40006
Orhan Agirdag, Geert Driessen & Michael Merry (2015) ESA Is there a Catholic ...Driessen Research
Agirdag, O., Driessen, G., & Merry, M. (2015). Is there a catholic school effect for Muslim pupils? Paper 12th Conference of the European Sociological Association 2015, Prague, Czech Republic, August 25–28, 2015.
DOI 10.13140/RG.2.2.14725.76004/1
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. 348 E. Denessen et al.
Neoliberal reforms and increased freedom of school choice
From a market perspective, freedom of school choice is clearly preferred over
restricted school choice. Freedom of school choice enhances competition among
schools. That is, increased pupil enrolment is needed to survive in a free educational
market, and increased educational quality is thus needed to meet the motivation of
parents to choose the best school for their child (Bagley, 1996; Whitty & Edwards,
1998; Gorard, 1999; Goldhaber, 2000). It is assumed that the enrolments of poorly
performing schools will drop in favour of better performing schools because parents
are willing to transfer their children to better performing schools. In addition, compe-
tition for pupils is assumed to force schools to improve the quality of their education
in order to maintain their enrolments and attract new pupils (McArthur et al., 1995).
While little empirical evidence shows freedom of school choice to actually contribute
to better pupil achievement (Holmes et al., 2003), many countries have nevertheless
started to embrace a policy of increased freedom of school choice.
For the involvement of parents in the educational market, greater freedom of
school choice is also assumed to be of critical importance. In the US, the growing
number of vouchers and charter schools can be seen to be creating a system of schools
to accommodate parental preferences (Wells et al., 1999; Gill et al., 2001). In addi-
tion, increased educational diversity has been justified ‘with enthusiastic reference to
the good examples set by the Netherlands and Denmark, as a proper response to the
aspirations of minority groups to contain their children’s schooling within their own
cultural or religious frame of reference’ (Whitty & Edwards, 1998, p. 213).
Possible negative effects of freedom of choice
From a sociological perspective, the increased freedom of school choice is being
followed rather critically. Increased freedom of school choice can be associated with
increased educational differentiation, which can—in turn—have very negative conse-
quences for underprivileged groups in particular (Bagley, 1996; Ball et al., 1996;
Woods, 1996; Gillborn, 1997; Tomlinson, 1997; Goldhaber & Eide, 2002). In the
US, for example, numerous charter schools are being founded by parents with suffi-
cient financial and cultural resources (Wells et al., 1999). But in accordance with the
work of Bourdieu (1986) and Coleman (1988), such a system of educational freedom
can clearly and actively contribute to educational inequality: ‘Where most recent
analyses of class differentiation in education have stressed the work of selection and
allocation done by schools and teachers, here selection and differentiation are
produced, in part at least, by the actions of families’ (Ball et al., 1996, p. 110). In a
market-based system of school choice, educational inequality can increase when
parents from certain backgrounds are found to make group-specific choices. Greater
economic, racial and ethnic stratification within the educational system and thereby
greater social segregation is presumed to occur (Ball et al., 1996; Goldhaber, 2000).
And such expressions as ‘white flight’ (i.e., the choice of white parents for schools
with a predominantly white population) clearly refer to this mechanism (Bagley,
3. Segregation by choice? 349
1996). In some countries, moreover, recognition of this segregation risk has
prompted very careful formulation of policy regarding unlimited freedom of school
choice (see Rinne et al., 2002).
The extent to which such negative effects actually occur has yet to be clearly empir-
ically studied. According to Gillborn (1997) and Tomlinson (1997), the policy devel-
opments in such countries as the UK and the Netherlands can be seen to lead to the
marketization of schooling, decentralization and deregulation of schooling, increased
school autonomy, the publication of school performances and increased competition
among schools to the detriment of ethnic minorities in inner-city schools and only
increased social and racial segregation as a result. In contrast, Goldhaber and Eide
(2002) argue that both the positive and negative consequences of freedom of school
choice on pupil performance have yet to be empirically confirmed or disconfirmed
and conclude that, in the absence of any clear effects, increased freedom of school
choice is not the answer to the educational problems confronting major cities. When
Gorard et al. (2002) conducted research on the assumption that the school rolls of
unpopular schools will decrease and the number of disadvantaged pupils attending
unpopular schools will increase in a free market situation using all of the secondary
schools in the UK from 1989 to 1999, they did not find any proof for their assump-
tion and concluded that there is no need to fear a spiral of school decline as a result
of increased freedom of school choice.
More recently, Gorard et al. (2003) have studied segregation effects of increased
freedom of choice in the UK since the Education Reform Act 1988. Local analyses
of segregation between 1989 and 2000 at an authority level showed that segregation
between secondary schools did not increase as a result of marketization. Gorard et al.
also pointed at differences in outcomes of small scale research and large scale research
suggesting that results of small-scale research, in which segregation effects have been
reported, may be biased by the socio-economic and demographic changes in society
rather than changes in school admissions. Gorard et al. argue that local studies of
segregation effects might yield different results as they show LEA-specific differences
in segregation effects since 1988.
In this study, we will look at parents’ reasons for school choice in the Netherlands,
where the system of choice differs from the British and US systems.
Obligatory school choice in the Netherlands: a specific context of choice
The school choice situation in the Netherlands differs from many other countries. In
the Netherlands, there is a total freedom of school choice. Actually, choice is obliga-
tory. Children are not assigned to a local school, all parents have to make a choice.
No catchment areas exist and there is a wide variety of schools. Public and denomi-
national schools receive equivalent central funding. In the Netherlands, the number
of denominational schools is quite large (approximately 70% of the total number of
primary schools, mostly of Catholic and Protestant signature). Despite increasing
levels of secularization in the Netherlands, these numbers have stayed unchanged over
the past decades. The large numbers of denominational schools in an increasingly
4. 350 E. Denessen et al.
secularizing society implies that parents choose denominational schools for non-
religious reasons (Dijkstra et al., 1997). Moreover, for reasons of convenience, the
quality of education or reputation, non-religious parents may even choose a religious
school for their child. In the 1980s Muslim parents have claimed the right of founding
governmentally funded religious schools. Since then, more than 40 Islamic schools
have been founded.
The specific character of the Dutch educational system makes it rather difficult to
infer findings of research in other countries to the Netherlands. For example, designs
of British research on differences between choosers and non-choosers (see Willms &
Echols, 1992) are not apt for research on reasons for school choice in the Netherlands,
due to the obligatory nature of school choice in the Netherlands.
Research objective
The effects of freedom of school choice on the quality of education and possible segre-
gation within the educational system are as yet unclear. In the present study, parental
reasons for school choice are therefore examined in connection with the characteristics
of the schools themselves. More specifically, the following questions are addressed.
● What reasons do parents have for school choice?
● To what extent can differences in parental reasons for school choice be explained
by group-specific characteristics and school characteristics?
General reasons for school choice
On the basis of previous research on school choice, several factors have been found
to play a role in the choice of school (Hunter, 1991; Morgan et al., 1993; Hughes et al.,
1994; Echols & Willms 1995; Hammond & Dennison 1995). In their research on
parental choice, Hughes et al. (1994) found locality to be mentioned as a reason for
the choice of school by 56% of a sample of 138 parents and reputation by 46% of the
parents. Locality refers to such considerations as convenience but also to the extent
to which the school is viewed as part of the local community. Reputation refers to such
issues as the care for the children and the quality of the education (Hughes et al., 1994).
For her research on school choice, Hunter (1991) interviewed 300 parents and found
discipline, good exam results and proximity to home to be the most important reasons
for selection of a school. Of less importance were the denomination of the school,
caring teachers and special emphasis on the practical area of curriculum. In yet another
study of the reasons for school choice, Echols and Willms (1995) investigated the
motives of 290 parents to choose a non-local school for their child to attend and found
the preferences of the child, a well-disciplined school climate and good pupil behaviour
to be critical motives. Morgan et al. (1993) found the quality of the education and the
geographical nearness of the school to be important reasons for the selection of a
particular school. Hammond and Dennison (1995) interviewed 725 parents and
found teacher quality, examination results, discipline and school reputation to be the
most important reasons.
5. Segregation by choice? 351
In the Netherlands, considerable research has been conducted on the reasons for
school choice with an eye to mostly the formulation of local educational policy and
the founding of new schools. The Dutch government states that insight into parental
preferences should be taken into account with respect to the establishment of new
schools (Van Kessel, 2000). And in the relevant studies, the most frequently
mentioned reasons for school choice have been found to be as follows: religious
affiliation, quality of the education, child-rearing values and home-school distance
(Boef-Van der Meulen & Herweijer, 1992). More recently, the ethnic composition of
the school population has also been found to be a reason for school choice (Van der
Wouw, 1994).
The aforementioned reasons for school choice can be reduced to four general
domains (see also Taylor, 2001). Parents can have ideological (i.e., religious and/or
pedagogical) reasons for choosing a particular school. The geographical distance of the
school from home or work can play a role. The quality of the education can certainly be
a reason for the choice of a particular school. And certain non-educational characteristics
of the school, such as the characteristics of the school population, can be of importance.
Parents’ reasons for school choice can be seen as an indicator for their views on the
type of schools they would preferably choose for their child. However, the provision
of schools may not meet parents’ reasons for school choice. For example, when
Catholic parents would prefer a Catholic school for their child and no Catholic school
is available, these parents can not make a choice that is driven by their leading reason
for choice. The provision of schools (or the lack of provision of specific types of
schools) may lead to a discongruence between parents’ reasons for school choice and
their factual choice of a school (Teelken, 1998).
Group-specific reasons for school choice
When parents from different backgrounds are found to choose a school for group-
specific reasons, segregation may be the case. Little research has been conducted on
the group-specific reasons for choice of school, but inspection of the relevant interna-
tional literature shows two characteristics to possibly influence the choice of school
by parents, namely social class (or social milieu) and ethnicity.
The reasons for the selection of a particular school appear to be strongly related to
the social class of the parents involved. When Ball et al. (1996; also see Bowe et al.,
1994a, b; Gewirtz et al., 1995) interviewed 137 parents, they found that three types
of school choosers could be distinguished: ‘privileged/skilled’, ‘semi-skilled’ and
‘disconnected’. The term ‘skilled’ refers to the capacities of parents to operate on the
educational market. According to Bourdieu (1986) and Coleman (1988), the skilled
chooser has the social and cultural capital needed to access school information and
compare schools with respect to the those characteristics they consider important.
Stated differently: the capacity to access and use school information constitutes
cultural and social capital.
Privileged/skilled choosers strongly prefer a school which suits the particular inter-
ests and personality of their child. Depending on their specific attitudes towards
6. 352 E. Denessen et al.
education, privileged/skilled choosers may also select a school for its high quality
of education, high standards of academic achievement or strong emphasis on social
education. Semi-skilled choosers tend to select ‘good’ schools, with their choice based
strongly on the school’s reputation. Disconnected choosers typically choose a school
with a close physical proximity to their home and schools which are a part of the social
community (Ball et al., 1996). When the social class of parents is taken into account
‘… almost without exception the disconnected choosers are working class; the
privileged/skilled choosers are almost exclusively professional, middle class … the
semi-skilled choosers tend to be from a variety of class backgrounds’ (Ball et al., 1996,
p. 92).
Other research has also shown the reasons for school choice to be clearly related to
social milieu (Van der Kley & Felling, 1989; Echols & Willms, 1995; McArthur et al.,
1995). The findings of these studies are quite similar: low educated parents and work-
ing class parents tend to choose a school for physical proximity whereas high educated
parents and professional and middle class parents tend to choose that school which
best fits their child’s interests and personality. And it can therefore be expected that
high educated parents as well as professional and middle class parents rate educa-
tional or ideological reasons for school choice higher than low educated and lower
class parents.
Research on school choice in the UK also shows ethnic composition to play a role
in parental choice of school (Bagley, 1996, p. 578): ‘… in 1994 almost a third of white
parental interviewees cited the presence of Asian children in a school as a major factor
influencing their choice of school’. In the Netherlands, in contrast, the ethnic compo-
sition of a school appears to play only a minor role in the process of school choice
(Van Breenen et al., 1991; Van der Wouw, 1994). There is, however, some evidence
for the existence of both ‘white flight’ and ‘black flight’ within systems with freedom
of school choice. And in the present study, we will therefore address the issue of
school characteristics in relation to parental reasons for school choice in greater
detail.
Insight into parental reasons for school choice and any group-specific reasons for
school choice can help us understand the role of such in school segregation. In addi-
tion, such insight can help us understand how freedom of school choice affects the
composition of school populations.
Method
Sample, instruments and response
The data analyzed in this study come from the Dutch cohort study entitled ‘Primary
education’ (PRIMA). As part of this research project, data have been collected on
primary-school pupils, their parents, their teachers and the relevant school adminis-
trators every two years since the 1994–1995 school year with the aid of tests and
questionnaires. The project has involved a total of 700 primary schools, which is
almost 10% of the total number of Dutch primary schools, and some 60,000 Grade
7. Segregation by choice? 353
2, 4, 6 and 8 pupils (i.e., 6-, 8-, 10- and 12-year-olds). The PRIMA project is
characterized by an overrepresentation of schools with a relatively large number of
pupils with a lower social economic status and/or ethnic minority status, which
makes it possible to reliably estimate the systematic effects of factors pertaining to
social milieu and ethnicity. For the present analyses, the results from the third
PRIMA measurement conducted during the 1998–1999 school year have been used
(Driessen et al., 2000).
The data on which the present analyses are based were gathered using two instru-
ments: a written questionnaire for the parents of pupils attending Grade 2 (i.e., 6-
year-olds) and a written questionnaire for the relevant school administrators.
The parent questionnaire contains questions regarding parental background (i.e.,
level of education, ethnicity), religion and reasons for the choice of school for their
child.1 The school questionnaire contains questions regarding the religious identity
of the school. The social milieu and ethnic composition of the school population was
computed by aggregating the individual pupil data with regard to social milieu and
ethnicity.
The response rates for the written questionnaires were 68% for the parents and
100% for the school administrators. The parental response rate was slightly biased
with a response rate of 75% for those parents with a high level of education versus a
response rate of 56% for immigrant parents with a lower level of education,2 and this
despite the fact that both Turkish and Moroccan instructions were included with the
parent questionnaire and the fact that the parents could request assistance from the
school for completion of the questionnaire (Driessen et al., 2000). Given our interest
in the reasons for school choice in relation to school characteristics and not the repre-
sentativeness of the parent population in the present study, such a response bias does
not constitute a problem (Zetterberg, 1963; Gijsberts, 1993).
In the end, information from the parents of 11,362 pupils and 573 schools was
gathered.
Variables
Social milieu. Highest level of education completed by the mother or father was
taken to be an indicator of social milieu. Seven levels, ranging from (1) completion of
primary school to (7) completion of university, were distinguished.
Ethnicity. Country of birth for the parents was taken to be an indicator of ethnicity,
and the following dichotomy was thus possible: (1) both parents born in the Nether-
lands; (2) at least one parent born in a foreign country.
Religion. Religion of the mother was generally taken to be an indicator of religion,
with the obvious exception of father-only families. Five categories of religion were
distinguished: (1) no religion; (2) Protestant; (3) Catholic; (4) Islamic; or (5) other
religions.
8. 354 E. Denessen et al.
Reasons for school choice. The parents were presented 17 possible reasons for the
choice of school for their child and asked to rate the importance of each reason along
a scale ranging from (1) not important at all to (5) very important. These reasons were
drawn from previous studies of school choice. For the complete list of reasons, see
Table 1.
Denomination.3. The denomination of the school was categorized as one of the
following five types: (1) non-religious; (2) Protestant; (3) Catholic; (4) Islamic; or (5)
other.
Composition. Based on the background characteristics of the parents of the pupils
within the schools, two school-composition variables could be distinguished: social
milieu (indicated by the level of parental education) and ethnicity. The composition
of a school in terms of social milieu could range from (1) schools with at least 50%
children of parents with no more than a junior secondary vocational education; (2)
schools with at least 50% children of parents with a senior secondary education; (3)
schools with at least 50% children of parents with a higher vocational or university
education; or (4) schools with a heterogeneous school population. Ethnic composi-
tion of a school was characterized as: (1) schools with over 50% immigrant children
or (2) schools with at least 50% native Dutch children.
Table 1. Descriptive statistics for 17 possible reasons for school choice
Reason for school choice n Mean SD Rank
School climate 10,471 4.10 0.83 2
Social background of most of the pupils 10,198 3.15 1.10 11
No other school available 9792 2.17 1.36 17
Order and discipline 10,282 4.02 0.82 4
Reputation of the school 10,245 3.74 0.95 7
Pupils attending this school get ahead in society 9945 3.34 1.17 9
School pays attention to each child 10,183 4.05 0.87 3
Other parents are our kind of people 10,003 2.64 1.18 15
Extra-curricular activities 9972 2.65 1.11 14
Denomination of the school (e.g., Catholic, non-
religious, Islamic)
10,314 3.18 1.31 10
School is within easy reach 10,468 3.84 1.04 5
Possibility to come in contact with other cultures 10,097 2.60 1.14 16
Quality of education 10,417 4.40 0.73 1
Attractive school building 10,126 3.38 1.04 8
Advice of friends 10,143 2.90 1.15 13
Class size 10,196 3.80 0.97 6
School is considerate of our religion 10,315 2.93 1.42 12
9. Segregation by choice? 355
Analyses
To answer the research questions, three types of analyses were performed. First, the
descriptive statistics for each of the 17 possible reasons for choice of a particular school
were calculated in order to assess the importance of the reasons. In addition, the inter-
correlations between the reasons for the choice of a particular school were calculated
in order to investigate the interrelatedness of the reasons for school choice. Second,
the extent to which the importance of the various reasons for school choice was found
to differ with respect to the background characteristics of the parents and the different
school populations was examined. One-way analyses of variance were performed to
assess the influence of the parental background variables and school composition vari-
ables on the ratings of importance for the school-choice reasons. One can expect, for
instance, Catholic, Protestant or Muslim parents to rate ‘religion’ as an important
reason for school choice. A third set of analyses was undertaken to assess the extent
to which parents whose background is congruent with the characteristics of the school
being attended by their child tend to rate certain reasons for school choice as more
(or less) important than parents whose background is not congruent with the charac-
teristics of the school being attended by their child. One can expect, for instance,
Catholic parents who have chosen a Catholic school for their child to rate ‘religion’
as a more important reason for school choice than Catholic parents who have chosen
a non-Catholic school for their child or non-Catholic parents who have chosen a
Catholic school for their child. Analyses of variance with parental background
characteristics (i.e., religion, social milieu, ethnicity) and school characteristics (i.e.,
denomination, social milieu composition, ethnic composition) as the independent
variables and ratings of the different reasons for school choice as the dependent
variables were thus performed to reveal the relevant interactions between parental
background variables and school characteristics.
Results
Descriptive statistics for the importance ratings for the 17 reasons for the choice of
school are presented in Table 1. The mean scores show ‘quality of education’ to be
the most important reason. ‘School climate’ and ‘the school pays attention to each
child’ were also rated highly. The least important reasons were ‘there was no other
school available’, ‘the possibility to come in contact with other cultures’ and ‘the
other parents are our kind of people’.
School quality is reported to play a bigger role in the process of choosing a school
for one’s child than school composition. A negative choice (e.g., ‘no other school was
available’) is rarely made.
The intercorrelations between the ratings of the 17 reasons for school choice are
presented in Table 2. As can be seen, ‘quality of education’, ‘school climate’ and
‘school pays attention to each child’ were positively interrelated and also correlated
positively with ‘order and discipline’, ‘pupils attending this school get ahead in soci-
ety’, ‘an attractive school building’, ‘class size’ and ‘reputation of the school’. These
10. 356 E. Denessen et al.
Table2.Correlationsbetween17reasonsforschoolchoice(onlycorrelations>0.30areshown)
QualityClimateOrderAttention
Aheadin
societyBuilding
Class
sizeReputation
Social
classDenomination
Qualityofeducation
Schoolclimate0.49
Orderanddiscipline0.520.48
Attentiontoeachchild0.540.470.48
Getaheadinsociety0.330.390.37
Attractiveschool
building
0.370.320.310.31
Classsize0.460.340.380.450.45
Extra-curricular
activities
0.350.31
Reputation0.450.380.510.360.450.320.31
Socialclassofpupils0.320.31
Ourkindofpeople0.300.44
Considerateofour
religion
0.51
11. Segregation by choice? 357
positive correlations suggest a relation between issues of educational quality and a
school’s infrastructure. No relations were found between ratings of the importance of
educational quality and ratings related to school composition, religion or the distance
between home and school.
The two reasons for school choice based on characteristics of the school population
(i.e., ‘the social background of most of the pupils’ and ‘the other parents are our kind
of people’) were found to correlate positively with each other. The same holds for the
two reasons pertaining to parent and school religion (i.e., ‘the school is considerate of
our religion’ and ‘denomination of the school’). Such reasons for school choice as ‘the
school is within easy reach’ did not correlate with any of the other reasons for school
choice. The absence of relevant associations between many of the reasons for school
choice suggests that different and clearly distinct sets of reasons can motivate the
choice of a particular school for one’s child.
Parental background
Analyses of variance were next conducted on each of the 17 reasons for school
choice to assess the impact of parental background characteristics. More specifically,
the effects of the parents’ religion, educational level and ethnicity were assessed
successively.
Religion of the parents was found to influence three of the 17 reasons for school
choice (see Table 3).4 Denomination of the school was rated more important by the
Protestant parents than by the parents from the other religious groups while non-
religious parents rated this reason for school choice least important of the groups.
Muslim parents rated ‘the possibility to come into contact with other cultures’ as a
more important reason for school choice than the other parents while the Protestant
parents rated this reason least important. Muslim parents also rated ‘the school is
considerate of our religion’ as a more important reason for school choice than the
other parents. Not surprisingly, the group of non-religious parents rated this reason
rather unimportant. It should be noted that the reasons for school choice that have
Table 3. Mean scores showing relevant differences between religious groups on reasons for
school choice
Religion of parents
Reason for school choice
No religion
n=3164
Protestant
n=2155
Catholic
n=3456
Islamic
n=1933
Other
n=394 R2
Denomination of the school 2.79 3.80 3.10 3.27 3.13 0.07
Possibility to come in contact
with other cultures
2.52 2.26 2.46 3.42 2.81 0.10
School is considerate of our
religion
1.91 3.63 2.76 4.13 3.23 0.32
12. 358 E. Denessen et al.
been found to differ between religious groups have been rated relatively low,
compared to other reasons (see Table 1). For each religious group, the quality of
education remains the most important reason for school choice.
Parental level of education produced no relevant differences in the ratings of reasons
for school choice, which indicates that no social milieu differences could be identified
with respect to reasons for school choice.
With regard to ethnicity or native Dutch versus immigrant parents, the analyses of
variance revealed relevant differences on two reasons for school choice (see Table 4).
The mean scores show immigrant parents to rate ‘the possibility to come into
contact with other cultures’ as a more important reason for school choice than native
Dutch parents. The same holds for ‘the school is considerate of our religion’. These
results resemble the results for religion and reflect the fact that most of the immigrant
parents (59.2%) were Muslim (relative to 0.1% of the native Dutch parents). And the
results for religion and ethnicity may thus be confounded.
School characteristics
In the next set of analyses, the effects of school denomination, social milieu compo-
sition of the school and ethnic composition of the school on the ratings of importance
for the reasons for school choice were examined.
The ratings provided by the parents of the children attending schools of different
denominations differed on the same reasons for school choice as for religion (see Table
5). Three reasons were rated highest by the Muslim parents: ‘the denomination of the
school’, ‘the possibility to come into contact with other cultures’ and ‘the school is
considerate of our religion’. In contrast, parents sending their child to a Catholic
school rated ‘denomination of the school’ as less important than other parents (even
less important than parents sending their child to a non-religious school).
No differences between the ratings of reasons for school choice were found for the
parents sending their children to schools with differing social milieu compositions.
These results show the reasons for school choice to not lead to group-specific selec-
tion of schools by pupils from predominantly high versus low social milieus.
With respect to the ratings of the reasons for school choice by parents sending their
children to schools with different ethnic compositions, relevant differences were found
Table 4. Mean scores showing relevant differences between native Dutch and immigrant parents
on reasons for school choice
Ethnicity
Reason for school choice
Native Dutch
n=7304
Immigrant
n=2781 R2
Possibility of coming into contact with other cultures 2.4 3.2 0.10
The school is considerate of our religion 2.7 3.6 0.08
13. Segregation by choice? 359
(see Table 6). The parents of children attending schools with a mostly immigrant
population rated ‘the possibility of coming into contact with other cultures’ and ‘the
school is considerate of our religion’ as more important than the parents of children
attending schools with a native Dutch majority. Given the relations between Islamic
religion and ethnic origin, the results regarding the influence of the ethnic composition
of the school on parental ratings of importance for school choice may be confounded.
Interactions between parental background and school characteristics
Thus far, some clear relations between parental background and characteristics of the
school, on the one hand, and rated importance of reasons for school choice, on the
other hand, have been observed. In the following, the extent to which combinations of
parental background factors and school characteristics appear to affect the degree of
importance assigned to the different reasons for school choice will be examined. The
focus will be on three specific combinations. First, the combination of parental religion
and the denomination of the school. Second, the combination of parental level of educa-
tion and the social milieu composition of the school. Third, the combination of parental
ethnicity and the ethnic composition of the school population.
Table 5. Mean ratings of importance for reasons for school choice provided by parents sending
children to different denomination schools
Denomination of the school
Reason for school choice
Non-
religious
n=3323
Protestant
n=2856
Catholic
n=4463
Islamic
n=225
Other
n=495 R2
Denomination of the school 3.11 3.50 2.98 4.48 2.95 0.05
Possibility of coming into contact with
other cultures
2.88 2.28 2.56 3.43 2.62 0.05
School is considerate of our religion 2.56 3.36 2.87 4.56 2.66 0.07
Table 6. Mean ratings of importance for reasons for school choice provided by parents sending
children to schools with different ethnic compositions
Ethnic composition of school population
Reason for school choice >50%immigrant
n=1657
> 50% native
Dutch n=879
R2
Possibility of coming into contact with
other cultures
3.34 2.63 0.06
School is considerate of our religion 3.88 2.79 0.11
14. 360 E. Denessen et al.
Parental religion and denomination of the school. The cross-tabulation of parental
religion and denomination of the school showed almost half of the non-religious
parents to choose a religious school. Over 70% of the Protestant and Catholic parents
chose a school that fits their religion (see Table 7). However, Muslim parents were
found to choose mostly non-Islamic schools (only 11% of the Muslim parent chose
an Islamic school). For these results, the following two explanations can be given.
First the figures indicate that religious schools have been chosen by a large portion of
non-religious parents, which may imply that religious schools are often chosen for
non-religious reasons. Second, the availability of specific types of school may limit the
range of possible reasons that may actually lead to school choice. The rather low
number of Muslim parents to choose an Islamic school may be explained by the
rather limited availability of Islamic schools. In large parts of the Netherlands, for
example, the distance to the nearest Islamic school is considerable. Islamic schools
nevertheless have a rather uniform population, and no non-Muslim parent in this
sample has chosen an Islamic school for their child.
Three cells with a frequency of zero prevented the straightforward conduct of an
analysis of variance for parental religion and denomination of the school. We therefore
split the analyses into two parts. First, we analyzed the effects of parental religion and
school denomination, omitting Muslim parents and schools (see Table 8).5 Second,
we analyzed the ratings of the 17 reasons for school choice by the Muslim parents
sending their children to the schools with different denominations (see Table 9).
Table 8 shows ‘denomination of the school’ to be rated highest by parents with a
religious background congruent with the denomination of the child’s school. The
same holds for the ratings of ‘the school is considerate of our religion’. These results
show parents who rate these reasons as important to also actively seek and select a
school for the same reasons. However, as noted before, the reasons for school choice
that have been found to differ between religious groups have been rated relatively low,
compared to other reasons (see Table 1). For each religious group, the quality of
education remains the most important reason for school choice.
Table 9 shows ‘denomination of the school’ to also possibly be a leading reason for
the selection of a school and particularly an Islamic school by Muslim parents. More
specifically, Muslim parents who have chosen an Islamic school for their child rate
this reason as very important (4.48).
Table 9 also shows Muslim parents who have chosen an Islamic school for their
child to produce relatively lower ratings for ‘no other school was available’ and ‘the
school is within easy reach’ and relatively higher ratings for ‘other parents are our kind
of people’. Apparently, distance constitutes only a minor reason for these Muslim
parents to select an Islamic school. In contrast, the cultural (i.e., ethnic/religious)
background of the parents of the children attending the school may clearly encourage
Muslim parents to choose an Islamic school.
Parental level of education and social milieu composition of the school population. The
analyses of the influence of various levels of parental education in conjunction with
16. 362 E. Denessen et al.
the social milieu composition of the school population on the ratings of importance
for the various reasons for school choice did not reveal any relevant results. This
shows the social milieu composition of the school population to not play an important
role in the process of selecting a school.
Parental ethnicity and ethnic composition of the school population. The analyses of the
influence of parental ethnic background in conjunction with the ethnic composition
of the school population on the ratings of importance for the various reasons for
school choice also did not reveal results of relevance. On the basis of the absence of
any such interaction effects, we can conclude that the differences in the ratings of
importance for the reasons for school choice reported for the native Dutch versus
immigrant parents in Table 4 are the same for the schools with at least 50% native
Dutch pupils and the schools with more than 50% immigrant pupils. Conversely, the
differences in the ratings of importance for the reasons for school choice reported by
the parents of children attending the two aforementioned types of schools (see Table
6) can be assumed to be the same for native Dutch and immigrant parents.
Discussion
In the present paper, the importance of 17 possible reasons for school choice and the
issue of group-specific reasons for school choice were addressed. The quality of
education was found to be one of the leading reasons for the selection of a school. In
addition, several of the other reasons for school choice appeared to be related to the
quality of education as a reason for school choice, including school climate, order and
discipline, and pupils attending this school to get ahead in society. A number of
Table 8. Mean ratings of importance and results of analyses of variance for reasons for school
choice according to specific combinations of parental religion and denomination of school
Parents’ religion
Denomination
of the school n
Denomination
of school
School is considerate
of our religion
No religion Non-religious 1548 3.15 1.84
Protestant Protestant 1474 4.16 4.02
Catholic Catholic 2525 3.18 2.86
No religion Protestant 671 2.45 1.96
No religion Catholic 818 2.30 1.88
Protestant Non-religious 316 2.87 2.50
Protestant Catholic 287 3.14 3.01
Catholic Non-religious 436 2.61 2.17
Catholic Protestant 312 3.00 2.75
Total R2 0.19 0.32
Partial R2 interaction
effect
0.09 0.04
18. 364 E. Denessen et al.
reasons related to the school’s infrastructure such as class size, attractive school build-
ing and reputation of the school were also related to the importance of the quality of
education as a reason for school choice. Beyond these reasons, two other sets of inter-
related reasons were found to be of importance for school choice. Two aspects of the
composition of the school population were found to be related: the social milieu back-
ground of the pupils attending the school and the other parents are the same kind of
people. And two issues of religious affiliation were also found to be related: the
denomination of the school and the school is considerate of parents’ religion. The
parents generally rated these compositional and religious reasons as being of less
importance than the quality of education reasons.
Group-specific reasons for school choice were mainly found to exist with respect to
religious and ethnic groups. In the Netherlands, religion is an important factor for
segregation within the educational system (Dronkers, 1995). With respect to different
religious groups, we can conclude that this is particularly the case for Muslim and Prot-
estant parents (with orthodox Protestant parents standing out among the Protestants
in particular; see Driessen & Van der Slik, 2001). Stated quite simply: Parents who
have chosen a Protestant or Islamic school for their child have often selected the school
for religious reasons. With regard to the effects of ethnicity on the relative importance
of different reasons for school choice, immigrant parents show a preference for schools
which are considerate of their religion and schools with an Islamic denomination. In
other words, the differences in the reasons for school choice reflect the differences
between immigrant and native Dutch parents with possible self-segregation along
these lines.
At present, many immigrant parents have not chosen an Islamic school for their
child. This is presumably due to the rather limited availability of Islamic schools in
the Netherlands. While there are currently 41 Islamic primary schools, the demand
for such is three to four times this amount (cf. Van Kessel, 2004). As the availability
of Islamic schools in the Netherlands increases, immigrant parents may collectively
opt for such schools and in this way contribute to segregation within the educational
system. This increase in segregation only seems to hold for Muslim parents, since
differences between native Dutch and ethnic minority parents seemed to be mainly a
religious matter.6
As opposed to the expected ‘white flight’ or departure of native
Dutch pupils from ‘black’ schools, a form of self-segregation is likely to occur when
immigrant Muslim parents actively seek and select a ‘black’ school for their child.
This process of self-segregation has yet to occur on a scale of marked significance due
to two factors. The first is the tightening of the criteria for the establishment of new
schools by the Ministry of Education (Driessen & Merry, 2004). The second is the
fact that Muslim parents are not very well organized, have little experience with and
are often frustrated in their efforts to establish new schools (Driessen & Bezemer,
1999).
A most remarkable result is the absence of any social milieu related effects on
the relative importance of reasons for school choice. In contrast to other studies
(see Ball et al., 1995, 1996), the present study did not reveal any relevant differ-
ences in the ratings of reasons for school choice across parents from different social
19. Segregation by choice? 365
milieus. These results are consistent with the study of Gorard et al. (2003) who
also reported that segregation did not increase as a result of marketization. Further
research is needed to confirm these results. In this research different methods for
data-analyses should be used to get more insight in the hidden mechanism that
may be operating when especially native Dutch parents justify the reasons for
school choice. Bagley (1996) found marked discrepancies between the results of
analyses based on questionnaire versus interview data with the parents referring to
the racial aspects of choosing a school more often in the interviews and not rating
ethnic considerations as being of importance on the questionnaire. Bagley then
argued that the results of research on reasons for school choice may often thus be
biased by the method of data collection with interview data revealing attitudes not
captured by questionnaires. More qualitative measures may be needed to elicit
more accurate information regarding school choice. Direct inquiries into the
reasons for school choice may, alternatively, lead to social desirability and thereby
a response bias.
Finally, to gain greater insight into the complexity of the educational market and
the extent to which parents actually have a choice with regard to a child’s school,
some additional measures—including information on the actual distance between
home and school and the characteristics of the schools available to the parents—
should be utilized. The results of our study may be limited, due to the absence of
information on the specific local context in which parents have to make their choices.
According to Gorard et al. (2003), segregation effects may differ across educational
areas within one educational system. Especially within the Dutch system, in which a
strong religious diversity within regions exists (the southern part of the country being
overwhelmingly Catholic, and the northern part being overwhelmingly Protestant),
local studies are called for to bring nuances to the results of the present study. More-
over, localized studies could reveal the extent to which schools’ composition reflects
the composition of the local population on the one hand and the specific spatial
nature of competition (see Taylor, 2001) on the other. The results of the present
rather decontextualized study can only partly entangle the knot of the problem of
relating school choice to segregation within educational systems.
In closing, the results of the present study show group-specific reasons for school
choice to indeed contribute to increased religious—and consequently ethnic—
segregation across schools. Our results highlight the importance of religious and
ethnic factors, which may be typically Dutch and due in part to the religious plurifor-
mity of the Dutch educational system. Given the associations between school choice
and the characteristics of the educational system, the results of replication research in
other countries with less religious pluriformity than in the Netherlands could differ
from the present results. In those countries, the relationship between ethnicity and
religion may be less visible. Therefore religious factors may be incorporated in stud-
ies on segregation within those educational contexts. In general, a comparison of the
results of this study with the results of similar studies in other countries is called for
in order to better understand the general nature of the process of school choice in
western countries.
20. 366 E. Denessen et al.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the two anonymous referees for their very helpful
comments. The data used in the present analyses are from the Dutch cohort study
‘Primary education’ (‘PRIMA’). Collection of the data on this cohort was financially
supported by the Foundation for Behavioural Sciences from the Dutch Organization
for Scientific Research (NWO).
Notes
1. Given that the children were attending Grade 2, the parental choice of school was quite recent.
2. The response percentages presented here have been assessed by comparing the response with
information about parents provided by school administrations.
3. In 2002, 30% of the schools in the Netherlands were Catholic; 30% were Protestant; and 34%
were non-religious. In addition to these types of schools, about 16 other types of schools have
been officially recognized by the Dutch government and account for the remaining 6% of the
total number of schools in the Netherlands (NMECS, 2004). In contrast to many other
countries, the different types of schools in The Netherlands are almost all financed by the
government; the percentage of private schools is very small; and an open educational market
with considerable variety is the result. In the UK, a considerable variety of schools also exists,
but many of the schools are only accessible to those who can afford it. Recent efforts to obtain
public funding for Muslim schools in the UK have proved successful, however (Parker-Jenkins
& Hartas, 2002; Walford, 2002).
4. Due to the large sample size, over 90% of all statistical tests proved to be statistically significant.
Most of these significant effects, though, were very small. For purposes of the present study,
only the most relevant results are thus presented. More specifically, effects accounting for less
than 5% of the variance in the ratings of importance for the various reasons for school choice
have not been presented.
5. To test the differences between the ratings of parents whose religious, social milieu, or ethnic
background is congruent with denomination of the school, school’s social milieu composition
and school’s ethnic composition, respectively, and parents whose background is not congruent,
interaction effects were tested. Abelson and Prentice (1997) have provided some guidelines for
such tests, which they have called tests of matching hypotheses. For purposes of the present
study, only interaction effects accounting for at least 3% of the variance in the ratings of impor-
tance for the various reasons for school choice have been reported (also see note 4, above).
6. In this study 59% of the ethnic minority parents were Muslim.
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