Presented by Jeff Tews, Fleet Manager, City of Milwaukee, on March 5, 2013, as part of the Clean Cities Winter Webinar Series.

1. City of Milwaukee
Department of Public Works
Operations Division, Fleet Services Section
Tom Barrett, Mayor
Ghassan Korban, Commissioner of Public Works
Preston D. Cole, Director of Operations
Jeffrey A. Tews, CPFP
Fleet Operations Manager

2. Diverse Fleet
 123 different types of equipment,
from aerial lifts to welders
 City of Milwaukee Fleet:
– Diesel Units 929 pieces
– Gasoline Units 1,670 pieces
– Propane Units 138 pieces
– Non-Fuel Units 995 pieces
 Annual Fuel Use:
– Diesel Fuel 1,000,000 gallons/year
– Gasoline 1,200,000 gallons/year
– Propane 17,000 gallons/year

3. Uncertainty of Fuel Costs
Gas: Low $1.48 Fuel Cost Since 1/1/08
Diesel: Low $1.78
High $3.87 with Min and Max Costs Noted High $4.68
Unleaded Diesel LPG
5.00
4.68
4.50
4.00
Diesel
2.69
3.50
3.87
3.00
2.17 1.78
Cost
2.50
2.00
Unleaded
2.25
1.50
1.48
1.00
1.06
0.50
LPG 1.13
0.00
08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09
2 0 2/2 0 2/2 0 2/2 0 2/2 0 2/2 0 2/2 0 2/2 0 2/2 0 2/ 20 2/ 20 2/ 20 2/2 0 2/2 0 2/2 0 2/2 0 2/2 0 2/2 0 2/2 0 2/2 0 2/2 0 2/ 20 2/ 20
1/2/ 2 / 3/ 4/ 5 / 6/ 7 / 8/ 9 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Date

4. Biodiesel Use, 2006 - Present
 Over 650,000 gallons used
 102,750 gallons in 2012
 Various blends used; B2-B20
 Supplement ULSD fuel
 Partially subsidized

5. Biodiesel Sources
Typical Sources Gel Point
Inexpensive  Palm Kernel Oil 50° F
 Animal Fats 45° F
 Corn Oil 40° F
 Soybean Oil 32° F
Expensive  Canola Oil 28° F
Other Sources
 Rapeseed oil
 Used cooking oil
 Cottonseed oil
 Sunflower oil
 Algae (April 2008)

6. Biodiesel Quality
 City of Milwaukee uses B100 that meets ASTM
Specification D6751, manufactured by a BQ-9000
Accredited Producer, and purchased from a
Certified Marketer.
 B20 blends comply with the Engine Manufacturers
Association (EMA) test specification for B20.

7. Biodiesel Pros
 Virtually no conversion costs. Can be used in existing
diesel equipment, with no infrastructure changes.
 Directly displaces petroleum diesel fuel.
 Renewable, made from several sources.
 Reduces emissions. When used in
B20 blend, biodiesel use:
 Decreases HC emissions by over 10-20%
 Decreases CO emissions by about 10-20%
 Decreases PM emissions by about 10-25%

8. Biodiesel Cons
 Increase in cost versus petroleum diesel.
 Not suitable for long-term storage.
 Increased storage tank maintenance required.
 Can clog fuel filters quickly upon introduction.
Fuel filters changed in addition to normal
Preventive Maintenance filter changes
Time Frame Filters Used Comments
January-December 2005 107 Before Biodiesel
January-December 2006 227 Using Biodiesel
January-December 2007 317 72% increase
January-December 2008 136 43% decrease

9. Biodiesel Cons
 Attracts water
 Increased need to monitor underground fuel
supplies for water and bacteria
 Start treating fuel in August

10. Increased Tank Maintenance
 Free water in the fuel storage tank accelerates corrosion
and fuel degradation, and can also promote the growth
of bacteria.
 Tank designs have made
complete removal of water
almost impossible.
 Moisture enters mostly as
condensation from air.
Vents and seals that are
poorly constructed or
maintained can allow water
to infiltrate the storage tank.

11. Biodiesel Concerns
 Uptick in corrosion in fuel storage tanks (Government Fleet
Magazine).
 Lubricity additive added to petroleum diesel to compensate for
loss of lubricity of ULSD.
 Additive used to reduce static electricity discovered onboard
transport trucks, from hauling different types of fuels.
 In ground storage tanks need to be properly grounded
(cathodic protection).
 “That %#@* biodiesel is
responsible for my equipment
running like *%&#!”
Crabapple fruit, pulled from the fuel filter inlet on a City vehicle

12. Cold Weather Specifications
Work with your fuel vendor to maintain fuel
consistency in cold weather situations.
OPTIONAL COLD WEATHER ADDITIVE PACKAGE: Bidders shall indicate the
cost to furnish and install a non-alcohol based cold weather anti-gelling, deicing
additive to the delivered fuel, capable of maintaining a cold filter plug point
(CFPP) of -30 F, +/- 4 F, based on the cold weather blend of #2 ULSD at 70%, #1
ULSD at 20%, and B100 at 10%. An acceptable additive is ValvTect High
Performance Biodiesel Anti-Gel/Deicer Additive, or City approved equal.
Proposed additive package brand/part #______________________
Cost to treat one gallon of delivered fuel $______________

13. Cost Increases, Credits
 Typical B100 cost per gallon: $4.42 (B100)
Includes offset by
 Federal Blending Tax Credit, $1.00/gallon
 Gone as of January 1, 2010
 Returned in 2013, retroactive to January 1, 2012
 Renewable Fuel Identification Numbers (RINS)
 Credits that can be bought and sold
 One gallon of biodiesel blended earns 1.5 RINS
 At a recent value of $.64/RIN, vendor offset the cost of
biodiesel by $.96 per gallon through end of year 2013.

14. In Closing
 Biodiesel is one of many viable alternative fuel choices,
at a time when several such alternative fuel choices
available. New developments announced continuously.
 Fleet managers must stay abreast of recent
developments and potential costs to find the “sweet
spot” between the three main factors: Range, Payload,
and Cost of Infrastructure.
 Countless resources are available.
 For every reported problem, there may be a solution.

15. Questions?